EI 8051 BIO MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION LAB

LAB MANUAL
For IV /IV B.Tech (II Semester) E. I. E

Department of Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering

VELAGAPUDI RAMAKRISHNA
SIDDHARTHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
VIJAYAWADA-520 007
(AUTONOMOUS)

INSTRUCTIONS TO BE FOLLOWED IN MAINTAINING

THE RECORD BOOK
The Record should be written nearly with ink on the right hand page only. The left
hand page being reserved for diagrams.
The Record should contain:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

The date
The number and name of the experiment
The aim of the experiment
Characteristic tables of the circuit
On the left hand side, circuit should be designed
Index must be filled in regularly
You must get your record certified by the concerned staff on the every next class
after completing the experiment
8. You must get your record certified by the concerned staff at the end of every
semester

INSTRUCTIONS TO BE FOLLOWED IN THE LABORATORY

1. You must bring record observations notebook, while coming to the practical class
without you may not be allowed to the practical.
2. Dont touch the equipment which is not connected with our experiment.
3. When the apparatus is issued, you are advised to check their condition.
4. You should not leave the laboratory without obtaining the signature of the
concerned lecturer after completing the practical.
Note:
1. Damaged caused to the property of the laboratory will be recovered.
2. If 75% of the experiments prescribed are not completed the candidate will not be
allowed for attending examinations.

List of Experiments
1. Measurement of Blood pressure
2. Measurement of Blood Flow
3. Measurement of Blood PH
4. Measurement of Blood PC02,PCO2
5. Study of ECG
6. Study of EEG
7. Study of EMG
8. Study of Blood Cell Counter
9. Study of pacemaker
10. Study of Defibrillator
11. Measurement of heart sounds
12. Study of Dialysis
13. Study of Diathermy Apparatus
14. Study of X ray Machine
15. Study of Computed Tomography Apparatus

NB: A minimum of 10 (Ten) experiments have to be performed and recorded by the

candidate to attain eligibility for University practical Examinations.

Experiment N0: 1
BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
AIM: - To measure blood pressure using auscultatory method.
APPARATUS: - Blood pressure monitoring setup.
THEORY: - Blood pressure is the lateral pressure exerted by blood on
the vessel walls while flowing through it.
B.P in various chambers of heart & in the peripherals vascular
system, help physician determines the functional integrity of the cardio
vascular system. Blood Circulation is used to transport o2 & other
nutrients to the tissues of the body & to carry metabolic vaste
product away from the cells. For blood to circulate, sufficient pressure
should build up.
Systolic Pressure: - It is the maximum pressure during contractive/
pumping phase of heart. In a normal adult systolic blood pressure is
within a range of 95 140mm Hg with 120mm Hg being average.
Systolic pressure indicates
1. The extent of work done by heart,
2. Force with which the heart is working.
3. The degree of pressure which the Atrial walls have to withstand.
Diastolic Pressure: - It is the minimum pressure during resting/ filling
phase. Normal diastolic pressure ranges from 60mm to 90mm Hg,
80mm being average. Diastolic pressure is the measure of peripheral
resistance. It indicates the constant load against which the heart has to
work.
Direct & indirect are the 2 basic methods used in blood pressure
measurement. Indirect are of three types - Oscillatory Method,
Palpatory Method and Auscultatory Method. Standard indirect method
employs either palpation/auditory detection of pulse distal to an
occluded cuff. The auscultatory method uses microphone in place of
stethoscope to detect Korot koff sounds.

PROCEDURE:-

1. Turn the power switch to ON. All the panel displays will appear in the
display
2. Wrap the arm cuff around the upper left arm as shown in figure 2
3. Squeeze rubber bulb rapidly to inflate the cuff to 30-40mm of Hg
until you hear the beeping signal. This can be done automatically in
case of Electronic BP measuring apparatus.
Calculation:
1.

2.

