Electronics and Communication Engineering Syllabus

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING
SYLLABUS
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
[JUNE, 2012]
SIKKIM MANIPAL UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CONTENTS:
Chapter S1: SCHEME OF STUDY (B.TECH UNDER CGPA SCHEME)
i-vii
S1.1 FIRST/SECOND SEMESTER

S1.2 THIRD SEMESTER
S1.3 FOURTH SEMESTER
S1.4 FIFTH SEMESTER
S1.5 SIXTH SEMESTER
S1.6 SEVENTH SEMESTER
S1.7 EIGHT SEMESTER
Chapter 1: FIRST/SECOND SEMESTER SYLLABUS
1.1 EC 1101 Basic Electronics
Chapter 2: THIRD SEMESTER SYLLABUS

2.1 MA1303 Engineering Math-III
2.2 EC 1301 Analog Electronic Circuits
2.3 EC 1302 Electronic Devices and Components
2.4 EC 1303 Electronic Instrumentation and Measurements
2.5 EC 1304 Signals and Systems
2.6 EC 1305 Digital Electronics
2.7 EC 1361 Electronics Devices and Components Laboratory
2.8 EC 1362 Signal and Circuit Simulation Laboratory
2.9 EC 1363 Digital Electronics Laboratory
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
16
18
Chapter 3: FOURTH SEMESTER SYLLABUS

3.1 MA 1402 Engineering Math-IV
3.2 EC 1401 Linear Integrated Circuit Systems
3.3 EC 1402 Electromagnetic Waves
3.4 EC 1403 Microprocessor
3.5 EC 1404 Network Analysis and Synthesis
3.6 EC 1405 Design and Analysis of Digital Systems
3.7 EC 1461 Analog Electronic Circuits Laboratory
3.8 EC 1462 Microprocessor Laboratory
3.9 EC 1463 Digital System Laboratory
19
21
23
25
27
28
30
31
33

Chapter 4: FIFTH SEMESTER SYLLABUS
4.1 EC 1501 Antenna
4.2 EC 1502 Linear and Digital Control System
4.3 EC 1503 Analog Communication
4.4 EC 1504 Advanced Microprocessor
4.5 EC 1505 Digital Signal Processing
4.6 EC 1506 Object Oriented Programming with C++
4.7 EC 1561 Advanced Microprocessor Laboratory
4.8 EC 1562 Communication Laboratory
4.9 EC 1563 Object Oriented Programming with C++ Laboratory
34
36
38
40
41
43
45
47
48
Chapter 5: SIXTH SEMESTER SYLLABUS

5.1 EC 1601 Microwave Engineering
5.2 EC 1602 Embedded System
5.3 BA 1510 Industrial Management
5.4 EC 1603 Digital Communication
5.5 EC 1604 Power Electronics
5.6 EC 1631 Elective-I Artificial Neural Network
5.7 EC 1632 Elective-I Digital Computer Architecture
5.8 EC 1633 Elective-I Speech Processing
5.9 EC 1634 Elective-I Communication Technology in Telemedicine
5.10 EC 1661 Digital Signal Processing Laboratory
5.10 EC 1662 Microwave Laboratory
5.11 EC 1663 Embedded System Laboratory
Chapter 6: SEVENTH SEMESTERSYLLABUS
51
53
55
57
60
61
63
65
67
69
71
73
6.1 EC 1701 Satellite and Optical Communication System

6.2 EC 1702 Adaptive Signal Processing
6.3 EC 1703 Microelectronics and VLSI Design
6.4 EC 1704 Computer Communication
6.5 EC 1705 Mobile Communication
6.6 EC 1731 Elective-II: Digital Image Processing
6.7 EC 1732 Elective- II: Broadband Communication and Networking
6.8 EC 1733 Elective- II: Advanced Digital Signal Processing
6.10 EC 1734 Elective-II: Embedded Operating System
6.11 EC 1761 VLSI Laboratory
6.12 EC 1762 Advanced Communication Laboratory
6.13 EC 1771 Mini Project
6.14 EC 1772 Industrial Training & Seminar
75
77
79
81
83
85
87
89
91
93
94
Chapter 7: EIGHT SEMESTER SYLLABUS

7.1 EC 1875 Major Project Work
ii
SCHEME OF STUDY
(B.TECH UNDER CGPA SCHEME)
iii

CHAPTER S1
SCHEME OF STUDY
(B. TECH UNDER CGPA SCHEME)
S1.1 FIRST/SECOND SEMESTER
Sl.
No.
1
Subject
Code
Subject
EC1101
Basic Electronics
TOTAL CREDIT ( 1st Year)
Teach.
Dept.
EC
No. of hours per

week
Lec. Tut. Pract.
3
1
-
Duration of
Exam
Th.
Pract
3
No. of hours per

week
Lec. Tut. Prac.
3
1
3
1
3
1
-
Duration of
Exam
Th.
Pract.
3
3
3
-
Credits
4
50
S1.2 THIRD SEMESTER

Sl.
No.
Subject
Code
Subject
1
2
3
MA1303
EC1301
EC1302
EC1303
5
6
7
EC1304
EC1305
EC1361
EC1362
EC1363
Engineering Mathematics-III
Analog Electronic Circuits
Electronic Devices and
Components
Electronic Instrumentation &
Measurements
Signals & Systems
Digital Electronics
Electronic Devices and
Components Lab.
Signal and Circuit Simulation
Lab.
Digital Electronics Lab.
Total
Teach.
Dept.
Maths
EC
EC
Credits
4
4
4
EC
EC
EC
EC
3
3
-
1
1
-
3
3
-
4
4
1.5
EC
1.5
EC
18
3
9
1.5
28.5
iv

S1.3 FOURTH SEMESTER
Sl.
No
.
Subject
Code
Subject
Teach.
Dept.
1
2
MA1402
EC1401
Maths
EC
3
4
5
EC1402
EC1403
EC1404
EC1405
EC1461
8
9
EC1462
EC1463
Engineering Mathematics - IV
Linear Integrated Circuit
Systems
Electromagnetic Waves
Microprocessor
Network Analysis and
Synthesis
Design and Analysis of Digital
Systems
Lab.
Microprocessor Lab.
Digital System Lab.
Total
No. of hours per

week
Lec. Tut.
3
1
3
1
Prac.
-
Duration of
Exam
Th.
3
3
Credits
Pract.
-
4
4
4
4
4
EC
EC
EC
3
3
3
1
1
1
3
3
3
EC
EC
1.5
EC
EC
18
3
3
9
3
3
1.5
1.5
28.5
Teach.
Dept.
No. of hours per

week
S1.4 FIFTH SEMESTER

Sl.
No
.
Subject
Code
Subject
1
2
EC1501
EC1502
3
4
5
6
EC1503
EC1504
EC1505
EC1506
7
8
9
EC1561
EC1562
EC 1563
Antenna
Linear & Digital Control
System
Analog Communication
Advanced Microprocessor
Digital Signal Processing
Object Oriented Programming
with C++
Advanced Microprocessor Lab.
Communication Lab.
Object Oriented Programming
with C++ Lab.
Total
Lec. Tut.
3
1
3
1
EC
EC
Prac.
-
Duration of
Exam
Th.
3
3
Pract.
-
Credits
4
4
EC
EC
EC
CS/IT
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
EC
EC
CS/IT
3
3
3
3
3
3
1.5
1.5
1.5
18
28.5

S1.5 SIXTH SEMESTER
Sl. Subject
No
Code
.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
EC1601
EC1602
BA 1510
EC1603
EC1604
EL-I
EC1661
EC1662
EC1663
Subject
Microwave Engineering
Embedded System
Industrial Management
Digital Communication
Power Electronics
Elective -I
Digital Signal Processing Lab.
Microwave Lab.
Embedded System Lab.
Total
Teach.
Dept.
No. of hours per

week
Lec. Tut.
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
18
6
EC
EC
BA
EC
EC
EC
EC
EC
EC
Prac.
3
3
3
9
Duration of
Exam
Th.
3
3
3
3
3
3
-
Pract.
3
3
3
Credits
4
4
4
4
4
4
1.5
1.5
1.5
28.5
ELECTIVE LIST- I
Subject
Subject
Sl.
No
Code
1.
2.
3.
4.
EC1631
EC1632
EC1633
EC1634
Artificial Neural Network

Digital Computer Architecture
Speech Processing
Communication Technology in Telemedicine
S1.6 SEVENTH SEMESTER

Sl. Subject
Subject
No
Code
.
1
EC1701
2
3
EC1702
EC1703
4
5
6
7
8
9
10.
EC1704
EC1705
EL-II
EC1761
EC1762
EC1771
EC1772
Satellite & Optical

Communication Systems
Adaptive Signal Processing
Microelectronics & VLSI
Design
Computer Communication
Mobile Communication
Elective -II
VLSI Lab.
Advanced Communication Lab.
Mini Project
Industrial Training & Seminar
Total
Teach.
Dept.
No. of hours per

week
Lec. Tut.
3
1
EC
Prac.
-
Duration of
Exam
Th.
3
Credits
Pract.
-
EC
EC
3
3
1
1
3
3
4
4
EC
EC
EC
EC
EC
EC
3
3
3
-
1
1
1
-
3
3
-
3
3
3
-
18
4
4
4
1.5
1.5
2
1
30
vi
3
3
3
ELECTIVE LIST-II
Sl.
No
Code
1.
2.
3.
4.
EC1731
EC1732
EC1733
EC1734
Subject
Subject
Digital Image Processing

Broadband Communication & Networking
Advanced Digital Signal Processing
Embedded Operating System
S1.7 EIGHT SEMESTER

Major Project
Sl.
No.
Subject
Code
Internal Marks
Seminar/Viva
External Marks
Duration of
Project
EC1875
100
100
200
16 Weeks
Credits
4+4+8=16
PROMOTION CRITERIA (B.Tech)

From
I Year
II Year
III Year
Final
To
II Year
III Year
IV Year
Final
Min. credits to be earned

30 / 50
75 / 107
125 / 164
210
Approval from BOS Members, E&C Department, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology.
Prof.(Dr) R.N.Bera
(HOD & Professor)
E&C Deptt,SMIT
Prof.(Dr) P.C.Pradhan
(HOD & Professor)
SMU-IT,SMIT
Mr.H.Saikia
(Associate Professor)
E&C Deptt,SMIT
Mr.O.P.Singh
E&C Deptt,SMIT
vii
Dr.Sourav Dhar
E&C Deptt,SMIT
DETAILED SYLLABUS

EC 1101
(3Th+1T hrs/week)
Basic Electronics
Questions to be set
Questions to be answered
Credit
: Eight (Four from each unit). : Any five selecting at least two from each unit.
: 4 (L-3, T-1, P-0)
Course Objective: This course introduces students with limited math and science background to
the world of electronics, a high-technology field undergoing great expansion in many societies.
Through a theoretical and hands-on approach using multitude of electronic components and
devices, students explore the fascinating world of electricity and electronics. This captivating
program presents electricity, simple active and passive components, semiconductors, working
principle of semiconductor devices such as p-n junction diode, Transistor (BJT), introduction to
digital electronics as well as introduction to communication.
Pre-requisites: Basic idea on current source, voltage source, 10+2 physics and mathematics,
Network theorem, Mess and node analysis.
UNIT- I
1. Passive Components: Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors: types and characteristics and their
applications.
2. Semiconductors & PN Junction diodes: General idea of a PN junction diode, Reverse
and forward biased characteristics, Incremental resistance of a forward biased PN
junction, Transition, capacitance and diffusion capacitance.
3. PN Junction diode Applications: Half wave rectifier, full wave center tapped and bridge
rectifier with and without capacitor filter. Clipper and Clamper application.
4. Special purpose diode characteristics and applications: Zener diode, Photo diode,
Varactor diode, Light emitting diode, Schottky diode, Tunnel diode.
UNITII
1. Transistors: Biasing & Stabilization: PNP and NPN transistors. Characteristics of
current flow across base region of transistor. Graphical analysis (DC and AC load line),
CE, CB, CC Configurations, Biasing and stabilization of Q- point, fixed bias, self bias,
collector bias.

2. Applications of Transistors: BJT as an amplifier.BJT as a Switch.
3. Digital electronics: Introduction of number system, logic gates and its truth table, Boolean
algebra, Realization of function using Boolean algebra.
4. Introduction to Communication: Different types of Communication Media (Twisted
Pair cable, Co-axial cable, Optical Fiber Cable, Wireless); Introduction to Internet;
Modem and its connectivity to a PC for internet browsing.
Text Books:
1. Boylestead and Nashelsky: Electronic Devices and Circuits Theory, PH India.
2. Modern digital Electronics: R. P. Jain.
3. Digital electronics: Floyd
4. Computer Networks: Garcia, PHI.
Reference:
1. Electronic principles: Malvino, TMH.
2. Morris Mano: Digital Electronics.

MA 1303 (EC, EE, IE, ME)
Credit: 4 (L-3, T-1, P-0)
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
Questions to be set
III
: Eight (Four from each unit). Each question carries 20 marks.

: Any five selecting at least two from each unit.
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this paper is to give some concept about topics like vectors,
gradient, divergence, curl, line surface and volume integral, Fourier series, PDE, and Numerical
Methods. All these topics are very helpful for engineering studies. The concept of gradient,
divergence, curl and PDE are required for study of Fluid Mechanics. Fourier series is used to
approximate the periodic functions, Fourier transform is used to solve differential equations. In
higher studies, to get analytical solution for mathematical problem like integration, system of
linear equations (with large number of variables) are not always possible or not so easy, so
numerical methods are helpful to solve .
Pre-requisites: Basic concept of vectors, coordinate geometry, calculus, multiple integral,
ordinary differential equations, linear algebra.
UNIT- I
Fourier analysis
Periodic functions, Trigonometric Series, Fourier series, Fourier series of odd and even
functions, functions with arbitrary period, half range expansion, Fourier integrals, Fourier
transforms, Fourier sine and cosine transforms, Convolution theorem(statement only).
Application of Fourier series to forced vibration problems, Application of Fourier integral and
Fourier transform to solve heat equation.
Partial differential equations
Definition, degree, order of a PDE. Formation of PDE. Linear and nonlinear PDE. Solution of
first order linear PDE, Lagranges method. Solution of first order Nonlinear PDE, Charpits
method. Solution of higher order PDE by direct integration. Solution of higher order linear PDE
with constant coefficients, homogeneous and nonhomogeneous.
Derivations of one dimensional wave equation (vibrating string) and its solutions by using
method of separation of variables. Simple problems. D ' Alembart's solution of' wave equation.
Derivation of one dimensional heat equation and its solution by using method of separation of
variables. Solution of 2D-Laplaces equation.

UNIT- II
Vector calculus
Vector-calculus-gradient, divergence and curl, their physical meaning and identities. Line,
surface and volume integrals. Simple .problems- Green's theorem - statements of divergence and
Stoke's theorems - Simple applications. Curvilinear Co-ordinates.
Numerical Analysis I
Interpolation and application : finite difference, central and divided differences, Newton Gregory and Lagrange's interpolation formulae.Inverse interpolation. Numerical differentiation.
Numerical integration: Trapezoidal rule, Simpson's one third and three eight ruleSolution of
systems of linear equation: Jacobi, Gauss- Seidal and relaxation methods. Solution of tridiagonal
systems. Eigen values and eigen vectors of matrices and elementary properties, computation of
largest eigen value by power method. numerical evaluation of Fourier coefficient, difference
equations with constant coefficient and their solution.
Text books: .
1. C. E. Weatherburn : Vector Analysis
2. Erwin Kreyszig : Advanced Engineering Mathematics
3. S.S. Sastry: Introductory methods of numerical analysis
4. I. Sneddon, Elements of Partial Differential Equations
References;
1. M. K. Jain and S.R.K. Iyengar and R. K. Jain: Numerical methods for scientific and
engineering computations.
2. Murray R. Spigel : Vector Analysis, Schaum Outline Series

EC 1301
(3Th+1T hrs/week)
Questions to be set
Credit

: 4 (L-3, T-1, P-0)
Course Objective: To enrich the knowledge of the students with a sound understanding
of analog electronic circuit, this will help them in the further course of their studies. It exposes
the students to various types of analog electronic circuit which will help them to relate this with
the other courses which they have in their future semesters, as well as its importance from
industrial point of view.
Pre-requisites: Basic idea on Electrical and Electronic Circuits. 10+2 physics and mathematics
UNIT I
1. Multistage amplifiers: Distortion in amplifiers, Frequency response of an amplifier,
bandwidth of cascaded amplifiers, and low frequency response of an RC coupled stage,
effect of coupling and emitter by-pass capacitor on low frequency response, Frequency
response characteristics of two-stage amplifiers, (Log magnitude and polar plots), Gain
bandwidth product, distortion in amplifiers. Design Two Stage BJT, JFET and MOSFET
Amplifiers and Design of CASCODE Amplifiers. Design of BJT-JFET hybrid amplifier.
2. Feedback amplifier: Concept of feedback, types of feedback their advantages and
disadvantages, effect of feedback on frequency response & impedances, Analysis of
voltage-series, voltage-shunt, current series & current-shunt feedback amplifiers. Close
Loop Gain, Gain Sensitivity Bandwidth Extension, Noise Sensitivity, Reduction of
Nonlinear Distortion, Ideal Feedback Topologies. Analysis of Series Shunt, Series
Series, ShuntShunt, Shunt Series Amplifiers, Loop Gain, Stability of the Feedback
Circuit, The Stability Problem, Bode Plots Of One Pole, Two Pole, and Three Pole
Amplifiers. Voltage-series and Current shunt Feedback amplifiers using FET
UNIT II
1. Oscillators: Barkhausen criterion, conditions for sustained oscillations RC phase shift,
Colpitts and Hartley, Wein bridge oscillators Analysis & design pierce crystal
oscillator. Transistor collector coupled multivibrators (monostable, bistable, and astable)
using discrete components.
2. Large Signal Amplifiers: Classification of amplifiers (Class A, B, AB, C), transformer
coupled amplifiers, thermal runway push pull arrangements, theoretical efficiency,
distortion analysis, Complementary & quasi complementary push pull amplifiers.

