Tuesday Problem of the Week

(Spring 2010 Calculus 1 Final):

dx
Evaluate e
What makes this solution challenging:

Must use a combination of techniques:

u du substitution, and then
Integration by parts

Tuesday Problem of the Week

(Spring 2010 Calculus 1 Final):

Evaluate

dx

dx; u x ; u x; 2u du dx ;
2

dx 2 e u du ;
u

Tuesday Problem of the Week

dx 2 e u du ;
u

f x & deriv. g x & integrals

u
e

u
e

eu

dx 2 e
2e

x e

x 1 C

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Basic Identities

Pythagorean Identities
sin 2 cos 2 1
tan 2 1 sec 2
1 cot csc
2

Half-Angle Formulae
1 cos 2
sin
2
1 cos 2
2
cos
2
2

These
Thesewill
willbe
beused
used
to
tointegrate
integratepowers
powers
of
ofsin
sinand
andcos
cos

Integral of

x sin x dx sin x sin x dx

2

Use the Pythagorean identity

sin x
2

x, n Odd

Product of an even power and sin x

5
4
sin
x
dx

sin

x sin x dx
Make the even power a power of sin2 x

sin

n
sin

sin x dx 1 cos x sin x dx

2

Let u = cos x, du = -sin x dx

1 u

2 2

du 1 2u 2 u 4 du ...

Integral of sinn x, n Odd

Integrate and back-substitute

2 3 1 5
2
4
1 2u u du u u u C
3
5
2
1
3
cos x cos x cos5 C
3
5

Similar strategy with cosn x, n Odd

Integral of cosn x, n Even

Ex: cos 5x dx ; Change to a power of cos2 x

and use a half-angle formula
2

cos 5 x dx 2 1 cos10 x dx
2

Expand the binomial, then integrate

2

1
2 1 cos 10 x dx
1
1
1
2
cos 10 x cos 10 x dx
4
2
4

Integral of cosn x, n Even

Expand the binomial, then integrate

1
1
1
2
4 cos 10 x 2 cos 10 x 4 dx
du
let u 10 x,
dx ;
10
1
1
1
2

cos u du
cos u du
du
40
20
40

1
sin u
u
sin u cos u u

C
80
20
40

Integral of cosn x, n Even

Expand the binomial, then integrate

u
1
sin u
sin u cos u u

C
80
20
40
1
sin u 3u

sin 2u

C
160
20
80
Double-angle formula

1
sin 20 x 8 sin 10 x 60 x C

160

Combinations of sin, cos

sin
x

cos
x
dx

General form:

If either n or m is odd, use techniques as

before

Split the odd power into an even power and a

power of one
Use a Pythagorean identity
Specify u and du, substitute
Usually reduces to a polynomial
Integrate, back-substitute

Combinations of sin, cos

sin
4
x

cos
4
x
dx

Consider

Use a Pythagorean identity

sin

4 x 1 sin 4 x dx sin 4 x sin 4 x dx

2

Separate and use sinn x strategy for n odd

Solution is left as an exercise

Combinations of

m
tan ,

n
sec

When n is even
Factor out sec2 x
Rewrite rest of integrand in terms of
Pythagorean identity sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x
Then u = tan x, du = sec2x dx
Try

sec
y

tan
y
dy

m
tan ,

n
sec

Combinations of
4
3
Try
sec
y

tan
y
dy

tan
y
sec
y
tan

y dy

let u tan y, du sec y dy ;

2

1 u u
2

du

u du
3

u
u
tan y
tan y

C
6
4
6
4
6

Combinations of tanm, secn

When m is odd
Factor out tan x sec x (for the du)
Use identity sec2 x 1 = tan2 x for even powers
of tan x
Let u = sec x, du = sec x tan x
Now try the same integral with this new strategy

sec

y tan y dy
3

Note
Notesimilar
similarstrategies
strategiesfor
for
integrals
integralsinvolving
involving
combinations
combinationsof
of
m
n
cot
cotmxxand
andcsc
cscnxx

Integrals of secn, cscn , n Even

Use the identity sec2 x 1 = tan2 x

4
sec
3x dx
Try
2
2
sec
3

sec
3 x dx
x

1 tan 3x sec 3x dx
sec 3x tan 3x sec 3x dx
2

1
1 3
tan 3x tan 3 x C
3
9

Wallis Formulae

If n is odd and (n 3) then

/2

2 4 6
n 1
cos x dx
3 5 7
n
n

If n is even and (n 2) then

/2

John Wallis
Oxford, 1649 - 1703

1 3 5
n 1
cos x dx

2 4 6
n 2
n

These formulae are also valid if

cosnx is replaced by sinnx

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We can use right triangles and the Pythagorean

theorem to simplify some integration problems.
1

dx
4 x

These are
in the same
form.

a4 xx

ln sec tan C

ln

2sec 2 d
2sec

sec d

22

a2
4 x2
sec
2

2sec 4 x
4 x2
x
C
2
2

x
tan
2
2

2 tan x

2sec 2 d dx

We can use right triangles and the Pythagorean

theorem to simplify some integration problems.
1

dx
4 x2

2sec 2 d
2sec

4 x2 x
C
2

ln

ln

4 x 2 x ln 2 C
This is a constant.

sec d
ln sec tan C
ln

4 x2 x
C
2
2

ln

4 x2 x C

This method is called Trigonometric Substitution.

a x
2

a x ,
2

If the integral contains

we use the triangle at right.

a
2
2
a

x
If we need
, we

If we need

move a to the hypotenuse.

move x to the hypotenuse.

a
x

a x
2

x 2 a 2 , we

x2 a2

x 2 dx
9 x2

9 x2

9sin 2 3cos d

3cos

1 cos 2
9
d
2
9
1 cos 2 d

9
9 1
sin 2 C
2
2 2

x
x sin 3

3sin x

9 x2
cos
3
3cos 9 x 2

3cos d dx
x
sin
3
double angle
x
sin 1
formula
3
9 1 x 9
2sin cos C
sin
2
3 4

9 1 x 9 x 9 x 2
sin

C
2
3 2 3
3

x 2 dx
9 x2

9 x2

x
x sin 3

3sin x

9 x2
cos
3
3cos 9 x 2

3cos d dx
x
sin
3
double angle
x
sin 1
formula
3

9 1 x x
sin
9 x2 C
2
3 2

9 1 x 9
2sin cos C
sin
2
3 4
9
9 x 9 x2
1 x

C
sin
2
3 2 3
3

dx
2x x2

2x x 2

dx
1 x 1

x2 2x

du dx

x 1 1
2

cos d
cos

Let u x 1

x2 2x 1 1

du
1 u

We can get 2x x 2 into a reducible form

by completing the square.

1 x 1

1
C sin u C

sin

x 1 C

1 u2

1 u2
1 u2
cos
1

sin u cos d du

dx
Complete the square:
4x2 4x 2
4x2 4 x 2

4x2 4 x 1 1

dx

2 x 1

1 du
2 u2 1
1 sec 2 d
2 sec 2

2 x 1

Let u 2 x 1
du 2 dx
1
du dx
2

1
1
1
1

tan
u C

C
d

2
2
2
1
tan 1 2 x 1 C

u2 1

tan u

sec 2 d du

sec u 2 1

sec 2 u 2 1

Here are a couple of shortcuts that are result from

Trigonometric Substitution:

du
1
1 u
u 2 a 2 a tan a C

du

u
sin
C
2
2
a
a u
1

These are on your list of

formulas. They are not
really new.