The unit display the values of Systolic pressure (Ps)AND Diastolic

Pressure(Pd)
Calculate the pulse pressure (PP)using the formula PP= Ps-Pd

3. Calculate the Mean arterial Pressure (MAP) using MAP=1 / 3 PP+

Pd
Precautions:
1. Rest for five minutes before taking your Blood Pressure
2. Take your Blood Pressure when relaxed in quiet room Do not
move your body when taking your Blood
3. If you are wearing a shirt which might restrict circulation in your
upper arm, remove your shirt before taking your Blood Pressure
4. Since exercise, eating, drinking, and smoking affect your blood
pressure reading, avoid these actives before taking your Blood
Pressure
Important Notes:
1. Blood pressure reading will vary over the course of day
2. Blood Pressure is low in the morning and increases from
afternoon to evening
3. Blood pressure is lower in summer and higher in winter

Blood pressure Wave forms:

120mm Hg

80mmHg

Systolic Blood Pressure

Dicrotic
Notch

Diastolic
Blood pressure

0mmHg

Cuff Arrangement (Figure 2)

Attach the cuff to your LEFT upper arm as shown
below

Arm Circumference: 22 32cm

Keep the cuff as the same height as your heart position during the
measurement
B.P Measuring apparatus (Figure 2):

Normal condition

S.no

Blood pressure
Systoli diastolic
c

1
2
3
Under stress

Pulse rate

Pulse
pressure

Mean
arterial
Pressure
(MAP)

S.no

Blood pressure
Systoli diastolic
c

Pulse rate

Pulse
pressure

Mean
arterial
Pressure
(MAP)

1
2
3
Questions: - How do gender, age and exercise effect BP measurement.
Give Practical inferences and physiological reasoning for the
same.
Experiment N0: 2
MEASURE MENT OF BLOOD SPO2
Aim: To determine the Oxygen saturation and no of beats per minute for arterial blood
Apparatus:
1. Pulse oximeter setup
Principle of Oximetry:
Pulse oximetry is based on photometry. The average percentage Saturation of
hemoglobin molecules in blood sample is the oxygen saturation of blood. Pulse oximetry
is a non invasive procedure used for direct measurement of the percent saturation of
hemoglobin with oxygen in arterial blood. It is crucial in many clinical areas including
surgery critical care premature neonatal care and during emergency medicine. This
technique is becoming very popular because it offers number of advantage namely, non
invasive, doesnt require drawing of blood from patient etc,
Principle of the oximeter is as follows: an experience formula of data process is
established taking use of Lambert beer law according to Spectrum Absorption
characterized of reductive hemoglobin (R Hb) and oxy hemoglobin (O2 Hb) in glow and
near inferred zones. Operation principal of the instrument is: photoelectric oxhemoglobin
scanning & recording technology so that two beams of different wavelength of lights
(660 nm glow and 910nm near infrared) can be focused onto human nail tip trough
perspective clamp finger type sensor. Then measured signal can be obtained by a
photosensitive element, information acquired through, which will be shown on LCD
trough treatment in electronic circuit and microprocessor.
Caution:

The finger should be placed properly or else it may cause inaccurate measurement. The
SPO2 sensor and photoelectric receiving tube should be arranged in a way with the
subjects arteriole in a position there between. The SPO2 sensor should not be used at a
location or limb tied with arterial canal or blood pressure cuff or receiving intravenous
injection .Make sure the optional path is free from any optical obstacles like rubberized
fabric. Excessive ambient light may affect measuring result. It includes fluorescent lamp.
Dual ruby light, infrared heater, direct sunlight and etc. Strenuous action of the subject or
extreme or extreme electro surgical interference may also affect the accuracy. Tested
cannot use enamel or other makeup.