3. Tuned Amplifiers: Parallel resonant circuit, quality factor & Bandwidth, single tuned
capacitor coupled amplifier, single tuned transformer coupled amplifier, double tuned
amplifier, stagger tuned amplifier, Neutralization.
4. Sweep Circuits: Sweep parameters, exponential sweep circuit, Miller & Bootstrap
circuits.
Text Books:
1. J. Millman & C. Halkias, Integrated Electronics, McGraw Hill, 1971.
2. Electronic devices & circuits by Schilling and Belove
3. Microelectronics Circuits (Analysis and Design) By Mohammad Rashid, Cengage
Learning.
4. Donald A. Neamen, Electronic Circuit Analysis and Design, Second edition, McGraw
Hill International edition 2001
5. R.L.Boylestad & L.NashelskyElectronic Devices and Circuit Theory.
6. Millman & H.TaubPulse, digital and switching waveforms
7. A.P.MalvinoElectronic Principles.
References:
nd
1. J. Millman& B. Grabel, Micro Electronics, 2 Edition, McGraw Hill, 1987.

2. Donald Schilling & Charles Belove, Electronic Circuits Discrete and Integrated, Third
edition, McGraw Hill International edition, 1989
3. Adel Sedra& Kenneth Smith, Microelectronic Circuits, Fourth edition, Oxford
University Press, 1998

EC 1302
(3Th+1T hrs/week)
Electronic Devices & Components
Questions to be set
Credit

: 4 (L-3, T-1, P-0)
Course Objective: This course introduces students with fundamental studies on solid state
semiconductor devices and their circuit analysis. Through a theoretical and hands-on approach
using multitude of electronic components and devices, students explore the fascinating world of
electricity and electronics. This captivating program presents review of basic electronics,
fundamental of semiconductor physics, review of transistors, working principle of Field Effect
Transistor (FET), Transistor at low frequency and high frequency and introduction to integrated
circuit with different basic fabrication techniques.
Pre-requisites: Basic idea on basic electronics, first course on graduation physics and
mathematics, circuits and network theorem, Mess and node analysis.
UNIT I
1. Semiconductors:
Extrinsic and Intrinsic semiconductors, F.D. Functions, Density of states in an
energy band. Fermi factor and Fermi level. Mobility and Conductivity effect of
temperature on Fermi level law of mass action. Hall Effect, Work function of a
metal, metal metal junction, contact potential.
2. Heterostructure & Low Dimensional Structures:
Heterostructure concepts Quantum wells, Quantum wires and Quantum Dots,
Density of states in low-dimensional structures, Resonant tunneling phenomena and
application in diodes & transistors, Quantum physics applied to such system, such
as: de Broglie hypothesis, Bohr Summerfield quantization condition, position &
momentum space, group & phase velocity, quantum mechanical operators,
Heisenberg uncertainty principle, Schrodinger equation, Bloch theorem, KronigPenney model, perturbation theory, harmonic perturbation, Fermis Golden Rule,
density of states & effective density of states in 3D (bulk),2D (Quantum wells), D
(wires), OD (dots) semiconductors (3D).
3. PN Junction diodes:
Junction capacitance, Junction diode switching times, rectifier equations.
Application of continuity equation, abrupt PN junction, calculation of charge
density at the edge of the depletion region. Solution of continuity equation for
reverse and forward biased PN junction, Incremental resistance of a forward biased
PN junction, Einstein Equation.
8
4. Field Effect Transistors:

JFET, MOSFET, CMOS. Characteristics. Biasing and stabilization of Q point,
small signal analysis, CS, CD and CG configuration.
UNITII
1. Transistor at low frequencies and high frequencies:
Review of transistor biasing and stability, low frequency and high frequency
equivalent models of transistors, Hybrid TT model, high frequency limitations (f
and fT), h-parameters, conversion formulas for the h parameters of CE, CB and CC
configurations, Analysis of a transistor amplifier using h parameters, Emitter
follower, comparison of CE, CB, CC configurations, Analysis of CE, CB, CC
configuration using simplified hybrid model, high input-resistance transistor
circuits. Hybrid - CE transistor model, CE short circuit current gain, CE amplifier
with load, Darlington pair, cascade connection etc.
2. Introduction to Integrated Circuits: Basic fabrication techniques.
Text Books:
1. Solid State Electronic Devices. By Streetman & Banerjee (Prentice Hall)
2. Electronic Design (from concept to reality) by Roden, Carpenter, Wieserman,
Schoff Publishers & Distributors.
3. Millman J & Halkias: Integrated Electronics McGraw Hill International, 1971.
References:
1. Dekkar A.J.: Electrical Engineering Materials, Prentice Hall 1977.
2. Croisette Dele: Transistors, Prentice Hall, 1979.
3. Boylestead and Nashelsky: Electronic Devices and Circuits Theory, PH India.
4. Milman & Grabel: Microelectronics, McGraw Hill Book Co.
5. Demmer, G.W.A: Modern Electronic Components, Sir Dssac Pihman and Sons
Ltd. London, I Edition.

EC 1303
(3Th+1T hrs/week)
Electronic Instrumentation & Measurements
Questions to be set
Credit

: 4 (L-3, T-1, P-0)
Course Objective: To give a brief idea about Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement& its
related fundamentals and applications. The course entitles major portions namely accuracy,
precision, different standards, bridges and their applications, CRO, different transducers and
their applications, different methods of data transmission and telemetry, different methods for the
measurement of physical quantities etc.
Pre-requisites: Knowledge in statistics, basic of Wheatstone bridge, electronic devices.
UNIT-I
1. Art of measurement: Accuracy and precision, Errors: types and their statistical analysis.
2. Standards of Measurements: Classification of standards. Standards for mass, length and
volume, Time and frequency standards, Electrical standards, IEEE standards.
3. Bridges and their applications: Maxwell Bridge, Maxwell Wein Bridge, Andersons Bridge,
Schering Bridge, Desauty Bridge, Applications of AC bridges.
4. Electronic Measuring Instruments: (Construction, Principle of and application) Electronic
voltmeter & multimeters, Cathode ray oscilloscopes, wave analyzer, spectrum analyzer.
5. Display devices and recorders: Electrical indicating instruments, liquid crystal devices,
decimal decoders, analog recorders, graphic strip chart, UV recorders, magnetic tape recorders.
UNIT-II
1. Primary Sensing elements: Mechanical devices and primary detectors, mechanical spring
devices, Bourdon tubes, diaphragms.
2. Transducer:
2.1. Definition of an Electrical transducer, Basic requirements of a transducer.
2.2. Classifications of transducers.
10

3. Principle of operation and applications of :
3.1. Variable resistance, Variable capacitance, Variable inductance, magnetostrictive,
3.2. Piezoelectric transducer, optical, electronic, digital.
4. Measurement of physical quantities:
4.1. Measurement of length, thickness, linear displacement, temperature, forces, weight,
4.2. Pressure, flow and sound level.
5. Data transmission and telemetry:
5.1. Method of data transmission, general telemetry system, types of telemetry system,
5.2. Land line telemetry, voltage T.S., current T.S., Position T.S., land line telemetry
5.3. Feedback system, R.F. telemetry.
Text Books:
1. Rangan, Mani, Sharma - Instrumentation Devices & Systems, McGraw Hill
2. Helfrick & Cooper - Modern Electronic Instrumentation & Measurement Techniques.
References:
1. Electrical Transducers & Industrial measurements: P.H.Mansfield
2. Electrical measurement & measuring instruments- A.K.Sawhney
3. Instrument Transducers H.K.P. Neubert.
11

EC 1304
(3Th+1T hrs/week)
Signals & Systems
Questions to be set
Credit

: 4 (L-3, T-1, P-0)
Course Objective: To serve as a beginner course in acquiring knowledge in Signals and

Systems. This course describes fundamentals of Signals, Systems, Fourier series, Fourier
transform, Laplace transform, Z transform and their application areas.
Pre-requisites: Basic Trigonometry, Coordinate geometry and thorough knowledge of: Complex
analysis, Integral and differential calculus, Solution of linear differential and difference equation.
UNIT I
1. Singularity Functions: Unit step, Unit Impulse and Unit Ramp Functions, Properties of
different singularity functions, Classification of signals and their mathematical
representations, Basic Operations on Signals: Time shifting, Time scaling, Time reversal.
2. Convolution Integrals and Convolution Sum, Properties of Convolution Integrals and
Convolution Sum, Correlation of Signals: Cross correlation and autocorrelation of
continuous and discrete time energy and power signals, Properties of cross correlation
and autocorrelation.
3. Amplitude and Phase spectra of a signal, Physical significance of the exponential form of
Sine and Cosine waveform (Vector diagram), Concept of negative frequency,
Introduction of Orthogonal basis functions.
4. Continuous Time Fourier series(CTFS): Dirichlet conditions, Trigonometric Fourier
series, Trigonometric Fourier series coefficients, Symmetry conditions, Polar form and
exponential form of Fourier Series, relationship between exponential and trigonometric
Fourier series, Gibbs Phenomenon, Discrete Time Fourier Series(DTFS), Evaluation of
DTFS coefficients Properties of DTFS, Parsevals relation.
5. Continuous Time Fourier transform (CTFT), Condition for Fourier Transform, Discrete
time Fourier Transform (DTFT), Properties of CTFT and DTFT, Parsevals theorem,
Inverse Fourier Transform using Partial fraction.
6. Energy Spectral Density (ESD), Power Spectral Density (PSD), Properties of ESD and
PSD, Relationship between PSD, ESD and the auto correlation function.
7. Introduction to Systems, Classification of continuous and discrete time systems,
Mathematical representation of Different types of systems, Linear Time Invariant (LTI)
systems, system transfer functions, impulse responses, steady state analysis. Ideal low
pass filters and distortion less transmission.
12
UNIT II
1. Concept of Complex Frequency, Introduction to Laplace Transform, Concept of poles
and zeros, System transfer function, Necessity of Laplace Transform, Unilateral and
Bilateral Laplace Transform, Condition for existence of Laplace Transform, Region of
convergence (ROC), ROC of finite duration signal, Necessity of Unilateral Laplace
Transform, Significance of initial condition, Relationship between poles and ROC,
Relationship between Laplace transform and Fourier Transform, Properties of Laplace
Transform, initial value theorem, final value theorem, Inverse Laplace Transform using
partial fraction method, Application of Laplace Transform: transient and steady state
analysis (R-L-C circuit), solution to linear differential equations.
2. Sampling, Discrete signals, Z transform, relation between s plane and z plane,
Properties of ROC, ROC of causal and Anti causal signals, Condition for existence of Z
transform, Properties of z-transforms, Shifting theorem, Initial and final value theorem,
Inverse Z transforms using long division method and partial fraction method, Transfer
function of delay unit, realization of z-domain transfer function, Solution of difference
equations using z-transform.
Text Books:
1. A.V. Opponheim, A.S.Willsky & I.T.Young, Signals and Systems, Prentice Hall, 1983.
2. Robert A. Grabel and Richard A. Roberts, Signals and Linear System, John Willy &
Sons, 1987.
References:
1. P.Rameshbabu, R. Ananda Natarajan, Signals and Systems, Scitech Publication.
2. B.P.Lathi, Linear System and Signals, OXFORD University Press.
3. T.K. Rawat, Signals and Systems, Oxford University Press
4. H P Hsu, Signals and Systems, Schaum Outline Series, Tata McGraw Hill.
5. Smarajit Ghosh, Signals and Systems, PEARSON.
6. Sanjay Sharma, Signals and Systems, Katson Books
13

EC 1305
(3Th+1T hrs/week)
Digital Electronics
Questions to be set
Credit

: 4 (L-3, T-1, P-0)
Course Objective: To introduce the students with the Digital Electronics and designing of
combinational and Sequential circuits. In this subject, students are introduced with digital
electronics and the various design methodologies of combinational logic circuits. Brief about
Number systems with special emphasis on binary system are encompassed in the subject. In this
subject, students learn how to design logic circuits like adder, subtractor, code converters,
multiplexers, decoders etc. Students are also introduced to sequential digital circuits.
Pre-requisites: Basics of number systems, Basic electronics.
UNIT I
1. Number Systems: Binary, Hexadecimal, Octal, BCD, Negative number representation,

Non Weighted code (Gray Code)
2. Boolean Algebra: Boolean identities, Theorems, Forms of Expressions SOP, POS, Logic
gates, Universal gates (NAND, NOR).
3. Combinational logic circuits design: T-truth tables, K map, MEV techniques, QuineMcCluskey methods, Design of combinational logic circuits: Half adder, Half Subtractor,
Full adder, Full Subtractor, Code Converters, Multiplexers, Demultiplexers, Encoders,
Decoders, Comparators, Parity Checker/ generator, ROM, Look Ahead Carry Adder
4. Logic families: TTL, CMOS, ECL and others, Interfacing TTL and CMOS,
Characteristics of digital ICs (transfer characteristics, noise margin, propagation delay,
fan in, fan out, power dissipation, figure of merit).
UNIT II
5. Introduction to Sequential Logic:

Need for sequential circuits, Binary cell, Latches and flip-flops. RS, JK, Master-Slave JK,
D & T flip flops. Conversion of Flip-flops.
14

6. Synchronous Sequential Circuit Design:
Fundamentals of Synchronous sequential circuits, Classification of synchronous
machines, Design of Synchronous and Asynchronous Counters, Shift registers & Ring
counters.
7. Digital system design implementation options:
Digital System implementation using MSI/LSI circuits like PLDs: PLAs, PALs and
PROM. Full-custom, semi-custom, standard cell based, Programmable ASICs PLDs,
CPLDs, MPGAs and FPGAs, Y-chart, Synthesis, Technology mapping.
Text Books:
1. Morris Mano, Digital design, Prentice Hall of India, Third Edition.
2. William I. Fletcher, An Engineering approach to Digital Design, Prentice Hall of
India, 2009.
References:
1. R. P. Jain - Modern Digital Electronics Tata McGraw Hill
2. Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, and Gregory L. Moss - Digital Systems: Principles and
Applications, 11/E, Pearson Education
3. A. Anand Kumar, Switching Theory and Logic Design, Prentice Hall of India, 2009
15

EC 1361
(3 hrs/week)
Electronic Devices & Components Laboratory
Credit : 1.5 (0L+0T+3P hrs/week)

Minimum No. of Experiments to be carried out: 12.
Course Objective : To familiarize the students with the electronics circuits. Students will design
and construct various electronic circuits like rectifier, clipper, clamper, voltage regulator, JFET
etc. in the laboratory.
Pre-requisites: Basic electronics.
List of Experiments:
1. To Study the Characteristics of Germanium & Silicon Diodes
2. To Study the Characteristics of Zener Diodes
3. Half wave Rectifier using Diodes
4. Full wave Rectifier Using Diode
5. Bridge Rectifier
6. Clipper Circuit
7. Clamper Circuit
8. Series voltage Regulator
9. Static Characteristics of a Bipolar Junction Transistor (CE Mode)
10. Static Characteristics of a Bipolar Junction Transistor (CB Mode)
11. To Study the Characteristics of JFET
12. LDR & Phototransistor
16

EC 1362
(3 hrs/week)
Signal and Circuit Simulation Laboratory

Minimum No. of Experiments to be carried out: 12
Course Objective: To familiarize the students with the basics of signal and system using Matlab
and Simulink/Multisim software. Students will generate different types of signals and
implements various signal processing task like Fourier Series, Fourier Transform, convolution,
correlation etc. in the laboratory.
Pre-requisites: Signal and Systems.
CYCLE I: SIMULATION (MATLAB) BASED EXPERIMENTS
EXPT. 1st Series: GENERATION OF SIGNALS/SEQUENCES
1. Continuous- and Discrete- Time Signals (Time-domain representation) .
2. Generate a Unit Impulse signal, (t), and its corresponding discrete signal, [n].
3. Modify Program 2 to generate a delayed signal/sequence (t-t0) and [n-n ] with user
o
defined delay.
4. Generate a Unit Step signal, u(t) and its corresponding sequence, u[n].
5. Modify Program 3 to generate a delayed unit step signal/sequence u[t-t ] and
0
u[n-n ]
0
with user defined delay.