Operation and procedure:

1. Insert the two batteries to the direction and then replace the cover
Open the clip
2. Let the patients finger put into the rubber cushions of the clip (make sure the
finger is in the right position), and then clip the finger.
3. Press the switch button once on the front panel.
4. Do not shake the finger and keep the patient at ease during the process. Meanwhile,
human body is not recommended in the movement status
5. Get the information directly from screen display.
6. When your finger is plugged into the oximeter, please according to the sign Oximeter
probe.
7. The user can set SPO2 and pulse rate alarm range according to their needs before using
the instrument, the pulse warning tone could be retuned off by using menu button
during the measurement process)
Questions:
1. How do nail polish / varnish and exercise affect SPO2,
Measurement using pulse Oximeter?
Sensor in contact with Finger:

LDR

LED

Output

Constant Current
Pulse Oximeter Block Diagram:

LED Driver

Sensor
Amplifier

Analog to Digital
Converter

Microprocessor

Isolated power
Supply

Display
Drivers

Display
Drivers

Oxygen Saturation
Display

Pulse Rate
Display

Experiment N0: 3
AIM: To record the ECG of a patient in different led positions
1. Lead 1 Position

Apparatus:
1. PC Based ECG signal Conditioning unit
2. Adhesive tape ECG Electrodes with lead wires
Procedure:

Lead 1 Position:

1. Paste the electrodes to the patient at right arm (RA), Left arm (LA), Right leg (RL)
2. Connect the electrode leads to ECG signal conditiong unit
3. Indicate the patient details and select the time required paper speed to record ECG
4. Switch ON the power supply of ECG signal conditioning unit to record ECG wave
form is displayed on the monitor

Result and observations:

1. Record ECG sheet
2. Amplified version of various peaks with their amplitudes

Precaution:
1. Electrodes should should be replaced correctly
2. Patient should not move while recording ECG
The Heart:

Typical ECG wave form:

ECG wave form details:

P Wave:

Origin: Due to atrial Depolarization or contraction

Amplitude: 0.25mv
Duration: P R Interval 0.12 to 0.22 sec

QRS Complex (R Waves):

T Waves

Origin: Depolarization of Atria and Depolarization of the ventricles

Amplitude: 1.60mv
Duration:0.07 to 0.1sec

Origin: ventricular repolarisation

Amplitude: 0.1to 0.5mv
Duration:0.05 to 0.15sec

Origin: Due to after potentials in the Ventricular muscle

Amplitude: 0.1mv
Duration:0.2sec

U- Wave:

Einthoven Triangle:

ECG Recording setup:

ECG
Electrodes

Lead Selector

Auxltiary
Circuits

Chart
Transport
Motor

Preamp

Power
Amplifier

Bridge
output circuit

Frequency
Selective
Feedback
Net work
Pen Motor

Experiment N0: 4
STUDY OF EEG
Aim: To observe the EEG of a patient
Apparatus:
1. PC based EEG signal conditioning unit
2. Disc type EEG Electrodes with electrode paste
3. Electrode lead wires
Theory: Electroencephalography (EEG), in the broadest sense of the term. Refers to the
measurement of the electrical activity produced by the brain. In clinical contexts, EEG
refers to the recording of the brains spontaneous electrical activity in the time domain
as record from multiple electrodes placed on the scalp. In. neurology the main diagnostic
application on a standard EEG study. A secondary clinical use of EEG is in the diagnosis
of coma and encephalopathy. EEG used to be a first line method for the diagnosis of
tumors, stroke and other focal disorder, but this use has decreased with the advent of
anatomical imaging modalities, such as MRI and CT.

Procedure:
1. Place the electrode on the surface of the patients scalp at suitable locations
2. Connect the electrode leads to EEG signal conditioning unit
3. Indicate the patient details and select the time required, paper speed to record EEG

4. Switch ON the power supply of EEG signal conditioning unit to record the EEG of
a patient
5. The record EEG wave form is displayed on the monitor
Result and Observation:
1. Record EEG sheet
2. Amplifier version of Various peaks with their amplitudes

Precautions:
1. Electrodes should be placed correctly
2. Patient should not move while recording EEG
Typical EEG waves:

Typical EEG waves (Brain waves) Characteristics:

- Waves
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

The frequency range is about 8 13HZ

These are found in normal persons when they are awake in a quiet resting state.
They occur at normally occipital region
The amplitude of these waves is 20 200 V with mean 50V
During sleep these waves are disappear

- Waves:
1. The frequency range is about 13 30 HZ (Note: At intense mental activity the
frequency increase up to 50HZ)
2. These are recorded from the parietal and frontal regions of the scalp
3. These are divided in to two types 1, 2
1: Inhibited by the cerebral activity, tension
2: Excited by the mental activity like tension
- Waves :
1. The frequency range is about 4 8 HZ

2. These are recorded from the parietal and temporal regions of the scalp of children
3. These also occur in some adults during disappointment and frustration
- Waves:
1. The frequency range is about 0.5 4HZ
2. These occur only once in every 2 or 3 sec
3. These occur in deep sleep, in premature babies
Placement of EEG Electrodes:

EEG Recording setup:

Input

Amplifier

Preamplifier

Writing part

Amplifier & Filter

Trace

Driver Amplifier

Experiment N0: 5
STUDY OF EMG

Aim:
To observe the EMG of a Patient
APPARATUS:
1. PC based EMG Signal conditioning unit
2. Adhesive tape EMG Electrodes with lead wires
Theory:
The bioelectric potentials associated with muscle activity
constitute the electromyogram, abbreviated EMG. These potentials
may be measured at the surface of the body near a muscle of interest
or directly from the muscle by penetrating the skin with needle
electrodes. Since most EMG measurements are intended to obtain an
indication of the amount of activity of a given muscle, or group of
muscles, rather than of an individual muscle fiber, the pattern is
usually a summation of the individual action potentials from the fibers
constituting the muscle or muscles being measured. As with the EEG,
EMG electrodes pick up potentials from all muscles within the range of

the electrodes. This means that potentials from nearby large muscles
may interface with attempts to measure the EMG from smaller
muscles, even though the electrodes are placed directly over the small
muscles. Where this is a problem, needle electrodes inserted directly
into the muscle are required.
The action potential of a given muscle (or nerve fiber) has a
fixed magnitude, regardless of the intensity of the stimulus that
generates the response. Thus, in a muscle, the intensity with which the
muscle acts does not increase the net height of the action potential
pulse but does increase the rate with which each muscle fiber fires and
the number of fiber that are activated at any given time. The
amplitude of the measured EMG waveform is the instantaneous sum of
all the action potentials generated at any given time. Because these
action potentials occur in both positive and negative polarities at a
given pair of electrodes, they sometimes add and sometime cancel.
Thus, the EMG waveform appears very much like a random- noise
waveform, with the energy of the signal a function of the amount of
muscle activity and electrode placement. Typical EMG waveforms are
shown in figure.

Procedure:
1. Paste the electrodes to the patient at suitable locations on the
surface of skin muscles.
2. Connect the electrode leads to EMG signal conditioning unit
3. Indicate the patient details and select the time required, Paper
speed to record EMG.
4. Switch ON the power supply of EMG signal conditioning unit to
record the EMG of a patient.
5. The recorded EMG wave form is displayed on the monitor.
Result and Observations:
1. Recorded EMG sheet
2. Amplified version of various peaks with their amplitudes

Precautions:
1. Electrodes should be placed correctly
2. Patient should not move while recording EMG

Experiment N0: 6
STYDY OF CARDIAC PACEMAKER
Aim: To study the operation of cardiac pacemaker system
(Demo version apparatus)
Apparatus: Demo type pacemaker system
Theory: The pacemaker is an electronic stimulator that produces periodic pulses. That
pulse is to electrodes located on the surface (externally) of the heart. The stimulus thus
conducted to the heart and heart contract; this electric stimulation effect can be used in
disease states in which the heart is not stimulated at a proper rate on its own.
An asynchronous pacemaker is one that is free running. Its electric stimulation
appears at a uniform rate regardless of what is going on in the heart or the rest of the
body. It therefore gives a fixed heart rate.
Internal pacemaker is packaged in metal packages. Titanium and stainless steel
are commonly used for the package. Special electron beam or laser welding techniques
has been used to seal these packages with out damaging the electronic circuit and power
source. These metal packages take up less volume.