6. Generate a Sine Wave Signal, sin(t), and its corresponding discrete signal, sine[n].
Demonstrate the effect of the sampling frequency on the signal.
7. Modify Program 6 to generate a delayed signal with user defined phase difference and
plot the delayed sinusoidal signal and the reference signal (no delay) in the same figure.
8. Generate the signal: y[n] =0.5(u[n]-u [n-n ]) with user defined delay.
o
EXPT. 2nd Series: FOURIER SERIES AND FOURIER TRANSFORM

9.
Fourier series approximation (Signal Synthesis via sum of harmonics.) of square wave
and saw-tooth wave. Demonstration of Gibbs phenomenon.
17

10. Magnitude & phase plot of the sequence x[n] =1 0n9 using DTFT.
11. Magnitude & phase of the sequence x[n] =an u[n]using DTFT, a is user defined.
EXPT. 3rd Series: LIINEAR CONVOLUTION AND CORRELATION
12. Generate a function which calculates the convolution of two sequences and plot the
result. Also find the convolution length. Compare the obtained sequence with the
sequence obtained by using matlab in built function conv().
13. Generate a function which calculates the correlation(auto and cross) of two sequences
and plot the result. Also find the convolution length. Compare the obtained sequence
with the sequence obtained by using matlab in built function xcorr().
CYCLE II: SIMULATION (Simulink/MULTISIM/PSPICE) BASED EXPERIMENTS
14. Study of network theorems
15. Study of steady state and transient response of a RC, RL and RLC circuits.
16. Study of clipper, clamper, half wave, full wave and bridge rectifier.
17. To study first order LPF, HPF, Band pass and reject filters using RC circuits.
18

EC 1363
(3hrs/week)
Digital Electronics Laboratory

Course Objective: To familiarize the students with the basic Digital Electronics ICs. Students
will design and construct various combinational circuits like adder, subtractor, code converters,
multiplexers, decoders etc. in the laboratory.
Pre-requisites: Basic electronics.
1. Verification of Logic gates
2. Half Adder & Full Adder
3. Half Subtractor & Full Subtractor
4. Binary to Excess-3 Code & Excess-3 to Binary
5. 4 Bit Comparator
6. Parity Checker & Parity Generator
7. 4:1 Multiplexer
8. 1:4 Demultiplexer
9. BCD to 7 Segment Display
10. Binary to Gray Code & Gray to Binary
11. Conversion of flip flop.
12. Verification of flip flop.
13. Encoder and Decoder Using IC
19

MA 1402 (EC)
Credit: 4 (L-3, T-1, P-0)

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
Questions to be set
IV
: Eight (Four from each unit). Each question carry 20 marks.

Objectives:
Objective for Probability: The objective of this topic is to provide some basic idea on Probability
and its applications in the field of Science and Engineering. It has lot of applications in Digital
Communications & Modeling of physical problems.
Objective for Modern Algebra: Concepts of modern algebra are required to gain the knowledge
of coding decoding and cryptographic problems.
Pre-requisites: Basic concepts of set Theory, Permutations and Combinations, Infinite series,
Summation, Improper integrals, functions, continuity, differentiation, integration, are important
to understand the subject.
UNIT-I
Probability Theory
Finite sample space, conditional probability and independency, Baye's theorem, one dimensional
random variable, mean, variance and expectation, Chebyschev's inequality.
Two and higher dimensional random variables, covariance, correlation coefficients, least squares
principle of curve fitting.
Distributions : Binomial, Poisson, Uniform, Normal, Gamma, Chi square and exponential,
simple problems.
Numerical Analysis II
Numerical solution of algebraic and transcendental equations using Newton Rapsons method,
Solution of nonlinear equation by Newton Rapson's method, Numerical solution of initial value
problems in ordinary differential equations by Taylor series method, R-K 4th order Method.
UNIT-II
Complex Variables
Introduction -complex numbers, functions, continuity, differentiability, analyticity -Cauchy
Riemann equations and properties of ana1ytic functions. Line integrals in complex plane and
basic properties of Cauchy's integral theorem and Cauchy's integral formula -derivatives of
analytic functions.Taylor, Maclaurin and Laurent's series, residue theorem, evaluation of
standard real integrals using contour integrals.
20

Modern Algebra
Group theory : definitions of semi group, monoid, group, Permutation group and simple
examples. Cosets (definitions and simple results only), Lagrange's theorem(statement only, full
proof is not required, only the proof of lemma related to cardinality of cosets, other lemma
statements are sufficient), definition of cyclic group and generator only and simple results,
normal subgroup(simple results only), homomorphism(proof of theorems are not required,
simple results can be given), Burnside's theorem (statement only) and its simple applications,
Definition of ring, divisor of zero, unit, integral domain.
Polynomial ring(definition), subring, ring homomorphism, ideal (simple results and problems
only), Skew field, Field (definition and simple results), Field extensions( some simple results and
application), error coding and decoding.
Text books :
1. P.L. Meyer : Introduction to Probability and Statistical Applications.
2. R. V. Churchill and J. W. Brown : Complex variables and applications
3. I.N. Herstein : Topics in algebra
4. Erwin Kreyszig : Advanced Engineering Mathematics
5. C.L. Liu : Elements of discrete mathematics
6. S.S. Sastry: Introductory methods of numerical analysis
References :
1. S.M. Ross: introduction to probability and statistics for engineers and scientists.
2. K.S. Trivedy : Introduction to probability and statistics and queuing theory.
3. S.K. Mapa: Higher Algebra, Abstarct and Linear.
4. B. Kolman, R.C. Busby & S. Ross.: Discrete Mathematical Structures
5. Murray R. Spigel : Complex variable, Schaum Outline Series
6. M. K. Jain and S.R.K. Iyengar and R. K. Jain: Numerical methods for scientific and
engineering computations
21

EC 1401
(3Th+1T hrs/week)
Linear Integrated Circuit Systems
Questions to be set
Credit

: 4 (L-3, T-1, P-0)
Course Objective: The course is intended to give students good understanding of basic concepts
of operational amplifier (OP-AMP) and integrated circuit system. The students will have a
thorough knowledge of different fundamental topics like Differential Amplifier, Inverting &
Non-Inverting Amplifiers, Active filters, 555Timer IC, ADC, DAC and many linear & nonlinear applications of OP-AMP.
Pre-requisites: Analog Electronic Circuit, Electronic Devices & Components.
UNIT I
1. OPAMP architecture: Two stage architecture, differential amplifier, Types of differential
amplifier, analysis using block diagram, characteristics of differential amplifier, input
impedance, CMRR, active loading, compensation bandwidth consideration, offset voltage and
current, slew rate.
2. Linear application of Op-amp, Review of positive & negative feedback, Characteristics of
ideal operational amplifier, open loop and closed loop operation of operational amplifier,
inverting and non inverting amplifier, voltage follower, summing amplifier, phase shifter,
voltage to current converter.
3. Active filters: Design and analysis of first and higher order Low pass, high pass, band pass &
band reject filters.
UNIT II
1. Non-linear applications of operational amplifier: Precision half wave and full wave rectifiers,
peak detector, sample and hold circuit, log and antilog amplifiers, astable multivibrator,
monostable multivibrator, comparators, Schmitt trigger, square wave, triangular wave generators
and pulse generator.
2. Other ICs: 555 Timer: Introduction, pin details of 555 I.C., functional diagram of 555 IC,
application of 555 as astable multivibrator, monostable multivibrator, linear ramp generator and
FSK generator.PLL architecture and applications, VCO architecture and applications, IC voltage
regulators (fixed and variable).
3. ADC/DAC: Converter: ADC dual slope, counter, successive approximation and flash type.
22

DAC weighted R-2R networks
Text Books:
1. J. Milman & A. Grable, Microelectronics, McGraw Hill, 1988.
2. Ramakant Gayakwad, Opamps & Linear Integrated Circuits, PHI, 1988.
3. Roden, Carpenter, Wieserman, Electronic Design (from concept to reality), Schoff
Publishers & Distributors.
4. Franco Sergio (1997) "Design with Op amps & Analog Integrated Circuits" McGraw Hill.
23

EC 1402
(3Th+1T hrs/week)
Electromagnetic Waves
Questions to be set
Credit

: 4 (L-3, T-1, P-0)
Course Objective: To serve as a beginner course in acquiring knowledge in Electromagnetic

Waves. This course describes fundamentals of Coordinate systems, Static Electric fields, Electric
and magnetic Flux, Electric current density, Polarization of dielectrics, Magnetic fields,
Maxwells equations, electromagnetic waves and their application areas.
Pre-requisites: coordinate system, vector calculus, basic idea on electric field and magnetic field
will help in understanding the subject.
UNIT I
1. Co-ordinate Systems: Rectangular, Cylindrical, Spherical Co-ordinate System and their
transformation. Gradient, Divergence, Curl and Their Physical explanation. Divergence
and Stokes Theorem. Other useful Vector identities.
2. Static Electric Fields: Coulombs Force Law Electric field intensity and potential charge
distributions.
3. Electric flux and flux density: Gauss law and its applications boundary conditions
Gauss divergence theorem Poissons and Laplaces equations and their solutions.
4. Electric Current: Charge conservation and continuity equation conductivity and Ohms
law Interior and Exterior fields of conductors and boundary conditions.
5. Polarisibility of dielectrics: Dielectric Constant, Artificial dielectric, capacitance, spherical
shell, parallel plate, coaxial and parallel wire lines, dielectric strength, and energy stored
in a capacitor and in an electric field.
UNIT II
1. Steady magnetic fields: Biot-Savart Law, Postulates magnetic forces, magnetic fields,
straight wires and wire loops, solenoid and torroid.
2. Amperes law and its applications, magnetic field strength, and parallel wire/lines, energy
stored in an inductor and in a magnetic field, vector potential and its applications,
boundary conditions.
24

3. Maxwells Equations and E.M. Waves: Maxwells equations in various forms, wave
equations in free space and material media, plane, waves in dielectric and conducting
media.
4. Flow of energy and poynting vector, energy density in a plane wave, energy, velocity,
complex poynting vector theorem.
5. Reflection of E.M waves: Reflection of plane waves from perfect conductors and
dielectrics, linear, elliptic and circular polarization, reflection coefficient and standing
wave ratio, Brewsters angle, total reflection, surface waves.
Text Books:
th
1. Principle of Electromagnetics - Mathew N.O. Sadiku, 4 edition, oxford

2. Engineering Electromagnetic by W.H.Hayt..
th
3. Electromagnetics with applications by Kraus & Fleisch, 5 edition, McGraw Hill Co. Ltd.
References:
1. Computational Methods for Electromagnetics by Peterson, Scott L.Ray, Mitra.
2. Electromagnetic by J.D. Kraus and K.R. Carver.
3. Fields waves in electromagnetic systems by Ramo, Whinnery and Duzer.
nd
4. Schaums outline series Electromagnetics, Joseph A. Edminister, 2 edition:

5. Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating Systems by E.C. Jordan and K.G. Balmain
25

EC 1403
(3Th+1T hrs/week)
Microprocessor
Questions to be set
Credit

: 4 (L-3, T-1, P-0)
Course Objective: To serve as a course in acquiring knowledge in microprocessor. After the

completion of the course, students should be able to design and analyze microprocessor circuits.
Also they will gather sufficient knowledge to understand the direction of the research activities
going on in the field of microprocessor design.
Pre-requisites: Digital Circuits & Logic Design, PC Hardware and peripherals and Computer
Organization & Architecture.
UNIT I
1. Review of Number Systems: Binary, decimal, octal, hex: Negative number representation,
floating point representation.
2. Introduction to computer:
2.1 Basic Structure of computer systems.
2.2 Introduction to general purpose CPU architecture.
3. Interfacing devices: 8205, 8286, 74138, 74244, 74245, 74148, 74373, 8282.
4. Introduction to 8085 CPU architecture register organization, 8085 instruction set, addressing
modes.
5. Instruction cycle, machine cycle, timing diagrams.
6. Programming using 8085v instruction set.
7. Hardware interfacing: Interfacing memory: Interfacing I/O memory mapped I/O, and I/O
mapped I/O.
8. Interrupts, Introduction to DMA. (With reference to 8085 CPU)
UNIT II
1. Peripherals
1.1. Programmable I/O 8155, 8255, 8355, 8755, 8212
1.2. 8253 Timer
1.3. Interfacing A/D and D/A converters
1.4. 8279 Keyboard/ Display controller
1.5. 8259 PIC
1.6. 8257 DMAC
1.7. 8251 USART
26

1.8. 8231 Arithmetic processor
Text Books:
1. Microprocessor architecture, programming and applications with 8085/ 8080A, Wiley Eastern
Ltd. 1989 by Ramesh S. Gaonkar
References:
1. Advanced Microprocessors, Rajasree, New Age Publishers.
2. Intel Corp. The 8080/8085 Microprocessor Book: Intel marketing communications, Wiley
Inter science publications, 1980.
3. An introduction to microcomputers, Vol. 2 Some real microprocessors Galgotia Book
source, New Delhi by Adam Osborne and O. Kane.
4. Intel Corp.: Micro Controller handbook: Intel publication. 1984.
27

EC 1404
(3Th+1T hrs/week)
Network Analysis and Synthesis
Questions to be set
Credit

: 4 (L-3, T-1, P-0)
Course Objective: To enrich the knowledge of the students with a sound understanding of
various techniques of network analysis and synthesis.
Pre-requisites: Basics of circuit theory, Laplace Transform, Integration, first and second order
homogenous and non homogeneous solution, vector calculus.
UNIT I
1. Networks Topology: Graph of a network, Concepts of tree and links, Incidence matrix, Tieset and cut-test schedules, Solution of Networks, Principles of duality and network
transformations
2. Initial conditions: Mutual Inductance, Differentiation equation, internal and external energy
sources, s planes and root locations, steady and transient analysis, Application of Laplace
transform in network analysis.
3. Network Function: 1 port and 2 port Network functions, Ladder and ground network, Poles
and zeroes of network function, Restriction of poles and zeroes, Time domain behavior from
poles and zeroes, Power transfer, insertion loss, optimization, Tellegens theorem,
UNIT II
1. Two Port Parameters : 2 port variables, short circuit and open circuit parameters,
transmission and hybrid parameters, relationships, Interconnection of two port network
2. Passive network synthesis: Positive real functions, synthesis of R-L, R-C and L-C
network.
3. Filters Design : Low pass, High pass , Band pass and elimination filters , Draw backs &
remedies of K filters
3. Transmission Line RF:
Parameters of open wire at HF, parameters of CXL line at HF, line constants of zero
distortion, voltages and currents, standing- waves, SWR. Input impedance of dissipation less
line, Input impedance of DC and SC lines, Reflection losses, quarter wave line, Impedance
matching, half wave line, and characteristic impedance.
Text Books:
1. Network Analysis M.E. Van Valkenburg.
2. Networks & Systems D. Roy Choudhury.
3. Networks, lines and fieldsJ. D. Ryder- PHI II Edn.
28

EC 1405
(3Th+1T hrs/week)
Design and Analysis of Digital Systems
Question to be set
Credit
: Eight (Four from each unit). Each question carry 20 marks.

: 4 (L-3, T-1, P-0)
Course Objective: To give the ideas of design and analysis of digital circuits to the students. In
this subject, students are introduced with the various design and analysis methodologies of
synchronous and asynchronous digital logic circuits. They will be taught to analyze sequential
logic circuits and to suggest remedial measures to rectify and improve those. In this subject,
students learn how to design multi input multi output circuits. Then they will be introduced to
FPGA architectures and different fault models for testing digital systems. At the end of the
course the student will be able to analyze, design, and evaluate digital circuits and programmable
logic devices.
Pre-requisites: Basics of Digital Electronics
UNIT I
1. Analysis and Design of Synchronous Sequential Finite state machines: Fundamentals of
Synchronous sequential circuits, Classification of synchronous machines, Analysis of
Synchronous Sequential circuits, Analysis and design of Finite State Machines. Timing
issues in synchronous circuits. ASM charts, synchronous analysis process, design
approaches, state reduction, design of next state decoder and output decoder.
2. Analysis and design of Asynchronous Sequential finite state machines: Need for
asynchronous circuits, analysis, cycles and races, Hazards, Map entered variable approaches
to asynchronous design.
UNIT II
3. Linked state mechanics: Introduction to system controller design: System controller state
specification (MDS diagram) timing and frequency considerations, synchronizing system,
state assignments, implementation using ROM, PAL, PLA multiplexers.
4. FPGA Architectures and applications: Architecture of ACTEL, XILINX and ALTERA
logic families, logic module, switching technology, I/O cells, Programmable interconnect,
Implementation of Digital circuits using FPGAs.
5. Digital testing and testability:
Different fault models, path sensitization algorithm, D algorithm, Boolean difference
method, PODEM. Testing sequential circuits: iterative test generator, critical path, Design29

for-test (DFT) methods: DFT guidelines for combinational circuits, other DFT methods like
scan path, BILBO and Boundary scan.
Textbooks:
William J. Fletcher- An Engineering approach to Digital Design PHI 1993
F. P. Frosser and D.E. Winkel The Art of Digital Design, Prentice-Hall
D. H. Green Modern Logic Design, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company
Morant M. J. - Integrated Circuit Design and Technology, champion and
Hall, 1990
5. Wakerly Digital Design: Principles and Practices, PHI 1994
1.
2.
3.
4.
Refernces:
6. M. J. S. Smith, - Application Specific ICs, Pearson 1997.
7. Michael L. Bushnell, Vishwani D. Agarwal, - Essential of Electronic testing for digital,
memory and mixed VLSI signal, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002.
8. Parag K. Lala, - Fault tolerant and Fault testable hardware design, BS publication, 1990
9. Alexander Miczo, Russell D. Lambert, Miczo- Digital logic testing and simulation,
Wiley- interscience, 2nd edition.
10. C.H.Roth, - Digital System Design using VHDL, PWS, 1998
30

EC 1461
(3 hrs/week)
Analog Electronic Circuits Laboratory

Course Objective: To familiarize the students with the electronics circuits design. Students will
design and construct various electronic circuits like power supply, oscillators, multivibrator and
uses of operational amplifier.
Pre-requisites: Basic electronics, electronic devices and circuit.
1. Design of Power supplies: Rectifier (capacitor filter), voltage doubler / quadrupler, series
voltage regulator (discrete components).
2. Design of amplifiers: Transistor amplifiers with and without feedback, FET amplifier, I.F
amplified transistor, power amplifier.
3. Design of oscillators: RC phase shift oscillator, wein bridge oscillator, hartley and colpitts,
crystal oscillator (using BJTs ant FETs).
4. Op-amp linear applications: (adders, subtractors, integrator, precision amplifier, voltage to
current and current to voltage converter).
5. Op-amp non-linear applications: (Comparators, square wave generators, monostable
multivibrators, precision rectifier).
6. Function generator using op-amps.
7. Op-amp R-C phase shift and Wein bridge oscillator.
8. Op-amp based D-A converters.
9. Op-amp based active filters.
10. IC voltage regulators (3 terminal fixed, variable and 723 or equivalent).
11. Monostable Multiviabrator
12. Astable Multivibrator
13. Schmitt Trigger
14. 555 timer applications.
15. A/D and D/A converter ICs.
31

EC 1462
(3 hrs/week)
Microprocessor Laboratory

Course Objective: To give the students the practical implementation and programming
knowledge of various circuitries with IC 8085 microprocessor and its interfacing. In this subject,
students are introduced with various microprocessors and its interfacing related design, flow
chart and the 8085 programming concept.
CYCLE 1
1. Binary /BCD addition between two bytes stored in consecutive / different location
(Generated Carry)
2. Binary / BCD addition of more than two bytes stored in consecutive locations using loop
method.
3. Binary / BCD subtraction between two bytes stored in consecutive / different locations
with sign of the result taken into account..
4. To find out whether the no. is
(a) Even or Odd
(b) Even parity or Odd parity.
CYCLE 2
1. Generation of Fibonacci Series

2. Block Transfer
3. Reverse a string .The string is either a binary byte or a bunch of data bytes stored in
consecutive locations.
4. To arrange the bytes (stored in consecutive locations) in sorted order either ascending or
descending order.
5. Binary multiplication of two bytes using left or right shifting of multiplier.
6. Binary division as word divided by byte using left shifting of the dividend.
32

7. Conversion of binary to BCD and BCD to binary.
CYCLE 3
1. Generation of 2 & 4 digit decimal display UP/DOWN continuous counter at address & data
field of the Microprocessor kit.
2. Verification of incoming and outgoing data using LEDS & a PPI chip.
3. Generation of a square wave of a certain frequency using PPI chip & a CRO display.
4. Generation of LED display counter using Logic Controller Card & a PPI chip.
5. Rotation of the shaft of a stepper motor in a clock & anti-clock wise direction with single,
double and mixed phase on scheme using Stepper Motor Driver Card & PPI.
6. Verification of different digital outputs at data-field against the different analog inputs (0V5V) using AD-CARD of 0809 chip, a PPI chip and a variable power supply.
33
EC 1463
(3 hrs/week)
Digital System Laboratory

Course Objective: To give the students the ideas of designing and implementation of digital
sequential circuits. In this subject, students are introduced with working of various synchronous
and asynchronous digital logic circuits like counters, shift registers, sequence generator,
sequence detector etc.
1. Shift register using D flip-flop
2. Design of 2-4-6 counter using JK flip flop.
3. Mod 4 up down counter (D flip-flop).
4. Ring and Twisted Ring counter (JK flip flop).
5. 4-bit asynchronous up counter (JK flip flop).
6. 4-bit asynchronous decade counter (JK flip-flop).
7. Decade up-down counter with IC 74190.
8. Synchronous decade counter using JK flip-flop.
9. Synchronous up counter using JK flip-flop.
10. BCD counter using IC 7490.
11. Sequence generator using D flip-flop.
12. Sequence generator using sift register IC 7495.
13. Sequence detector.
14. One Application of Sequential Circuit.
34
EC 1501
(3Th+1T hrs/week)
Antenna
Questions to be set
Credit

: 4 (L-3, T-1, P-0)
Course Objectives: The main objective of the subject Antenna Theory is to provide
fundamental knowledge in the theory and practice of antenna design and application in wireless
communication. The theory of electromagnetic radiation is introduced and the fundamental
antenna parameters are explained. Basic antenna measurement techniques are introduced.
Classical radiating elements are studied: dipoles/monopoles, loops, apertures, horns, reflectors,
microstrip and slot elements, etc. Matching techniques are presented. The principles of analysis
and design of antenna arrays are discussed. Special attention is paid to antennas popular in
broadband application.
Pre-requisites: Electromagnetic waves, vector calculus
UNIT I
1. Fundamentals of Antennas:
Radiation mechanism, radiation patterns, lobes, power density and intensity, directive
gain and directivity power gain, beam widths, radiation efficiency, input impedance,
effective aperture, antenna temperature.
2. Vector potential functions and electric and magnetic fields for electric and magnetic
current sources. Solution of vector potential wave equation, duality, reciprocity and
reaction theorems.
3. Linear Wire and Loop Antennas
Infinitesimal, small, finite, length and half wave length dipoles, determination of
radiation fields, radiation patterns, radiation resistance, directivity and input impedance
of dipoles, mutual impedance between linear elements, linear elements near infinite lines
conductors and ground effects.
4. Circular, Square, triangular, rectangular, and rhombic and ferrite loop antennas.
UNIT II
1. Cylindrical dipole, folded dipole, matching techniques, baluns and transformers.
2. Antenna arrays: Two elements array, N- element linear array, broadside end fire, phased,
binomial, dolphtschebyschef and super directive arrays, and determination of array
patterns, planar and circular arrays.
3. Traveling wave and broad band antennas, Long wire V, rhombic and helical antennas,
Yagi Uda array, frequency independent and log periodic antennas.
4. Aperture, Reflector and Lens a Antennas. Huygens principle, rectangular and circular
35

apertures microstrip antennas, Cabinets principle, sectoral, pyramidal and conical horns,
parabolic and cassegrain reflector antennas, lens antennas.
Text Books:
1. Antenna Theory, Harper and Row, 1982 by C.A. Balanis.
th
2. Electronic and Radio Engineering, McGraw Hill Book Co. ISE 4 Ed. 1955 by F.E
Terman.
3. Radio frequency Principles and its applications The generation, propagation and
reception of signal & noise by Albert A. Smith.
References:
1. Antennas and Radio Wave Propagation McGraw Hill Book Co., ISE,1985, by R.E.
Collin.
nd
2. Antennas, McGraw Hill Book Co., 2 edition 1988 by J.D. Kraus.
36

EC 1502
(3Th+1T hrs/week)
Linear and Digital Control Systems
Questions to be set
Credit

: 4 (L-3, T-1, P-0)
Course Objectives:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Understanding the mathematical modeling concepts for dynamical systems.

Able to find solve the differential equation using Laplace transform method.
Interpret the solution of the system and link it with the system performance.
Develop the skill for assessing the stability of the dynamical system using various
stability tools in time-domain and in frequency-domain.
5. Develop the skill to solve a case based control system problem.
6. Understand the use of controller and compensator for controlling the behavior of the
system.
7. Learn the basic concept of digital control system.
8. Able to use the digital control paradigm to assess the stability and solve digital control
problem as an application problem.
9. Develop soft computing skill for numerically solving various problems arising in control
system problem using MATLAB.
10. Should be able to take up independently project (mini or major) at later pert of the course.
Pre-requisites: Mathematics IV, Network Analysis & Synthesis
UNIT I
1. System Modeling: Modeling of Electrical and Mechanical Systems (Translational and
Rotational), Electro-Mechanical Systems (DC Servo motor), dynamical system equation,
Electrical equivalent (analogous) networks for all the systems covered above.
2. Block Diagram, Transfer Function and Signal Flow Graphs: Transfer function
approach for modeling dynamical system, Developing Block diagram representation for
the dynamical system, Block diagram reduction technique for evaluating the overall
transfer function of the systems, Developing SFG from block diagram, developing SFG
from the given system differential equations, Use of Masons Gain formula for evaluating
the overall transfer function from SFG.
3. Time Domain Analysis: Type and order of the systems, pole-zero plot of the system
from given transfer function, time- response computation of a first order and second order
continuous systems for different types of standard test signals (like unit step, unit ramp,
unit impulse), unit-step response for second order system (under-damped, over-damped
and critically damped cases), transient specifications of time-domain response--derivation
and numerical examples, relation of the response with the nature of the characteristic
37

roots, steady-state error analysis, error coefficient and steady state error computation for
different types of systems, Generalized steady state error series.
4. Frequency-domain analysis: Introduction, definitions of various frequency response
specifications, second order prototype systems.
5. Stability Analysis: Stability of LTI system- definitions of various stability notions and
their conditions, Necessary and sufficient condition for testing stability from
characteristic equations Routh-Hurwitz criterion, Root-locus techniqueproperties and
rules for construction, numerical examples, Bode-plotGain Margin and Phase margin
calculations and corresponding stability assessment, Polar-plotGain Margin and Phase
margin computation and corresponding stability assessment, Nyquist stability criterion,
construction of Nyquist-plot, stability assessment from the plot.
6. Analog Controllers:, P, I, PI, PD and PID controller analysis for second order systems
affecting the system response, Op-amp based circuit design for controllers.
UNIT II
1. State-Space Analysis: State-space modeling of dynamical system physical variable
form, phase variable forms, Diagonal canonical forms, various model
transformations/similarity transformations --discussion on significance of model
transformations, relation between state-space and transfer function representation,
characteristic equation, eigenvalue and eigen vector, state-transition matrix as well as
corresponding time-response of dynamical system computation. Controllability and
observability test.
2. Digital Control System: Sampling theorem, frequency domain characteristic of a
sampler, Review of z-transform, Mapping between s- and z-plane, ZOHtransfer
function of ZOH, Transfer function of discrete-data system (PTF), time-response analysis
of hybrid system, stability test for discrete-time systems (Jurys test and bi-linear
transformation), steady-state error computation.
Books for references:
B.C. Kuo, Automatic Control Systems, 7th ed., PHI, 1995.
B.C. Kuo, Digital Control Systems, 2nd ed., Saundey Publication, New York, 1992.
K. Ogata Modern Control Engineering, 2nd Edition PHI.
J.C.D. Azzo & C.H. Houpis, Linear Control System Analysis & Design, McGraw Hill
1988.
5. Nagrath & Gopal Linear Control System: Analysis and Design, TMH.
1.
2.
3.
4.
38

EC 1503
(3Th+1T hrs/week)
Analog Communication
Questions to be set
Credit

: 4 (L-3, T-1, P-0)
Course Objective: This course is designed to teach the analysis and design of analog
communication systems. Topics include amplitude modulation, angle modulation and pulse
modulation techniques, their generation as well as demodulation. Analysis of random signals and
the comparison of receivers based on their noise performances is also included.
Pre-requisites: Fourier series and Fourier Transforms and Signals and Systems.
UNIT I
1. Introduction to Analog Communication.
1.1 Types and reasons for modulation.
1.2. Transmitters, transmission channels and receivers.
2. Continuous wave linear modulators
2.1 Amplitude Modulation (AM) Time domain expression and modulation index, Frequency
domain (spectral). Representations, transmission bandwidth for AM.AM for a single tone
message, phasor diagram of an AM signal, illustration of the carrier and side band
components. Normalized power and its use in communication. Demodulation of AM
signals, square law and envelope detectors.
2.2 Double side band suppressed carries (DSB) modulation, time and frequency domain
expressions. Bandwidth and transmission power for DSB.
2.3 Methods of generating AM and DSB, square law modulators, balanced modulators, ring
modulators. Generation of SSB using a side band filter, indirect generation of SSB.
2.4 Vestigial side band modulation (VSB).
2.5 Synchronous demodulation of AM, DSB and SSB using synchronous detection.
2.6 Effects of frequency and phase errors in the local oscillator in DSB and SSB.
2.7 Demodulation of SSB using carrier reinsertion and the use of SSB in telephony.
2.8 AM Transmitter and Receiver.
3. Pulse modulation Signal
Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), bandwidth requirements and reconstruction methods,
time division multiplexing. Pulse duration modulation (PDM), generation of PDM signals and
reconstruction methods.
39

UNIT II
1. Frequency Modulation (FM) and phase modulation (PM).
1.1. Instantaneous frequency and instantaneous phase time common representation for
1.2. FM and PM, Phasor diagram for FM and PM. FM and PM signals for a single tone
message, the modulation index and phasor diagrams.
1.3. Spectral representation of FM and PM for a single tone message, Bessels functions and
the Fourier series
1.4. Transmission bandwidth for FM, Carsons rule, narrowband and wide band FM and PM
signals.
1.5. Generation of FM using Armstrong method, Commercial FM requirements.
1.6. Demodulation of FM and PM signals, the limiter discriminator.PLL
2. Representation of random signals and noise in communication system.
2.1. White noise, thermal noise, PSDF of white signals.
2.2. Input and output relationship for random signals and noise passed through a linear time
invariant systems, band limited white noise, ARC filtering of white noise.
2.3. The noise bandwidth of a linear time invariant systems and its use in communication.
2.4. Narrow band representation, generation of narrow band noise and PSDF, time domain
expression for narrow band noise.
3. Noise performance of Analog Communication system.
3.1. Signal to noise ratio in linear modulation, synchronous detection of DSB.
3.2. Signal to noise ratio for AM & SSB, comparison of DSB, SSB and AM.
3.3. Effect of noise in envelop and square law detection of AM, threshold effects in non
linear detectors.
3.4. Signal to noise ratio for FM, SNR improvement using pre-emphasis & de-emphasis
networks.
3.5. FM threshold effects, noise clicks in FM systems.
3.6. Comparison of linear and exponential modulation systems for additive white band
limited noise channels.
Text Books:
1. S. Haykin. An Introduction to Analog and Digital communications. Willey Eastern. New
York, 1989.
2. Communication systems by B.P.Lathi
References:
nd
1. C.W. Couch II. Digital and Analog Communication Systems 2 Ed. Macmillan
publishing company, New York, 1987.
2. Principles of Communication Systems, Second Edition, McGraw Hill Book Co. by
Taub and D.L.Shelling.
40

EC 1504
(3Th+1T hrs/week)
Advanced Microprocessor
Questions to be set
Credit

: 4 (L-3, T-1, P-0)
Course Objective:
The course is intended to give knowledge on various advanced microprocessors and
microcontroller and to developed skills on microprocessor and microcontroller based system
designing. Study and comparisons of various microprocessors 8086 to Pentium processor are
done. The study on microprocessor manufactured by different company is embedded. The 8051
microcontroller and its deep level assembly and high level programming is introduced in this
course, the system designing using microprocessor and microcontroller are also incorporated.
Pre-requisites: Basic microprocessor knowledge on 8085, Assembly level programming and
microprocessor based interfacing basics.
UNIT - I
1. 8086/8088 architecture and addressing mode.
2. Instructions and assembly language programming.
3. Assembler and advanced programming.
4. Interrupts of 8-86/8088 and DOS interrupt 21 h functions.
5. Intel 8086 bus cycles, instruction queue, read/write cycle in MIN and MAX mode,
reset operation, wait state, halt state, hold state, lock operation, interrupt processing.
UNIT II
1. Interfacing A/D converters, data acquisition. Interfacing D/A converters, Wave form
generation.
2. Introduction to 80286, 80386, 80486 & Pentium Microprocessors.
3. Introduction to microcontrollers, instruction set, programming, interfacing
Text Books:
1. Microprocessor & interfacing by Douglas V.Hall, McGraw Hill International Ed., 1992
2. Assembly language programming the IBM PC by Alan R. Miller, Sybex Inc., 1987..
3. The Intel Microprocessors: 8086/8088, 80286, 80386, 80486 by Bary B. Brey, Prentice
Hall, India 1996.
4. Intel Corporation: Microcontroller hand book-Intel publication, 1984.
41

EC 1505
(3Th+1T hrs/week)
Digital Signal Processing
Questions to be set
Credit

: 4 (L-3, T-1, P-0)
Course Objective:
The course is intended to give students a clear idea of signal processing methodologies in modern
digital devices. The course is divided into two units. The DSP course offers a brief introduction
to the digital signal processing tools like discrete time Fourier transform, discrete Fourier
transforms and Fast Fourier transforms. These are the scope of unit I. The unit I ended with an
introduction to analog filter design. In unit II, the digital filter design technologies are
elaborated. At the end of unit II, the basic DSP processors are introduced.
Pre-requisites: Basic signals & systems, Fourier Transforms and Z-Transforms.
UNIT I
1. Review of signals and systems:
Basic signals; Importance of impulse response; types of systems; Sampling, Discrete Time
Fourier Transform and its properties
2. Discrete Fourier Transform: Definition of DFT, Properties of DFT: Linearity, Circular shift
of a sequence, Symmetry properties, Circular convolution, Linear Convolution using DFT,
Relation among Z-Transform, DTFT and DFT, Computation of DFT
3. Fast Fourier Transform: FFT algorithms-Divide and conquer approach, Decimation in time
and Decimation in frequency (radix-2 only), Computation of FFT, Signal Flow Graph,
Goertzel Algorithm
4. Analog filters Design: Butterworth, Chebyshev (T-I and T-II) and Overview of Elliptic filter,
Frequency transformation
UNITII
1. IIR Filter design:
Comparison between analog and digital filter; Mapping from analog domain to digital domain
using Impulse invariance method, bilinear transformations and Approximation of derivative;
Matched z-transform; Design of IIR filters from analog filters.
42