When the natural pacemaker fails to generate the electrical impulses, or the pulses
are blocked completely or intermittently, an electronic pacemaker must be implanted to
perform this function. This electronic pacemaker works in much the same manner as the
natural pacemaker. The implanted pacemaker produces an electrical impulse at a fixed
rate, to stimulate the heart muscle and caused it to contract.

Operation of pacemaker system: The demo type external pacemaker is mains

powered pacemaker designed for internal as well as external temporary cardiac pacing
modalities. The amplitude of output current is separately adjustable using internal and
external switch. For a demand operation, sensing occurs via ECG sync input terminal. In
fixed mode, the instrument keeps on pacing the heart spontaneously at the rate act using
the rate control. On demand mode, when the R to R interval exceeds the pacemaker
escape interval a ventricular output pulse is emitted, if the patient R to R interval is
shorter than the escape interval of the pacemaker the output is inhibited, and the
Pacemaker produces no output pulse
The first block consists of a constant current source, which charges the generator
capacitor linearly to obtain linear and stable rates. The rate generator generates a pulse at
a rate, set heart rate control .This pulse enters at pace pulse generator and is shaped to
get a pulse of 1.2ms. This is a standard pulse. This pulse is now amplified by current
amplifier and then coupled through air isolation transformer to the Internal/External
pacing block. Here the level of the output current pulse is controlled. This output is then
taken to the output sockets. The react circuit receives the ECG sync pulse from the
patient monitor and resets the capacitor of the rate generator. If escape interval is more
than R to R interval it produces no pacing pulse. The second ECG sync pulse is
monitored using green LED. If the escape interval is less than R to R interval the rate
generator generates a pulse and pace pulse is generated. The generated pace pulse is
monitored using the pace pulse indicator yellow LED. The isolation transformer isolated
the patient from the ground and protects the patient from the life threatening leakages
current
Procedure:
1. Connect the instrument to the mains, Put all knobs at zero position
2. Instrumentation ON by mains Switch
3. Now switch on digital storage oscilloscope
4. Now connect the CRO to the Electrodes output terminals
5. Check the ground, if not proper make arrangement for that
6. Mode switch on Int. or .Ext
7. For measurement Int. Connect 1 K resistance and Ext.10K Resistance
8. Vary the Rate and Amp pots and measure the output

Experiment N0: 7
STUDY OF Defibrillator
Aim: To study the operation of Defibrillator system
(Demo type defibrillator Apparatus)
Apparatus:
1. Defibrillator system
2. Dummy patient
3. Paddle shape electrodes
Theory:
The rapid spread of action potentials over the surface of the atria causes the two
chambers of the heart to contract together and pump blood through the two
atrioventricular valves into the ventricles. After a critical time delay, the powerful
ventricular muscles are synchronously activated to pump blood through the pulmonary
and systemic circulatory system. A condition in which this necessary synchronism is lost
is known as fibrillation. During fibrillation the normal rhythmic contractions of either the
atria or the ventricles are replaced by rapid irregular twitching of the muscular wall.
Fibrillation of Atrial muscles is called atrial fibrillation; fibrillation of the ventricles is
known as ventricular fibrillation. Under conditions of atrial fibrillation, the ventricles can
still function normally, but they respond with an irregular rhythm to the no synchronized
bombardment of electrical stimulation from the fibrillating atria.