2. FIR Filter design: Comparison between IIR and FIR filter; Different types of windows:
Rectangular, Barlett , Hanning , Hamming, Blackman & Kaiser windows; Design of FIR filters
using windows; Design of FIR filters using Frequency sampling method; Liner phase FIR
filter. Remez Algorithm, Parks McClellan Algorithm.
5. Digital Filter structures: Basic IIR filter structures: Direct forms ( I& II ) , Transposed
Direct Form-II, Cascade and parallel realizations. Basic FIR filter structures: Direct form and
linear phase FIR structures.
6. Digital Signal Processors: Principles of Architecture and features; fixed point and floating
point processors; Memory organization.
7. Power spectrum estimation: Classical spectrum estimation, parametric modeling AR, MA,
AR-MA, minimum variance spectral estimation
Text Books:
1. Digital Signal Processing- John G. Proakis and Dimitris G. Manolakis, PHI- 2000
2. Digital Signal Processing S K Mitra TMH
3. Theory and applications of DSP- L R Rabinar and Gold- PHI 1999
4. Digital Signal Processing A V Oppenheim and R.W Schafer-PHI 1999
43

EC 1506
(3Th+1T hrs/week)
Object Oriented Programming with C++
Questions to be set
Credit

: 4 (L-3, T-1, P-0)
Course Objectives: The student should be able to define the objects and classes. The student
should be able to find the various functions. The student should be able to recognize the need of
polymorphism and encapsulation. The student should be able to be aware of function overloading.
The student should be able to discriminate the various types of inheritance.
Pre-requisites: The basic knowledge of computer fundamentals and experience with a procedural
programming language (e.g. C Programming) are expected.
UNIT I
1. The basic language
The C++ Data types ,Literal constant, Variables, Pointer types string types, Constant
Qualifier, Reference types , The Bool type, Enumeration types, Array types, Typedef
Names, Volatile Qualifier, Class types, Expressions-Definition of an expression,
Arithmetic operators, Increment and decrement operators, The conditional operators,
The size of operator, the new and delete expressions, Comma operator, the bitwise
operator, Precedence, Type conversions, a stack class Example, Declaration statement,
Statement the if statement, the switch statement, the switch statement, the for loop
statement, the continue statement, the go to statement, A Linked list example.
2. Procedural- based programming
Functions Overview, function prototype, Argument passing , Returning a value,
Recursion, Inline Functions, Linkage Directives: Extern C , Scope and Lifetime scope,
Global objects and Functions , Local Objects, dynamically Allocated objects, Overloaded
functions-Overloaded declarations, The three steps of overload resolution, Argument type
conversions, Functions, Template Functions, Template Definition, Function Template,
Function Template Arguments, Template Argument Deduction, Explicit Specialization
,Overloading Function Template , Overload Resolutions with institution , Function
Template Example.
44
UNIT-II
3. OBJECT BASED PROGRAMMING
Classes class Definition , Class Object, Class member functions, The implicit this
pointer, Static class members, Pointer to class member , Union: A space saving class, Bit
field :A space saving member, Class scope, nested classes.
Class initialization, Assignment, and Destructor, Class object Arrays and Vectors, The
member wise Assignment, Efficiency consideration, Overloaded operators-operator
overloading, Friends function, Operator =, Operator [], Operator ( ), Operator->, Operator
++ and --, Operator new and delete, Class Templates-class template Definition, Class
template instantiation, Member templates, Exception handling.
4. Object -oriented programming and IO-stream library
Class Inheritance , Sub typing and polymorphism, Defining a class hierarchy, Identifying
the members of the hierarchy, Base class member access, Base class member access,
Base and Derived class virtual functions, Member wise initialization and assignment ,
A user query manager class, Putting it together, the io-stream Library-The output
operator <<, Input, Additional input/output operators, Overloading the output operator<<,
Overloading the input operator >>, File input and output, condition states.
Textbooks:
rd
1. Stanley B Lippman and Lajoie, C++ Primer, 3 Ed., Addison Wesley, 1998,(Chapters
3 to 5, 7 to 10, 13 to 17, 20 excluding 3.10,3.11, 3.14, 4.6, 4.12, 7.8, 7.9, 8.5, 8.6, 9.4,
10.9, 10.10, 13.11, 13.12, 15.9 to 15.12, 16.8 to 16.12, 20.8 to 20.10)
References:
1. Bjarne Stroustrup, C++ programming language, 3 rd Ed. , Addison Wesley ,1997.
Herbert Schildt, C++, The complete reference, second ed., TMH, 1998.
2. John Hubband, Programming with C++, Second Ed., Schaums outline series, McGraw
Hill.
45

EC 1561
(3 hrs/week)
Advanced Microprocessor Laboratory

Course Objective: To give the students the practical implementation and programming
knowledge of various circuitries with IC 8086 microprocessor, IC 8051 microcontroller and its
interfacing.
In this subject, students are introduced with various microprocessors,
microcontroller, its interfacing related design, flow chart and the programming concept.
Pre-requisites: Micro-processor, Digital Electronics
Cycle I
1. a) Write an assembly language program to add the contents of the memory location
2000H:0500H to contents of 3000H:0600H & store the result in 5000H: 0700H.
b) Write an assembly language program to add ten numbers stored at consecutive
memory location starting from 2000H:0500H
2. a) Write an ALP to find whether the given number is odd or even.
b) Write an ALP to find number of even or odd number from given series of 16 bit
numbers.
3. a) Write an ALP to find no of 1s in a given 16 bit number.
b) Write an ALP to find whether the given 16 bit no has even parity or odd parity.
4. a) Write an ALP to find the largest number from an array of 16 bit numbers stored
sequentially in memory location.
b) Write an ALP to find the smallest number from an array of 16 bit numbers.
5. a) Write an ALP to arrange the given 16 bit number Array in ascending order
b) Write an ALP to arrange the given 16 bit number Array in descending order
6. Write an ALP to find out number of +ve numbers & -ve numbers.
7. a) Write an ALP to find square of a given number.
b) Write an ALP to find square of a given series of numbers and store them at location
starting from 2000H.
8. Write an ALP to perform 1 byte BCD addition
9. Write a program to perform add, subtraction, multiplication & division of given operands
perform BCD add & subtraction.
10. Write an ALP to convert a given word into its decimal equivalent.
11. Write a program to move n byte string stored in consecutive memory locations.
12. a) Write a program to find out whether a given byte is present in the string or not.
b) Write a program to compare elements of two strings.
13. Write an ALP to convert BCD number 0 to 9 to their 7 segment codes, using look up
table.
14. Write an ALP for (a) Add & (b) Multiplication to Two 3X3 matrix
15. Write an ALP to Display a message Very large scale integration
46

Cycle II
16. Write a program to open a new file kmb.dat in the current directory & drive if it is
successfully opened. Write 200H Bytes of data into it from a data block named BLOCK.
Display a message if the file is not opened successfully.
17. Write a program to load a file KMB.EXE in the memory at the CS Value of 5000H with
zero relocation factors. The file is just to be observed & not to be executed.
18. Write a program using auto exec.bat file that hangs the computer and waits for entry of
the string Electronics & communication from keyboard and then returns to the DOS
prompt if the string is entered.
19. Write a program to calculate square of BCD numbers 0 to 9 & store them sequentially
from 2000H offset onward in the current Data segment. The number & their square are in
BCD format. Write a subroutine for calculation of square of number.
20. Write a program to change a sequence of sixteen 2-byte numbers from ascending to
descending order. The numbers are stored in the same data segment. Store the new series
at addresses starting from 6000H.
21. Write a program to create a file result & store in it 500H bytes from the memory block
starting at 1000H:1000H if either an interrupt appears at INTR pin with type 0AH or an
instruction equivalent to above interrupt is executed.
22. Write a program that gives display IRT2 is Ok if hardware signal appears on IRQ2 pin
& IRT3 is Ok if it appears on IRQ3 pin of PC IO channel.
23. Write a program to generate a delays of 100ms using an 8086 system that runs on 10MHz
frequency
24. Write a program to generate delay of 10 Minutes.
Cycle III
25. Write an program to add ten numbers using 8051.
26. Write an program to find no of 1s in a given 16 bit number using 8051.
27. Write an program to convert packed BCD to ASCII code.
28. Write Program on 8051
a) To clear the accumulator & add 3 to accumulator 10 times.
b) Write a program to load accumulator with the value 55H & complement the
accumulator 700 times.
29. Write a program to toggle all the bits of port 1. Put a time delay in between each issuing
of data to port 1.
30. Write a program to generate a delay of 1 s assuming that the crystal frequency is 11.05
MHz.
31. Write a program in 8051 to perform the following
a. Keep monitoring the port P2.2 bit until it becomes high
b. When it becomes high write a value 45H to port and send a high to low pulse to
P3.3.
2
32. Write a program to get X value from P1 and send X to P2 continuously.

33. Assume P1 is I/P Port & connected to a temperature sensor. Write a Program to read the
Temperature and test it for the value 75. According to test result place the temperature
value into the registers indicated by the following If T = 75 then A= 75
If T< 75 then R1 = T If T > 75 then R2 = T
47

EC 1562
(3 hrs/week)
Communication Laboratory

Course Objective: To give the students the basic ideas on analog communication. In this
subject, students are introduced with topics like filters design using OPAMP and various
modulation techniques used in analog communication.
Pre-requisites: signal and systems.
Cycle I
1. Design of a first order Low-Pass filter using OPAMP-741 with cutoff frequency at 1 kHz.
2. Design of a second order Low-Pass filter using OPAMP-741 with cutoff frequency at 1 kHz.
3. Design of a first order High-Pass filter using OPAMP-741 with cutoff frequency at 1 kHz.
4. Design of a second order High-Pass filter using OPAMP-741 with cutoff frequency at 1kHz.
5. Design of a Wide-Band-Pass filter using OPAMP-741 with lower cutoff frequency at 200
Hz and higher cutoff frequency at 1 kHz.
6. Design of a Wide-Band-Reject filter using OPAMP-741 with lower cutoff frequency at 200
Hz and higher cutoff frequency at 1 kHz.
7. Design of a Narrow-Band-Reject filter using OPAMP-741 with notch frequency at 1 kHz.
Cycle II
1. Study the generation and detection of Amplitude Modulation (AM).
2. Study the generation and detection of Frequency Modulation (FM).
3. Study the generation and detection of Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM).
4. Study the generation and detection of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM).
5. Study the generation and detection of Pulse Position Modulation (PPM).
48

EC 1563
(3 hrs/week)
Object Oriented Programming with C++ Laboratory

Course Objective: To give the students the ideas on object oriented programming language. In
this subject, students are introduced with topics like class, linked list, stack, pointers etc. After
completion of this subject, students are able to develop some system with the knowledge of
object oriented programming, able to debug and fix the errors.
Pre-requisites: The basic knowledge of computer fundamentals and experience with a
procedural programming language (e.g. C Programming) are expected.
1. Write a C++ program to create a class called as COMPLEX, and implements the
following by overloading the function ADD which returns the COMPLEX number.
i. ADD (s1, s2)-where s1 is an integer (real part) and s2 is a COMPLEX number.
ii. ADD (s1, s2)-where s1 and s2 are complex numbers. Display the result by overloading
the operator <<.
2. Write a C++ program to create a class LIST (linked list) with insert at front, and delete
from front as member functions. Demonstrate all functions after creating a list of object.
3. Write a C++ program to create a template function for quick sort and demonstrate
sorting of integers and double data types.
4. Write a C++ program to create a class called as STACK using array of integers.
Implement the following operations by overloading the operators + and -. Also display
the status and contents of the stack after each operation, by overloading the operator <<.
s1=s+ element; where s1 is an object of the class STACK and element I an
integer to be pushed on top of the stack.
S1=s2--; where s1 is a object of the class STACK, -- operator pops the element.
5. Write a C++ program to create a class called as DATE. Accept two valid dates in the
form of dd/mm/yyyy. Implement the following by overloading the operators and +.
Display the result by overloading the operator << after every operation.
i. no. of day=d1-d2 where d1 and d2 are Date object; d1>=d2; and no_of_days is an
integer.
ii. d1=d1+ no_of_days-where d1 is a DATE object and no. of_days is an integer.
49

6. Write a C++ program to create a class called as Matrix using two dimensional array of
integers. Implement the following by overloading the operator = which checks the
compatibility of two matrices to be added and subtracted. Perform the following by
overloading + and operators. Display the result by overloading the operator<<.
If (m1=m2){m3=m1+m2;m4=m1-m2;display error} where m1, m2, m3, m4 are
MATRIX objects.
7. Write a C++ program to create a class OCTAL which has the characteristics of an
octal number .Implement the following by writing an appropriate constructor and an
overloaded operator + .Display the OCTAL object by overloading the operator <<.Also
display the values of k and y.
i. OCTAL h=x; where x is an integer.
ii. Int y=h+k; where h is an OCTAL object and k is an integer.
8.Write a C++ program to create a template class QUEUE , with add and delete member
functions .Using it , implement a queue of integers and doubles .Using it, implement a
queue of integers and doubles .Demonstrate the implementation by displaying the status
and content of the queue after every operation.
9. Write a C++ program to create a class DLIST (doubly linked list), with member
functions, insert at a specified position .Demonstrate and implement by displaying the
status and content of the list after every operation.
10. Write a C++ program to create a class LIST (linked list), with add and subtract
member functions to add and subtract two long integers of a at least 12 digits
.Demonstrate the implementation by displaying the status and content of the list after
every operation.(The number of digit to be held in each node can be decided by
himself/herself)
11. Write a C++ program to create a base class called as STUDENT (name, Reg, age)
and using inheritance, create classes Ugstudent and Pgstudent having fields as semester,
fees and stipend. Enter the dada for at least 5 students .Find the average age, semester
wise, for all UG and PG students separately.
12. Write a C++ program to create a class STRING and implement the following
.Display the results by overloading the operator. <<after every operation.
i.STRING s1=SMU
ii.STRING s2=TADONG
iii.STRINGs3=s1+s2; Use copy constructor.
13. Write a C++ program to create a class called BIN_TREE (binary tree) with member
functions in order, preorder, postorder.create a BIN_TREE object demonstrate traversals.
14. Write a C++ program to create a class called EXPRESSION. Accept an arithmetic
expression (assumed to be in valid INFIX form) and assign to EXPRESSION object.
50

Convert the expression in the object to postfix form by writing appropriate member
functions. Display the result.
15. Write a C++ program to create a class called polynomial of type implement the
addition and subtraction of polynomial object and display the results by
overloading the operator <<.
51

EC 1601
(3Th+1T hrs/week)
MICROWAVE ENGINEERING
Questions to be set
Credit

: 4 (L-3, T-1, P-0)
Course Objective: To understand the basic principles, characteristics and applications of

commonly used microwave devices for designing microwave circuits/systems.
Pre-requisites: Students should have previous courses in (a) electro-magnetic and solid state
electronics and (b) basic transmission line theory.
UNIT-I
1. Introduction to Microwave Engineering:
A typical Microwave system, Basic Microwave concepts: Microwave Transmission,
Microwave Circuit Elements, Generation and Amplification of microwaves.
2. Transmission lines:
Transmission line equations and their solution for different types, characteristic
impedance, reflection coefficient, Transmission lines at high frequencies, standing wave
pattern, SWR, Line impedance and Admittance.
3. Smith Chart:
Characteristics of Smith Chart, Impedance Matching: single stub, double stub,
Application of Smith Chart.
4. Guided Waves:
Rectangular Wave guide: Transverse electric, Transverse magnetic and Transverse
electromagnetic waves in conducting planes, characteristics of TE ,TM and TEM waves,
wave impedance, attenuation, excitation of wave guides.
5. Passive Microwave Components:
Working principle and application of: Resonators, Directional Couplers, E-plane Tee,
H-plane Tee and Hybrid Tee, Attenuators, Circulator, Isolators, Gyrators, and Phase
Shifters.
UNIT- II
1. Microwave active Devices:
Limitations of conventional vacuum tube devices. O-type and M-type Devices.
52
2. Two cavity klystrons:

Reentrant cavities, velocity modulation process, bunching process, output power and
beam loading.
3. Reflex klystron:
Velocity modulation, power output and efficiency and electronic admittance.
4. Traveling Wave Tube:
Slow wave structure, amplification process, convection current, axial electric field, wave
modes and gain consideration.
5. Magnetron:
Cylindrical multicavity magnetron: Structure, Building blocks and Operation.
6. Microwave diodes and transistors:
Working Principle of: Tunnel diode, Varactor diode, Gunn diode, IMPATT diode,
BARITT diode, Microwave transistors and FETs.
7. Strip Lines and Micro strip lines:
Characteristic impedance, losses and quality factor Q of micro strip lines, coplanar strip
lines and shielded strip lines, parameters and its properties,
8. Application of Microwaves
Text Books:
1. Jordan and Balmain- Electromagnetic wave and Radiating System- Prentice Hall,1968.
2. Liao S.- Microwave Devices and Circuit- Prentice Hall, 2004
3. M.L.Sisodia and Vijaylaxmi Gupta-Microwaves, Introduction to Circuits, devices and
antennas; New Age Publishers.
References:
1. Ryder J.- Network lines and Fields-Hall,1999
2. David M.Pazar -Microwave Engineering-John Wiley & Sons,2004
3. F.E.Terman -Electronic and Radio Engineering.
53