Ventricular fibrillation is far more dangerous, for under this condition the
ventricles are unable to pump blood; and if the fibrillation is not corrected, death will
usually occur within a few minutes. Unfortunately, fibrillation, once begun, is not selfcorrecting. Although mechanical methods (heart message) for defibrillating patients have
been tried over the years, the most successful method of defibrillation is the application
of an electric shock to the area of the heart. If sufficient current to stimulate all
musculature of the heart simultaneously is applied for a brief and then released, all the
heart muscle fibers enter their refractory period together, after which normal heart action
may resume Applying a brief (0.25 to 1 sec) burst of 60 HZ ac at an intensity of around
6 A to the chest of the patient through appropriate electrodes. This application of an
electrical shock to resynchronize the heart is sometimes called countershock .If the
patient does not respond, the burst is repeated until defibrillation occurs. This method of
countershock was known as ac defibrillation.
Various schemes and waveforms were tried until, in late 1962, Bernard lown of the
Harvard school of public health and peter Bent Brigham Hospital developed a new
method of dc defibrillation that has found common use today. In this method, a capacitor
is charged to a high dc voltage and then rapidly discharged through electrodes across the
chest of the patient it was found that dc defibrillation is not only more successful than
the ac method in correcting ventricular fibrillation, but it can also be used successfully for
correcting Atrial fibrillation and other types of arrhythmias. The dc method requires
fewer repetitions and is less likely to harm the patient. A typical dc defibrillator circuit
shown fig use.
Depending on the defibrillator energy setting, the amount of electrical energy
discharged by the capacitor may range between 100 and 400 w sec, or joules. The
duration of the effective portion of the discharged is approximately 5 msec. The energy
delivered is represented by the typical waveform shown figure as a time plot of the
current forced to flow through the thoracic cavity. The area under the curve is
proportional to the energy delivered. It can be seen that the peak value of current is nearly
20A and that the wave is essentially monophonic, since most of its excursion is above
the baseline .An inductor in the defibrillator is used to shape the wave in order to
eliminate a sharp, undesirable current spike that would otherwise occur at that beginning
of the discharge
Procedure:
1. Connect the D.C Defibrillator to the mains
2. Put all control knobs at zero position & Make the mains switch ON, Pilot lamp
lighted.
3. Connect the Electrode pads at electrodes socket
4. Select the mode as SYNC or INT
Inst Mode:

Inst LED ON, press charged and adjust the energy by energy control .The
energy meter shows the energy .Now apply the electrode on the demo patient. Press
the hand switch and energy to the patient.
Sync Mode:
Connect the SYNC input. Sync LED ON and OFF, if not adjust threshold
controlled & adjust the energy. Now apply the electrodes on the demo patient. Press
the hand switch. Sync pulse appears the energy to the patient and release the hand
switch

Experiment N0: 8
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF NERVE & SIMULATOR
Aim: - To stimulate the Nerve & Muscles using various types of currents
Apparatus: Nerve & Muscle stimulator, Electrodes & CRO
Theory: - Stimulators are device used to stimulate innervated muscles & nerves.
They are used to treatment of paralysis, pain, muscular spasm and peripheral
circulatory disturbance.
Stimulation is provided by means of a technique called electrotherapy which uses low
volt, low frequency impulse currents. If an electric current of sufficient intensity is
applied to the body a nerve impulse can be initiated
There are two types stimulating muscle currents.
1. Galvanic or direct current stimulation.
2. Faradic or Alternating current stimulation.
Galvanic current is a constant or direct current the maximum amount of current
passed through the body is 0.3 to 0.5mA/cm 2 of electrode surface. The duration of the
passage of current is about 10 to 20 minutes. The passage of currents creates the

movement of icons. It is used for the preliminary treatment of atonic paralysis and for
the disturbance of blood flow in the arteries & veins.
Interrupted galvanic current pulses are a series of negative going rectangular
pulses. The pulse duration is 100 m/s with a repetition rate between 12 72
per/minute.
Faradic current pulses are usually between 0.5ms and 10ms in duration with a
triangular waveform. Faradic current can produce muscular contractions. There is no
ion movement due to the passage of faradic current. There are 2 types of faradic
current pulses. Plain Faradism is a train of faradic pulses of unvarying amplitude.
Surged faradism is a series of surges of pulses. The amplitude of the pulses applied to
the patient increases in a slow manner. Number of surges per minute is called
contraction rate. The muscular contraction occurs for each surge which gradually
increases in intensity from0 to maximum and the muscle relaxes when the surge
ceases each surge has duration of 1500 msec and approximately the 70 impulses. Its
repletion rate is 2 to 3 seconds.
In this instrument2 types of currents are used interrupted Galvanic & surged
faradic. Both the O/Ps have intensity control to control the stimulation intensity.
0
(a)

(b)

(c)

d)

(a) Galvanic

(b) Plain Faradism

(c) Surged faradic

(d) Surged Faradism

S.NO Current Intensity(A/m2)

1
5
2
10
3
15
4
20
5
25
6
30
7
35

Stimulation IG Mode

Stimulation Mode

Stimulation observed

Stimulation observed

Precaution:
1. Do not touch the equipment with hands with gel.
2. Keep the equipment free from vibration & shock
3. Increase the intensity of current gradually & slowly

Step Down
Transformer
(High Voltage)

Function
Select
Switch

Step Down
Transformer
(Low Voltage)

Rectifier
Voltage
Regulator

Interrupted
Galvanic

Faradic
Generator

Output

1. Transformer: Step down transformer Supply low voltage to regulator and waveform
generating circuitry & High voltage to Driver circuitry

2. Power supply: It generates 12V& regulator 10V power supply to IC & driver circuit
3. Mode Selection: It Selects Galvanic Current & Faradic Current
Switch

Experiment N0: 9
STUDY OF Electrocautery

Introduction: - An Electro surgery machine is an alternating current source that

operates at a radio frequency (RF).The Surgeon uses the electrosurgery machine to cut
tissue and cauterize bleeding vessels
Figure 1.1 shows the basic principle of the electrosurgery machine. Two
electrodes are connected to the RF power generator. One electrode is said to be active
and has a very small cross sectional area with respect to the other electrode (patient
plate). The active electrode is a tool or probe and is manipulated by the surgeon.
Active
Electrode

Body

wire

RF

Patient Plate

wire

Fig 1.1 Principle of the electrosurgery

The Patient Plate has a much larger area than the active electrode. The patient
plate is a metal surface or conductive rubber plate.Regardlless of the type of patient plate
the operating principle remains the same. The current flowing into the patient plate is the
same as the current flowing into the active electrode. The active electrode is a smaller
cross-sectional area than the patient plate. The current density is in amperes the current
density is difference between the two electrodes; the tissue underneath the patient plate
heats up slightly, while the tissue underneath the active electrode is heated to destruction.
In the mode of bipolar, Electrode that does not require a patient plate. In the
unipolar systems the two electrodes are, the active and patient plate. In the bipolar
system both output terminals of the RF generator are connected to the hand piece used
by the surgeon .The RF current flows between the two electrodes in the hand piece.
The electrosurgery machine is a high powered RF generator and, AS such, a
warning to users and patients alike if misused. The machine is safe, but misuse is
dangerous. The most likely problem in this respect is a damaged or misapplied patient
plate. Keeping the current
Density low eliminates burning at the patient plate site. The decreasing the
contacts in between the body & patient plate increasing the current density & burning at
contact part The problem of patient bums can also be caused by dents, creases, or bends
in the surface of the patient plate; the plate must be perfectly flat.
An electro conductive gel or paste is used to decrease the possibility of bums
to the patient. This gel is applied over the surface of the plate that contacts the patients
skin properly.
Danger to the surgeon using an electrosurgery machine is lowest. But if there
are even microscopic holes in the surgeons gloves, then there is a possible shock hazard.
Technical specification:
1. POWER SUPPLY

: 230V/50HZ

2. ELECTRONICS

: Solid State

3. Frequency

: 600KHZ

4. Mode

: Cut, Coag, Bicoag.

5. Output
i: Cut

: 250 Watt 10%

ii. Coug

: 200 Watt 10%

iii Bocoug

: 70 watt 10%

6. Control

: Cut, Coag., Bicoag & Volume.

7. Output Sockets

: Patient plate, Active, pencil Switch.