EC 1602
(3Th+1T hrs/week)
Embedded System
Questions to be set
Credit

: 4 (L-3, T-1, P-0)
Course Objective: The objective of this course is to impart a solid understanding of the role of
embedded systems and embedded systems design and development.
Pre-requisites: Digital Logic, Microelectronics, microprocessor, computer organization, C
programming.
UNIT I
1. An overview of embedded system:
What is an embedded system? Categories of embedded systems, requirements of
embedded systems, challenges and issues in embedded systems, trends in embedded
software development.
2. Application of Embedded Systems:
Application market segments, control systems and industrial automation, networks
information appliances, telecommunications, wireless communications.
3. Hardware architectures for embedded systems hardware architecture, processor, memory,
latch and buffers crystal, reset circuit, ADC & DAC, application specific control
circuitry, display units, keypads Ex: 8031-based control systems.
The Smart card case study: A micro controller architecture, the 8051 architecture 16 bit
and 32 bit processors, DSP architecture, communication interface standards, development
tools, hardware + software interaction.
4. Developing for embedded systems:
Embedded system development process coding issues, verification of s/w. on host and
embedded system.
5. Embedded s/w. development environments operating systems, embedded operating
systems, task scheduling in embedded systems, context switch, task synchronization
timers, types of embedded operating systems programming languages, structure of a C
compiler, java programming language development tools for target processors.
Implementing embedded systems.
54
UNIT II
6. Serial communication programming. Development of a navigation system development
environment, project overview.
7. Embedded applications over mobile networks development environment, example
projects.
Real time embedded development
8. Embedded database applications, Development environment, and salary survey.
Networked
Java enabled information appliances, Development environment, customer relations
management s/w. embedded, process control system.
9. Mobile Java applications.
Textbooks:
1. Programming for Embedded Systems Cracking The Code TM By Dreamtech S/W. Team,
Wiley Publishing Inc.
st
2. Embedded system Raj Kamal By TMH Ed: 1
References:
1. FTP sites involved with embedded systems and software.
55

BA 1510 (AEI, EC, IT & EE)
(3Th+1T hrs/week)
Industrial Management
Questions to be set
Credit

: 4 (L-3, T-1, P-0)
Course Objectives: The objective of this course is to acquaint the student with developing
deeper understanding of the concept of management by understanding its evolution. It also
introduces the functions of general management in detail as well as the quantitative techniques
useful to make objective decisions. It also acquaints the students with techniques useful for
production planning and control as also materials management.
UNIT I
Philosophy and Development of Management thought. Concept and definition of management,
Functions and Roles of Management, Social Responsibilities of Management. Pioneers in
Management, Taylors Scientific Management, Contribution of Henry Fayol, Gilberth and Mayo.
Schools of Management Thought: Human Behaviour, Social System, Systems approach,
management process school.
Process of Management: Functions of Management.
i. Planning: Nature and purpose of planning objectives, Different types of Plans, steps in
planning, schedule planning, product planning, Strategic Planning, Long, medium and short
term planning, decision making, project planning, management by objectives.
ii. Organizing Principles of organizing, steps in organizing, organizational structure, levels
and span of management, departmentation, span of control, formal and informal
organization, de-centralization, committees, line and staff functions, responsibility and
accountability, delegation of authority.
iii. Staffing: Manpower planning and recruitment, selection process, training and
development, performance appraisals.
iv. Leading: Models and styles of leadership, managerial grid, motivation, interpersonal
relations, personality, communication process, types, barriers, effective communication.
v. Controlling: Concept, nature and purpose, process, methods and practice of control, role
of internal audit.
56

UNIT II
Quantitative Techniques in Managerial Decisions: Concept of budget and budgetary control.
Time-event network analysis; ABC Analysis, Break-even Analysis; Decision Tables; Concept of
productivity, measuring productivity, Use information technology in management
Types of production; Types of Planning, Manufacturing Planning; Production planning,
Scheduling; Work study & Method Study; Systems of wage payments, bonus, Automation.
Organization of production, planning and control department.
Practice of purchasing and materials management, quality, quality standards and inspection,
sources of supply; pricing principles and practices. Inventory Mangement, EOQ model; Value
Analysis and Value Engineering.
References:
a) H. Koontz and H. Weihrich, Management, McGraw Hill, 1989.
b) Dobler W.D. Purchasing & Materials Management, TMHC, New Delhi, 1984.
57

EC 1603
(3Th+1T hrs/week)
Digital Communication
Questions to be set
Credit

: 4 (L-3, T-1, P-0)
Course Objective: To give a brief idea about Digital Communication & its related fundamentals.
The course entitles major portions namely Digital Sources, Transmitters, Receivers, Nyquist
Sampling theory, Quantization & Companding in PCM, Concept of PSK,FSK, DPSK and
Information theory & Coding.
Pre-requisites: Analog modulation techniques, probability and random process, and Signal and
systems.
UNIT I
1. Review of Probability and Random Process
1.1 Basic terminologies related to probability: Experiment, Sample space, Event, Definition
of probability, properties of probability, Conditional probability, Bayes theorem,
Probabilities of Statistically Independent Event.
1.2 Random Variables and Process: Continuous and Discrete random variable, Cumulative
Distribution Function(CDF), Properties of CDF, Probability Distribution Function(PDF),
Properties of PDF, Relationship between PDF and Probability, Uniform Distribution,
Gaussian Distribution, Rayleigh Distribution, Statistical Averages of Random Variables:
Expected Value, Moments and Variance, Standard Deviation, Relationship between
Mean, Correlation and Covariance, Ensemble and Time Averages, Stationary and Non
stationary random process, Ergodic process, Gaussian Process, White Noise process,
Error Function and Complementary error function, Sinc function.
1.3 Signal space representation: Vector space, Euclidean space, Inner product, Norm, Basis
function for signal space, Orthogonal and orthonormal functions, Cauchy-Schwarz
inequality, Gram-Schmidt Ortho-normalization procedure.
2. Introduction to Digital Communication Systems:
2.1. Basic block diagram of Digital communication systems, Basic functionality of each
block,
2.2. Analog to digital conversion technique: Sampling, Quantising and Encoding
2.3. Nyquist sampling theory, Spectrum of a sampled signal, Aliasing, Effects of aliasing
2.4. Reconstruction of sampled signals, Anti aliasing filter, Interpolation filter.
58
3. Information Theory and coding

3.1 Introduction to Information Theory, definition of information, Information sources,
Measure of information, Entropy, Information rate, Shannons Theorem and Channel
capacity.
3.2 Basic terminologies of Source coding: code length, code efficiency, code rate,
Classification of codes: Fixed length code, Variable length code, Distinct code, Prefix
free code, Uniquely decipherable code, Instantaneous codes, Optimal codes, Kraft
Inequality, Entropy coding: Shannon-Fano coding, Huffman coding.
3.3 Basic terminologies of Error control coding: Codeword, Block length, Code vectors,
Channel Data rate, Hamming distance, Code weigth, Code efficiency.
3.4 Parity coding: Even parity and odd parity, Vertical Redundancy Check (VRC),
Longitudinal Redundancy Check (LRC), Check Sum.
3.5 Linear Block codes, Hamming Codes, Syndrome decoding
UNIT II
1. Waveform coding Techniques

1.1 Pulse code modulation(PCM), Block diagram, Transmitter and Receiver, Quantizer,
Types of quantizer, Working principle of quantizer, Bandwidth of PCM, Quantization
Noise in PCM, Signal to Quantization Noise Ratio, Effect of noise in PCM.
1.2 Necessity of non uniform quantizing, Companding, -law and A-law, Application of
PCM.
1.3 Time division multiplexing (TDM), The T 1 PCM systems in telephony.
1.4 The delta modulation, Transmitter and receiver, Quantization noise and slope overload
distortion in delta modulators.
2. Base band digital data transmission
2.1 Types of Line codes: Unipolar and bipolar NRZ and RZ format, Alternate Mark
Inversion (AMI) format, Split phase Manchester code format, Polar quaternary NRZ
format.
2.2 Base band digital communication systems, Intersymbol interference (ISI), Pulse shaping
and band width consideration, Raised Cosine filter, Nyquist condition for zero ISI, band
limited Nyquist pulses, the eye diagram.
2.3 Duobinary and modified duobinary encoding.
59

2.4 Optimum detection of a pulse in additive white noise, Probability of error of Optimum
Filter, the matched filter, impulse response of matched filter, Probability of error of
matched filter, properties of match filter.
2.5 Integrate and Dump filter, SNR of integrates and dump filter, Probability of error of
integrate and dump filter.
3. Digital modulation techniques:
3.1. Binary digital modulation Techniques: Coherent BPSK,BFSK, QPSK and DPSK, Signal
space representation, Bandwidth requirement and probability of error calculation
3.2. M-array data communication systems, Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)
systems, Probability of error in QAM systems, comparison of different digital
modulation schemes.
Text Books:
1. S. Haykin, Digital Communications, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1988.
2. Principles of Communication Systems, 2nd ed., McGraw Hill Book Co., 1986 by
H.Taub and C. L. Schilling.
References:
1. Edward A. Lee, David G Messerschmitt, Digital Communication, Kluwer Academic
Press.
2. Sanjay Sharma, Analog and Digital Communication Systems, Katson Book
Publication.
3. B.P.Lathi, Analog and Digital Communication Systems, OXFORD University Press.
4. P. Chakrabarty, Analog and Digital Communication Systems, Dhanpat Publication.
60

EC 1604
(3Th+1T hrs/week)
Power Electronics
Questions to be set
Credit

: 4 (L-3, T-1, P-0)
Course Objective: To enrich the knowledge of the students with a sound understanding of basic
characteristics of power semiconductor devices, voltage converters, Inverters, regulated power
supplies, controlled rectifiers and power conditioners.
Pre-requisites: Basic idea on electrical and electronics components.
UNIT I
1. Power Electronic devices: Thyristor, BJT, MOSFET, IGBT, MCT, GTO, turn on and turn
off mechanisms, device ratings, safe operating area, secondary breakdown, protection and
snubber circuits, gate/base, driver circuits.
2. DC-DC switch mode converter topologies buck, boost, buck, boost and Cuk converter, full
bridge DC-DC converter.
3. DC-AC switches mode inverters, single phase inverter, SPWM inverter, three phase
inverter.
4. Resonant converters, zero voltage and zero current switching, load resonant converter,
resonant switch converter.
UNIT II
1. Switched mode DC power supplies, forward converter, fly back converter, half bridge and
full bridge converter power supplies.
2. Power conditioners and Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS).
3.Controlled rectifiers, half controlled and full controlled, single phase and three phase
rectifiers, dual converters and cyclo converters
Text Books:
1. Power Electronics by V. Subramanyam, New Age Publishers.
2. M.R. Rashid, Power Electronic Circuits, Devices & Applications, PHI, 1994.
References:
1.N. Mohan, T.M. Underloned& W.P. Robbins, Power electronic Converters,
Applications & Design, John Wiley & Sons, 1989.
2. G.K. Dubey& C.R.K. Asarabada, Power Electronic Devices, IETE book series Vol I,
TMH 1993.
61

EC 1631
(3Th+1T hrs/week)
Elective I Artificial Neural Networks
Questions to be set
Credit

: 4 (L-3, T-1, P-0)
Course Objective:
1. Understanding the concepts of Linear algebra from the perspective of the course
2. Understanding the concepts of stochastic process and adaptive filtering theory from the
perspective of the course
3. Able to relate the difference between biological and artificial NN in terms of
computation and processing speed.
4. Learn various architectures of the ANN.
5. Learn and interpret various supervised learning mechanism involved in acquiring,
storing and retrieval of the knowledge.
6. Acquire the concepts of unsupervised learning mechanism to solve complex real world
problems.
7. Ability to solve problems from real-world life whose solution cannot be found out by
deterministic methods.
8. Develop the skill for data conditioning, presentation and processing in the ANN in an
appropriate fashion.
9. Ability to take up projects at advanced/professional level.
Pre-requisites: Mathematics IV, Network Analysis & Synthesis, Linear & Digital Control
System
UNIT - I
1. Preliminaries: Review of vector spaces and Matrix operations, Biological Model of a
neuron,
Neural network as a directed graph, Network Architectures, Knowledge representations,
Artificial Intelligence and Neural Network, Learning Processes/Principles, Neural Network
for different Tasks.
2. Supervised Learning Algorithms: Concept of Adaptive filtering Problem, Unconstrained
optimization techniques, linear least square Filters, Least-Mean-Square Algorithm, Learning
Curves.
3. Feed forward Neural Network: Introduction, Pattern Recognition and Data Classification,
Linear Separability, Back-propagation Algorithm, Radial Basis Function Networks.
62

UNIT- II
3.
4.
5.
Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Principal component Analysis (PCA) Introduction,
SVM for non-linear regression, SVM for Pattern Recognition, Introduction to PCA.
Unsupervised Learning based Networks Associative Learning, Hopfield Network,
Bidirectional Associative Memory, Self-organization and concept of Self-organizing Maps,
Recurrent Network Architectures.
Applications of ANN: Application areas may be included from Signal Processing, Adaptive
filtering, Image processing, System Identification, Classification problems, Pattern
Recognition ( from any field of engineering), Controller design and the tasks related to
communication engineering (like channel equalization, channel state and parameter
estimation, decision-directed channel equalization, spread-spectrum detection etc).
Implementations of different learning algorithms using MATLAB.
Text Book:
[1] Neural Networks: A Comprehensive Foundation, Simon Haykin, 2nd Ed. PHI, India.
[2] Neural Network Design, M. Hagan, H. Demuth and Mark Beale, Cenage Learning, India
Edition, 2008.
[3] Neural Networks: A Class Room Approach by Satish Kumar, TMH, India
63

EC 1632
(3Th+1T hrs/week)
Elective I Digital Computer Architecture
: 4 (L-3, T-1, P-0)
Questions to be set
Credit
Course objective:
1) To familiarize the students with the various architecture of digital computers and its
evolution.
2) To design the various units of a computer like execution unit, control unit, memory
unit, and I/O unit.
3) To teach the fundamentals of parallel processing.
Pre-requisites: Digital electronics and assembly programming.
UNIT I
1. Evolution of computers: Abroad overview of architecture of typical computers
st
nd
th
belonging to 1 , 2 , 3 rd and 4 generation, accumulator based-General Register

machines and stack oriented machines.
2. Instruction set: Instruction formats-Polish and Reverse polish, Opcode Encoding
techniques, Instruction types and addressing modes. Reduced Instruction set Computers.
3. Processor design: Basic ALU organization, General Register design, combinational
shifter design, Barrel shifter design Address ALU design concept of bit slice processor,
Peripheral Arithmetic processor-Coprocessors.
4. Algorithms: multiplication of signed and unsigned integers, Booths multiplication
Algorithms Bit pair method, Division of unsigned integers- Restoring type and non
restoring type, Number system-Hex BCD, 2s complement arithmetic ,Floating point
Nos., IEEE format.
5. System Software: Language translators, Assembles-compilers, Interpreters, Linker
loaders, text editors and formatters, Operating systems.
UNIT II
1. Control unit Design: Basic concepts, Design methods, Hard wires and micro
programmed, micro programmed control micro Instruction formats, control unit
organization, examples of micro programmed computers, control memory optimization.
64

2. Memory Organization: Review of random access and serial access memories
Dynamic and Static memories, Read/Write/Refresh mechanisms, memory Hierarchies,
virtual memory, main memory allocation segments, pages and files, high speed
memories, inter leaved memories, associative memory, cache allocation policies,
mapping consistency issues.
3. Input/ Output Organization: Isolated I/O , memory mapped I/O, Interrupt driver I/OH/W and S/W, I/O processors.
1. Parallel processing: Basic concepts, Flynns classification and structural
classification, performance considerations ,principles of pipelining structures, Array
processors-Multiprocessors, Data flow computers, vector processors, general concepts
RISC. (4 Hrs)
References:
nd
1. J.P. Hayes- Computer architectures and Organisation 2 Ed. McGraw Hill, 1988.
2. M.Raffiquzzaman and Rajachandra- Modern Computer architectures, Galgotria
publications, New Delhi, 1990.
3. V. Carl Ramcacher, Z. Vranesic& S. Zaky Computer Organisation McGraw Hill
nd
international Edition, Computer science series 1987 2 Ed.

4. Harold S. Stone: Computer Architecture, Science research associates, Chicago 1980.
5. Tanenbaum A.S.: Structured computer organization, Prentice Hall Englewood cliffs. N. J.
1984.
6. KHWang& F.A. Briggs: computer Architecture & Parallel Processing, Mc. Graw Hill
1984.
65

EC 1633
(3Th+1T hrs/week)
Elective I Speech Processing
Questions to be set
Credit

: 4 (L-3, T-1, P-0)
various techniques of speech processing. It begins with the human speech production mechanism
and then goes on to the fundamental parameters of speech such as pitch frequency, formants,
spectral features like log spectrum, 3-D spectrogram, cepstral features, MFCC, linear prediction
coefficients, transform-domain parameters, etc. It deals with applications like speech coding,
speech recognition, speaker recognition, and Language Identification and Voice over IP.
Pre-requisites: Signal and System, Digital Signal Processing, Probability and Random Process.
UNIT- I
1. Mechanics of speech
Speech production: Mechanism of speech production, Acoustic phonetics Digital
models for speech signals - Representations of speech waveform: Sampling speech
signals, basics of quantization, delta modulation, and Differential PCM - Auditory
Perception: psycho acoustics.
2. Time domain methods for speech processing
Time domain parameters of Speech signal Methods for extracting the parameters
Energy, Average Magnitude, Zero crossing Rate Silence Discrimination using ZCR and
energy Short Time Auto Correlation Function Pitch period estimation using Auto
Correlation Function.
3. Frequency domain method for speech processing
Short Time Fourier analysis: Fourier transform and linear filtering interpretations,
Sampling rates - Spectrographic displays - Pitch and formant extraction - Analysis by
Synthesis - Analysis synthesis systems: Phase vocoder, Channel Vocoder Homomorphic speech analysis: Cepstral analysis of Speech, Formant and Pitch
Estimation, Homomorphic Vocoders.
66

UNIT - II
4. Linear predictive analysis of speech
Basic Principles of linear predictive analysis Auto correlation method Covariance
method Solution of LPC equations Cholesky method Durbins Recursive algorithm,
Application of LPC parameters Pitch detection using LPC parameters Formant
analysis VELP CELP.
5. Application of speech processing
Algorithms: Dynamic time warping, K-means clustering and Vector quantization,
Gaussian mixture modeling, Hidden Markov modeling, Automatic Speech Recognition:
Feature Extraction for ASR, Deterministic sequence Recognition, Statistical Sequence
recognition. Speaker identification and verification, Language Identification, Voice over
IP
TEXT BOOK:
1. Thomas F, Quatieri, Discrete-Time Speech Signal Processing, Prentice Hall Pearson
Education, 2004.
2. Douglas O'Shaughnessy, Speech communication: human and machine, Addison-Wesley
Pub.Co.,1987
REFERENCES:
1. Ben Gold and Nelson Morgan, Speech and Audio Signal Processing, John Wiley and Sons
Inc., Singapore, 2004
2. L.R.Rabiner and R.W.Schaffer Digital Processing of Speech signals Prentice Hall -1979
3. L.R. Rabiner and B. H. Juang, Fundamentals of Speech Recognition, Prentice Hall,1993.
4. J.R. Deller, J.H.L. Hansen and J.G. Proakis, Discrete Time Processing of Speech Signals, John
Wiley, IEEE Press, 1999.
67

EC 1634
(3Th+1T hrs/week)
Elective-I Communication Technology in Telemedicine

Questions to be set
Credit

: 4 (L-3, T-1, P-0)
Course Objectives: To Gain the knowledge, understanding and practical preparation needed to
implement a program to diagnose and treat patients in remote areas using medical information
transmitted over long distances.
Pre-requisites: Signals & Systems, Communication Engineering.
UNIT I
1. Review of Signals & Communication:
Types of signals, sampling, quantization, pulse code modulation, line coding, SNR, BER,
Throughput.
2. Biometry:
Action potential of cell, ECG, EEG, EMG and Phono-cardiogram, Contactless Sensors for
biometry.
3. Fundamentals of Telemedicine:
Definition of Telemedicine; Necessity of Telemedicine; A historical perspective;
Convergence of different technologies and services.
4. Medical Information Processing:
Medical Information and Data: Representation, Acquisition, Presentation and
Communication. Collecting Data from Patients, Bio-signal Transmission and Processing,
Medical Image Transmission and Analysis.
UNIT II
5. Wireless Technology in Patient Monitoring:
Bandwidth requirements, Data Transmission Speed; Challenges in real time communication;
Body Area Networks, Emergency Rescue, Remote Recovery, At the Hospital, Robot
Assisted Telesurgery.
68

6. 60GHz Radio over Fibre Communication for Telemedicine:
Limitations of conventional wireless technologies; Advantages of 60GHz, 60GHz Radio
communication, 60 GHz frequency allocation and regulation, Optical millimeter-wave
signal, Concept of radio-over-fiber (RoF), Photonic mm-wave generation, Dual laser sources,
Optical phase-locked loop, Optical injection locking, Direct modulated laser, External
modulation, Mode-locked laser diode, Broadband photonic data transmission and
Modulation, RoF systems, Overview of the subsystems in a radio-over-fiber link
7. Bio- Informatics:
Bio-informatics: different components, Telemedical Information system, Organizational
Management of Telemedicine, Implementation Barriers, HL7 standards, Security and
Confidentiality. Telemedicine case studies; Future Trends in Healthcare Technology:
Prognostics in Telemedicine, The Aging Population: Home Care for the Elderly, Clothing
Technology and Healthcare
Text Books :
1. S. Haykin, Communication Systems, 4th edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2001.
2. Merrill I. Skolnik, Introduction to Radar Systems, Third Edition, Mcgraw-Hill, New York,
2001.
3. Bernard Fong, A.C.M. Fong and C.K. Li, TELEMEDICINE TECHNOLOGIES, Wiley, 2011
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
4. Cromwell L, Biomedical instrumentation, PHI, 2002.
References:
1.Mario Wei, 60 GHz photonic millimeter-wave communication systems, Abteilung
Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik, June 2010.
2.Arshad Chowdhury, Converged Broadband Optical and Wireless
Communication
Infrastructure for Next-Generation Telehealth, Georgia Tech Broadband Institute.
www.cs.utsa.edu/~qitian/CS7123/slides/09-26.../talk2-09-26-2011.pptx
69

EC 1661
(3 hrs/week)
Digital Signal Processing Laboratory

Course Objective: To familiarize the students with the digital signal processing task using
MATLAB and implementation on DSP Processors. Students will be able to implement various
signals processing task like FFT, Filter Design using MATLAB and able to implement real time
signal processing task using DSP Processors.
Pre-requisites: Signal and Systems.
CYCLE I
1. Using MATLAB, determine the K-point DFT U[k] of the following N-point sequence
u[n] =
Assume N=4 and K=8.
2. Using MATLAB, determine the N-point IDFT x[n] of the following K-point sequence
u[n] =
Assume N=4 and K=4.
3. Write a MATLAB program to determine the lowest order of a Butterworth filter with a 0.5dB
cut-off frequency at 2.1kHz and minimum attenuation of 30dB at 8kHz.
4. Repeat Exp.3 for a lowpass Type 1 Chebyshev filter.
5. Repeat Exp.3 for a lowpass elliptic filter.
6. Design a fourth-order maximally flat (Butterworth) analog lowpass filter with a 3-dB cutoff
frequency at =1 with characteristics of 1-dB cutoff frequency at 1kHz and a minimum
attenuation of 40-dB at 5kHz.
7. Repeat exp.6 for a lowpass Type 1 Chebyshev filter.
8. Repeat exp. 6 for a lowpass Type 2 Chebyshev filter.
9. Repeat exp. 6 for a lowpass elliptic filter.
CYCLE II
10. Design a Butterworth filter with the following specifications:
Stopband edge frequency F =800 kHz with stopband ripple of 30dB
s
Passband edge frequency F =1 kHz with passband ripple of 0.5dB

p
Assume the sampling frequency 8 kHz.

70

11. Design a Type 1 Chebyshev IIR highpass filter with normalized passband edge at 0.7,
normalized edge at 0.5, passband ripple of 1dB, and minimum stopband attenuation of 32dB.
Take the sampling frequency to be 8kHz.
12. Design a elliptic filter with following specifications: Stopband edge frequency F =800Hz
s
with stopband ripple of 30dB Passband edge frequency F =1kHz with passband ripple of 0.5dB,
p
Assume the sampling frequency 8kHz.

13. Design an IIR Butter bandpass filter with following specifications: Stopband edge
frequencies F =800Hz & F =3kHz with stopband ripple of 40dB Passband edge frequencies
s1
s2
F =900Hz & F =2.8kHz with passband ripple of 1dB, Assume the sampling frequency 12kHz.
p1
p2
14. Design an equiripple linear-phase filter with the following specifications: Passband edge
frequency F =1kHz with passband ripple of 0.5dB Stopband edge frequency F =1.5kHz with
p
stopband ripple of 30dB, Assume the sampling frequency 5kHz.

15. Design a Butterworth low pass digital filter (BLT) operating at a sampling rate of 80kHz
with a 0.5dB cutoff frequency at 4kHz and a minimum stopband attenuation of 45dB at 20kHz
using the bilinear transformation method. Plot the gain responses of a) the prototyped analog
LPF and b) the transformed digital filter.
16. Design a Type 1 Chebyshev IIR highpass digital filter (BLT) with following specifications:
Passband edge F =700Hz with passband ripple of =1dB
p
Stopband edge F =500Hz with minimum stopband attenuation =32dB

s
Take T=2sec. Use spectral transformation method.

Plot the gain responses of a) the prototyped analog LPF and b) the transformed
digital HPF filter.
17. Design a linear phase FIR highpass filter (window method) with the following specifications:
stopband edge =0.45, passband edge at =0.6, maximumpassband
s
attenuation of =0.2dB, and minimumstopband attenuation of =45dB Use

p
Rectangular window for the design. Plot the gain response of the designed filter.
18. Repeat exp. 17 using Hamming, Hanning and Blackman window
19. Implementation of Circulation Convolution, FFT, IIR, FIR Filter and application to
speech processing using DSP Processors
71

EC 1662
(3 hrs/week)
Microwave Laboratory

Course Objective: The experiments under this curriculum Microwave Laboratory are
designed for sixth semester students, to present the basic principles, characteristics, and
applications of commonly used microwave devices and antennas who have a prior knowledge of
electromagnetics, solid state devices and antennas which is covered in their curriculum in
previous semesters. This subject explains the techniques for designing microwave circuits which
have been increasingly adopted in such diverse applications as radio astronomy, long distance
communications, space navigation, radar systems, medical equipment, and missile electronic
systems. As a result of the accelerating rate of growth of microwave technology in research and
the vital industry, students who are preparing themselves to contribute in this field will get a
profound background to understand the theoretical and experimental design and analysis of
microwave devices and circuits. Moreover this subject also serves as a backbone to understand
some of their vital subjects like satellite communication, mobile communication e.t.c in
upcoming semester.
Pre-requisites:
Basics of co-ordinate systems, vector algebra and calculus are required.

Should have proper knowledge of Electromagnetic waves
Profound knowledge of antennas.
1. Klystron Source- Power, mode & impedance, SWR, guide wavelength.
2. Gunn Source- Characteristics, Hybrid T, Directional Coupler, Circulator.
3. FET M/W Source: SWR, Impedance, guide wavelength, Tees
4. Error correction code (data communication)
5. Antenna Ch.: i) Radiation pattern & beam width ii) Gain measurements
6. Telematics - Study of Communication Software.
7. Microwave links.
8. To Measure the Numerical Aperture of optical Fiber
9. To Design an Analog link by using optical fiber Cable.
10. To Design a digital link by using optical fiber Cable.
11. To determine the Bending & coupling losses of optical fiber Cable.
72

12. Time division multiplexing of signals by using optical fiber Cable.
13. To Study the Manchester Coder & decoder by using optical fiber Cable.
14. To Study the reflex tube characteristics.
15. To determine the unknown frequency in rectangular wave guide for TE10 mode.
16. To Determine the Standing wave ratio and reflection co-efficient.
17. To study V-I Characteristics of Gunn-Diode.
18. To Study Radiation pattern of Horn Antenna.
19. To measure the unknown impedance of antennas with SMITH Chart.
20. To plot the Radiation Pattern /2 and /4 Antennas
21. To plot the Radiation Pattern Folded dipole /2 and Yagi-Uda Antennas
73

EC 1663
(3 hrs/week)
Embedded System Laboratory

Course Objective: To familiarize the students with the basics of VHDL programming language.
Students will be able to design the digital electronics circuitry, acquire knowledge on VHDL
programming language, RTL synthesis, simulation and finally able to implement it on FPGA
(Spartan /Vertex) Board.
Pre-requisites: Digital electronics.
Design/Programming and Implementation on Spartan /Vertex Board:
1. Design and Write VHDL code 2:1 Mux using dataflow, behavioral and structural
modeling.
2. Design and Write VHDL code for 4:1 mux.
3. Design and Write VHDL code 2:1 Mux using Tristate buffer.
4. Design and Write VHDL code 4:1 Mux using Tristate buffer.
5. Design and Write VHDL code for 3:8 line decoder using case statement.
6. Design and Write VHDL code for 4-2 line encoder.
7. Design and Write VHDL code for full adder using half Adder.
8. Design and Write VHDL code for 4-bit parallel adder using structural modeling.
9. Design and Write VHDL code for 4-bit parallel adder using generate statement.
10. Design and Write VHDL code for 3-bit look ahead carry.
11. Design and Write VHDL code for 3-bit comparator using 1-bit comparator and basic
gates.
12. Write a generalized VHDL code for n-bit Binary to Decimal conversion.
13. Write a generalized VHDL code for Decimal to Binary conversion.
14. Write VHDL code to generate clock waveform continuously with ON period=50 ns, OFF
period =75ns.
15. Design and Write VHDL code for D flip flop and D Latch.
16. Design and Write VHDL code for T FF using D- FF.
17. Design and Write VHDL code for asynchronous 4-bit UP counter using T-FF.
18. Design and Write VHDL code for asynchronous 4-bit Down counter using T-FF.
19. Design and Write VHDL code for asynchronous 4-bit UPDOWN counter using T-FF and
Mux.
20. Design and Write VHDL code for synchronous 3-bit Down counter using D-FF.
21. Design and Write VHDL code for synchronous 3-bit UP counter using D-FF.
22. Design and Write VHDL code for synchronous 3-bit UPDOWN counter using D-FF.
23. Design and Write VHDL code for mod-10 counter using mod-5 and mod 2 counter.
24. Design and Write VHDL code for 4-bit SISO.
74

25. Design and Write VHDL code for 4-bit PISO.
26. Design and Write VHDL code for 4-bit bi-directional SISO.
27. Design and Write VHDL code for 4-bit RING counter using D-FF.
28. Design and Write VHDL code for 3-bit Johnson counter using D-FF.
29. Design and Write VHDL code for 3-bit ring counter using shift operators.
30. Write VHDL code for counting odd/even number between 1-100 using while statement.
31. Write a generalized VHDL code for finding factorial of decimal number between 1-10.
32. Write a generalized VHDL code for finding prime no. between 1-100.
33. Write a VHDL function for 4-bit parallel adder.
75
EC 1701
(3Th+1T hrs/week)
Satellite & Optical Communication Systems
Questions to be set
Credit

: 4 (L-3, T-1, P-0)
Course Objectives: To understand the basic principles/concepts and apply them for the
analysis,
design
and
development
of
systems
including
measurement.
Pre-requisites: Students should have previous knowledge of microwave engineering and
optoelectronics.
UNIT I
1.
Satellite Communication:
Introduction to satellite communication systems, Orbital Mechanics & Launchers,
Spacecraft subsystems, AOCS, TT&C, Space Craft antennas, Equipment reliability, and
Multiple access: TDMA, FDMA, CDMA, Estimation of Channel Requirements, SPADE,
Immarsat System, Demand access in INTEL, sat TDMA Subsystem, Earth Station
technology, Design of antennas, Tracking, Equipments for earth station, Direct Video
Broadcasting, DTH technology.
UNIT II
2.
Optical Communication:
Optical sources- LED and laser diode- Principles of operation, concepts of line width,
phase noise, switching and modulation characteristics. Optical detectors- pn detector, pin
detector, avalanche photodiode- Principles of operation, concepts of responsivity,
sensitivity and quantum efficiency, noise in detection, typical receiver configurations
(high impedance and trans-impedance receivers.)
Coherent systems- Homodyne and heterodyne systems, coherent systems using PSK,
FSK, ASK and DPSK modulations, related noise effects, performance degradation
induced by laser phase and intensity noise, degradation induced by nonlinear effects in
fiber propagation.
Optical amplifiers- semiconductor amplifier, rare earth doped fiber amplifier (with
special reference to erbium doped fibers), Raman amplifier, Brillouin amplifierprinciples of operation, amplifier noise, signal to noise ratio, gain, gain bandwidth, gain
and noise dependencies, inter modulation effects, saturation induced crosstalk,
wavelength range of operation.
76

Text Books:
1. Leonid Kazovsky, Sergio Benedetto and Alan Willner: Optical Fiber Communication
Systems, Artech House, 1996.
2. John Senior: Optical Fiber Communications, Second Edition, PHI, 1992.
3. SilvelloBeti, Giancarlo De Marchis and Eugenio Iannone: Coherent Optical
Communications Systems, John Wiley, 1995.
4. G.P.Agarwal: Nonlinear fiber Optics, Second edition, Academic Press, 2000.
5. Pratt, Bostian : Satellite Communications Johnwiley& Sons- 2002.
References:
rd
1. Gred Keiser: Optical Fiber Communications (3 Ed.), McGraw Hill, 2000.

nd
2. John Gowar: Optical Communication Systems (2 Ed.), Prentice Hall, 1993.
77

EC 1702
(3Th+1T hrs/week)
Adaptive Signal Processing
Questions to be set
Credit

: 4 (L-3, T-1, P-0)
various techniques of adaptive signal processing. This course will present the basic principles of
adaptation; will cover various adaptive signal processing algorithms (e.g., LMS, RLS), linear
optimal filters (like Wiener, Kalman) and many applications, such as adaptive noise cancellation,
channel equalization and to the Cognitive radio.
Pre-requisites: Signal and System, Digital Signal Processing, Probability and Random Process.
UNIT I
1.
Introduction to Adaptive Filters