8. Alarm

: Patient plate open Audiable & Visiable alarm

9 Indication Audio & Visiable

: Cut, Coag, Bicoag

Accessories
1. Active Electrode (handle)with cable
2. Electrodes set
3. Footswitch with cable
4. Patient Plate with cable
5. Pencil Switch
6. Bicoag Forceps with cable
7. Mains Cord
Operating Instrumentation
Front Panel

blend

Patient plate

Pppppp

pencil switch

1. Power ON / OFF Switch

2. Volume Control

foot switch

active

bipolar

ON

This Switch is provided to ON & OFF the

system
: Common volume control. There is the different audio
tones CUT, COAG or PATIENT PLATE FAULT
mode

3. Indicators Patient Plate

: This indication are for the patient plate open. If the

two wire patient plate is not connected or patient
plate lead open indication is there.

Cut, Coag, Bicoag

: This indication to indicates which mode functions

is going on

4. Cut intensity

: This is the Cut. Control knob, to control the CUT

output power

5. Cut & Blend Switch

6. Coag intensity
7. Coag & Bicoag Switch
8. Sockets
Patient plate

: This switch is provided to select the CUT & Blend

position. This is the toggle Switch.
: This is the Coag. Control knob, to control the Coag
output power. This control knob also used in the
Bicoag mode
: This switch is provided to select the Coag & Bicoag
position. This is the toggle switch
: All the sockets are 10 mm. Size
: There is two black socket is provided to connect the
patient plate to the system

Pencil switch

: There is three sockets are provided to connect the

pencil switch to the system

Active

: There is Red Color socket is provided to connect

the active electrode to the system

Bicoag

Foot switch

This is yellow color two sockets is provided to

connect the forceps to the system
: This is yellow colour two socket is provided to
connect the forceps to the system

Experiment N0: 10
ECG SIMULATOR
Principle of operation:
The block diagram of ECG simulator is shown bellow. It consists of following blocks:
1. Power supply
2. A stable multivibrator
3. Monostable multivibrator
4. Differentiators
5. Diode rectifiers
6. Integrators
7. Buffer & lead network
The system works on 230 volts AC, 50 HZ power. A transformer in
power supply block Give out necessary 12 volts ac, which is full wave rectified and
filtered. Further it is regulated using IC regulator 7809 to get regulated DC power to
drive the simulator.
An astable multivibrator block produces rectangular pulses of high 9
volts .A potentiometer connected to this provides facility to adjust the rate which is a
heart of simulator. This rate can be varied between 30bpm to 1bpm as per the desire.

Pulse from an astable multivibrator are provided to Monostable

multivibrator and P differentiator. A p differentiator differentiates these pulse and
produces positive and negative pulse. A positive pulse from hear passed through the
diode rectifier and further integrated or shaped to get the P wave.

ECG SIMULATOR
ES - II
Control & operating instructions:
_____________________________________________________________________
1. ON /OFF

: This is provided to make the system ON & OFF

Switch

2. Pilot lamp & pulse

: This is provided to indicate the on condition of

the system & simulator heart beat

3. AMPLITUDE

: This is provided to adjust the amplitude of ECG

Performance signal for testing & calibration of
ECG monitors, machines, telemetery systems etc

4. BEEPAR

: This provided to monitor the audible beep of

ECG performance signal.

5. RA, LA, LL, RL:

: These universal colour coded sockets are & c

Sockets provided for easy coupling within ECG
Monitors machine. Telemetry systems etc

________________________________________________________________________
Theses II ECG simulator provides a quick accurate means for verifying the
performance of ECG monitor. Machine and telemetry units. Various parameters like
frequency response, gain, damping, leades etc.can be conformed actual waveforms
included normal sinus rhythm at variable heart rates. The performance waveform can be

adjusted manually for heart rate & amplitude. ES

II s universal ECG Jacks. All

colour coded allow complete versatility for easy coupling with ECG banana leads
SPECIFICATION:
1. POWERSUPPLY:

9 volts D.C. battery

2. HEART RATE

30 B.P.M to 120 B.P.M

3. ECG AMPLITUDE:

Adjustable

4. HEART BEAT INDICATION

LED indicator

5. ECG WAVEFORM

standerd ECG

6. LEADS

RA, LA, RL, LL & C

7. SOCKETS

5 mm