Adaptive filter structures, issues and examples.
Applications of adaptive filters (Channel equalization, Noise Cancellation, Echo
Cancellation, beam forming, etc.)
2.
Stationary Processes and Models

Review of random variables and Discrete time Random Process
Power spectral density-properties, Autocorrelation and covariance structures of
Discrete time Random Process, Stochastic models, Eigen-analysis
3.
Linear Optimal filtering

Wiener Filters - Problem statement, Principle of Orthogonality,Minimum mean
square error, Wiener Hopf equations, Example.
Linear Prediction Forward Linear Prediction, Backward Linear Prediction,
Levinson- Durbin Algorithm
Kalman Filter -Problem statement, The Innovations process, Filtering
78

UNIT II
4.
Linear Adaptive Filtering :
Steepest-Descent Algorithm, Least Mean Square (LMS) algorithm, Normalized LMS
Algorithm, Recursive Least squares (RLS) algorithm and their examples.
5.
Cognitive Radio Systems:

Motivation, Issues in Cognitive Radio, Spectrum Sensing, Methods to improve the
utilization of the radio spectrum, Methods to provide highly reliable communication
for all users. Introduction to Cognitive Radar, Functional Elements and
Characteristics of a Cognitive Radar Architecture, Adaptive Transmit Capability,
Knowledge-Aided Processing.
Text Books:
T1. Adaptive Filter Theory Simon Haykin, Third edition, 4th Edition, Pearson.
T2. Cognitive Wireless Communication Networks - Ekram Hossain and Vijay Bhargava,
Springer, 2007.
T3. Cognitive Radar The Knowledge-Aided Fully Adaptive Approach- Joseph R.
Guerci, ARTECH HOUSE, INC. 2010
References:
R1. Adaptive Signal Processing Bernad Widrow, First edition, Pearson
R2. Statistical & Adaptive Signal Processing- Dimitris G. Manolakis, Vinay K. Ingleand
Stephen M. Kogon, Artech House Signal Processing Library, 2005.
R3. Adaptive Signal Processing: Next Generation Solutions - Tulay Adali andSimon
Haykin Wiley-IEEE Press, March 2010.
79

EC 1703
(3Th+1T hrs/week)
Microelectronics & VLSI Design
Questions to be set
Credit

: 4 (L-3, T-1, P-0)
Course Objective: The course is intended to give students a good understanding of MOS
transistor and introduction to Scaling of MOS circuits which will help them to design Very Large
Scale Integrated circuits. The student will have thorough and in depth knowledge of CAD tools
and Physical Design Automation.
Pre-requisites: Digital logic circuits, Basic of transistors, CMOS based digital logic design.
UNIT I
1. Introduction: VLSI technology trends, Moores law.
2. MOS transistor characteristics, types of MOS transistors, NMOS and CMOS inverter
circuits, pass transistors and transmission gates, structure of NMOS and CMOS inverter.
3. Scaling of MOS circuits. NMOS and CMOS circuits for combinational and sequential
logic.
4. Design rules, specification of layers, stick notation, mask layout, delay and timing
calculation, realization of Boolean functions.
5. Pseudo NMOS, dynamic CMOS and clocked CMOS logic, realization of combinational
circuits using these logics, stick notation and mask layout.
6. Simple flip-flop realization using NMOS and CMOS.
7. Shift registers, dynamic shift registers, super buffers, RAM and ROM.
8. Twin tub and SOI process.
UNIT II
1. Design example: parity generator, bus arbitration logic, code converters, incrementer /
decrementer.PLA.
2. CAD tools: Design steps, CIF representation
80

3. System partitioning, placement and routing: basic partitioning methods, random
selection, cluster growth, hierarchical clustering, in cut partitioning, simulated annealing,
placement algorithms, routing algorithms
4. Hardware descriptive language: VHDL: Introduction, VHDL basics, Modelling

concepts, Sequential statements, concurrent statements, subprograms and packages, design
unit, general guidelines of VHDL synthesis, VHDL programming examples.
Text Books:
1. Introduction to VLSI systems, Mead and Conway, Addison Wesley.
2. Introduction to NMOS and CMOS VLSI design Amar Mukherjee, PHI editions.
3. Basic VLSI Design Systems and Circuits, Pucknell and Eshrangian, PH India Private Ltd.
81

EC 1704
(3Th+1T hrs/week)
Computer Communication
Questions to be set
Credit

: 4 (L-3, T-1, P-0)
Course Objectives:
1. Identify the different approaches towards computer networking
2. Compare and contrast the underlying technologies and
3. Problem solving based on case studies
Pre-requisite: Digital Communication, Probability and DSP.
UNIT I
1. Introduction and Telecommunication Networks
Uses of computer network- types of Networks/topologies. Design issues-tools, Structure
of telecommunication systems. Fundamental of telephone traffic and Telephone network.
The Layered Architecture (OSI, TCP/IP), Peer-to-Peer Processes, Physical Layer, Data
Link Layer, Network Layer, Transport Layer, Session Layer, Presentation Layer,
Application Layer. Addressing- Physical Addresses, Logical Addresses, Port Addresses.
2. Data Link Layer
Error Detection and Correction, checksum-Ones Complement, Internet Checksum.
Data Link Control-Framing: Fixed-Size Framing, Variable-Size Framing. Flow Control,
Error Control.
Noiseless channels: Simplest Protocol, Stop-and-Wait Protocol.
Noisy channels: Stop-and-Wait Automatic Repeat Request, Go-Back- N Automatic
Repeat Request, Selective Repeat Automatic Repeat Request. Piggybacking.
Random access-ALOHA, slotted ALOHA, Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA),
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD), and Carrier Sense
Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA).
3. ISDN services- interface-architecture-digital PBX. Switching-Circuit, Packet and
Message switching.
UNIT II
4. Network Layer
Logical Addressing, IPv4 addresses-Address Space, Notations, Classful Addressing,
Classless Addressing. IPv6 addresses-Structure, Address Space. Network Layer: Internet
Protocol. Network Layer: Address Mapping, Error Reporting and Multicasting
82

Address mapping-Mapping Logical to Physical Address: ARP. Unicast routing protocols:
Intra- and Interdomain Routing, Distance Vector Routing, Link State Routing, Path
Vector Routing.
5. Transport Layer
Client/Server Paradigm, Multiplexing and Demultiplexing, Connectionless Versus
Connection-Oriented Service, Reliable Versus Unreliable
UDP: Well-Known Ports for UDP, User Datagram, Checksum, UDP Operation, Use of
UDP.
TCP: TCP Services, TCP Features, Segment, ATCP Connection, Flow Control, Error
Control, Congestion Control. Process-to-Process Delivery: UDP, TCP.
Data traffic: Traffic Descriptor, Traffic Proles, CONGESTION, Network Performance.
Congestion control: Open-Loop Congestion Control, Closed-Loop Congestion Control.
6. Application: VoIP, Quality of service: Flow Characteristics, Flow Classes.
Techniques to improve QoS-Scheduling, Traffic Shaping, Resource Reservation,
Admission Control.
Text Books:
rd
1. W. Stallings, Local area Networks, 3 ed., Mcmilan, 1990.

2. M. Schwartz, Telecommunication Network, Addison Wesley, 1987.
3. J.L. Hamoond and P.J.P.G. Reilly, Performance analysis of local area network, Addison
Wesley, 1986.
4. Telecommunication switching System & networks by ThygarajanVishwanathan- Prentice
Hall of India.
5. Data Networks- Dimitri Bertsekas and Robert Gallager- PHI -2001
83

EC 1705
(3Th+1T hrs/week)
Mobile Communication
Questions to be set
Credit

: 4 (L-3, T-1, P-0)
Course Objectives:
To introduce the concepts of wireless/mobile communication using cellular environment. To
make the students know about the various modulation techniques, propagation methods, and
multiple access techniques used in the mobile communication. Various Wireless network
systems and standards are to be introduced.
Pre-requisites: Should have proper knowledge of Analog and Digital Communication.
UNIT I: Generic Technologies of Mobile Communication
1. Introduction to Mobile Communication Systems :

Evolution of mobile communication systems, FDMA/TDMA/CDMA/OFDMA/SCFDMA, FDD/TDD, Overview of MIMO.
2. Cellular Concept and Mobile Radio Propagation Basic Concepts, Frequency reuse,
Channel assignments, handoff, Trunking and Grade of Service, Improving coverage and
system capacity. Introduction and basic properties of radio wave propagation, Outdoor
and Indoor propagation models, Small scale Multipath propagation and measurements,
fading.
3. Overview of Cellular systems- AMPS, GSM, WCDMA/HSPA,CDMA2000, LTE and
WiMAX.
UNIT II: 4G LTE/LTE-Advanced for Mobile Broadband
4. LTE radio access - an overview, Radio interface architecture- an overview
5. Physical transmission resources. Overall TimeFrequency Structure, Normal Subframes
and Mbsfn Subframes, Carrier Aggregation, Duplex Schemes
6. Downlink physical-layer processing.. Transport-Channel Processing, Downlink
Reference Signals, Multi-Antenna Transmission, Downlink L1/L2 Control Signaling
7. Uplink physical-layer processing.. an overview
84

Text Books:
T1. Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice Theodore S. Rappaport, second
edition, Pearson.
T2 Mobile Cellular Telecommunication- William C.Y.Lee, McGraw Hill International
Edition, 2nd edition.
T2.
E. Dahlman, S. Parkvall, and J. Skold, "4G LTE/LTE-Advanced for Mobile
Broadband", Elsevier, 2011
Reference books:
Mobile Communication Jochen Schiller, Addison-Wesley, 2nd edition,
LTE and the Evolution to 4G Wireless Design and Measurement Challenges,
Moray Rumney, Agilent Technologies Publication, 2009
R3
3GPP Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal
Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Multiplexing and channel coding (Release
10)", 3GPP TS 36.212 v10.0.0 (2010-12) http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/36series.htm.3GPP
R4
Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal
Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Physical layer procedures(Release 10)", 3GPP TS
36.213 v10.0.0 (2010-12).
R1.
R2.
85

EC 1731
(3Th+1T hrs/week)
Elective II Digital Image Processing
Questions to be set
Credit

: 4 (L-3, T-1, P-0)
Course objective:
To enrich the knowledge of the students with a sound understanding of various techniques of
digital image processing. This course will present the fundamentals of image processing, will
cover various transforms (e.g., Cosine, KL, Haar, Hadamard, wavelet) , and many applications,
such as enhancement, segmentation, compression (like JPEG, MPEG) and morphology.
Pre-requisites: Signal and System, Digital Signal Processing
UNIT I
1. Digital Image Fundamentals: Digital image representation. Elements of a digital image
processing system, Elements of visual perception, an image model, Sampling and
quantization .Basic relationships between pixels and imaging geometry.
2. Image Transforms: Introduction to Fourier Transform, properties of 2D Fourier
transform Cosine, Sine, Hadamard, Haar, Slant, KL, wavelets.
3. Image Enhancement: Spatial and frequency domain methods, image enhancement by
histogram modification, Image smoothing, Image sharpening, Enhancement based on
image model, Pseudo color image enhancement.
4. Image filtering and restoration: Inverse filter, Wiener filter, Restoration based on
degradation model, algebraic approach to restoration.
UNIT II
5. Image segmentation: Detection of discontinuities, Edge linking, and boundary detection,
Thresholding Region based segmentation.
6. Image Data Compression: Pixel coding, Predictive techniques, Transform coding,
Vector quantization, JPEG, MPEG
7. Morphological Image Processing: Erosion, Dilation, opening and closing, Basic
Morphological Algorithms
86
Text Books:
1. Rafel C. Gonzalez & Paul Wintz, Digital Image processing Addison Wesley.
2. G.W. Awcock and R. Thomas, Applied Image processing, PHI.
References:
1. Anil K. Jain Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing, PHI.
2. Milan Sanka, Vaclac Hlavac and Roger Boyle, Image Processing, Analysis and
Machine Vsion.
87

EC 1732
(3Th+1T hrs/week)
Elective II Broadband Communication & Networking
Questions to be set
Credit

: 4 (L-3, T-1, P-0)
Course Objective:
The course is intended to give students a compact idea of modern communication technologies.
The BBCN course offers a brief introduction to the broadband communication technologies,
multiple access technologies and single carries Vs multi-carries technologies. The course is
divided into two units. The first unit details the 3G communication network which is based on
coded single carrier technology. Unit two covers the non-coded multi-carrier technologies and
further describes the effect of amalgamation of coded technology with multi-carrier technology
for next generation communication networks (beyond 3G).
Pre-requisites: Digital Communication and Digital Signal Processing
Unit-I
1.
2.
3.
4.
Overview of 3G
Introduction to Broadband Communication; History of mobile cellular systems,
Overview of 3G, Proposals for 3G Standard; wideband CDMA, Advanced TDMA,
Hybrid CDMA/TDMA, OFDM, IMT-2000, 3GPP,3GPP2
Principles of CDMA
Spread spectrum communication; Radio Access Channel Scheme, (FDMA, TDMA,
CDMA). Advantages of CDMA; Power Control, definition of handover, TDD & FDD;
Wireless Channels: AWGN, Rayleigh, Rician; Importance of delay spread, Doppler
spread and angle spread; Channel estimation in CDMA, Rake receiver
WCDMA Physical Layer
FEC Encoding/ decoding; Radio measurement and Indications to Higher Layers; Error
detection on transport channels; Multiplexing/de-multiplexing of transport channel;
Modulation, spreading,/Demodulation and De-spreading of Physical Channels;
Frequency & time Synchronization; WCDMA Channels : Logical channels, Transport
Channels, Physical Channels; Channel Mapping Spreading & scrambling Codes;
Diversity.
WCDMA Protocol Stack
Medium access Control: MAC Services, MAC Functions; Radio Link Control: RLC
services, RLC functions; Radio Resource Control: RRC services, RRC functions, RRC
protocol Stacks;
88

Unit-II
5.
6.
7.
8.
Handover Hard Handover; soft hand over; Intersystem handover; Vertical handover in
B3G wireless communications; case study.
Introduction to OFDM
Introduction; advantages of multi-carrier communication; Principle of QAM-OFDM;
Modulation by DFT; Basic OFDM Modem Implementation; Transmission via
Bandlimited Channels; Generalised Nyquist Criterion;
OFDM Transmission over Wireless Channels
OFDM system Performance over Gaussian Channels; OFDM Transmission over
Wideband Channels;
Introduction to MC-CDMA
Amalgamating DS-CDMA and OFDM; Types of Multi-carrier CDMA: MC-CDMA,
MC-DS-CDMA, MT-CDMA; The frequency selective Channel model; The System
Model; Single user detection : maximal ratio combining, Equal Gain combining; Multiuser Detection : maximum likelihood detection;
Text Books:
1. Juha Korhonen, Introduction to 3G Mobile Communications, Artech House, Boston,
London, 2003.
2. L. Hanzo, M. Munster, B. J. Choi and T. Keller, OFDM and MC-CDMA for broadband
multiuser communications, WLANS and Broadcasting, IEEE- Wiley publications, 2003.
Reference Books:
1. Wideband CDMA for 3rd Generation Mobile Communications, TeroOjanpera and Ramjee
Prasad, Artech House, Boston, London, 1998.
2. TDD-CDMA for Wireless Communications, Riaz Esmailzadeh, Masao Nakagawa, Artech
House, Boston, London, 2003.
3. OFDM for wireless Multimedia Communications, Ramjee Prasad, Nee, Artech House,
Boston, London, 2000.
89

EC 1733
(3Th+1T hrs/week)
Elective II Advanced Digital Signal Processing
Questions to be set
Credit

: 4 (L-3, T-1, P-0)
Course Objective:
The course is intended to give students a clear idea of signal processing methodologies in modern
digital devices. The course is divided into two units. The DSP course offers a brief introduction
to the digital signal processing tools like discrete time Fourier transform, discrete Fourier
transforms and Fast Fourier transforms. These are the scope of unit I. The unit I ended with an
introduction to analog filter design. In unit II, the digital filter design technologies are
elaborated. At the end of unit II, the basic DSP processors are introduced.
Pre-requisites: Basic signals & systems, DSP, Fourier Transforms and Z-Transforms.
UNIT I
1. Review
Discrete-Time Signals & Systems, Sampling, Z-transform, DFT, Filter design
techniques- FIR, IIR.
2. Discrete Hilbert transforms
Real & Imaginary Part, sufficiency of the FT for causal Sequences, Sufficiency Theorems
for Finite length Sequences, Relationship between Magnitude & Phase, HT Relation for
complex sequences.
3. Cepstrum analysis & Homomorphic Deconvolution
Definition of complex Cepstrum Homomorphic Deconvolution, Properties of complex
Logarithm, Alternative expression for complex cepstrum, The complex cepstrum of
exponential sequences, Realization of the Characteristic system, Examples of
Homomorphic Filtering, Application to speech processing.
UNIT II
1. Multirate DSP
The basic sample rate Alteration device, Filters in sampler rate Alteration System,
Multistage Design of Decimator & interpolator. The polyphase Decomposition, Arbitrary
rate sampler rate converter, Digital filter banks, Nyquist filters, two channel quadrature
mirror filter bank, L channel QMF banks, Cosine modulated L- channel filter banks,
Multilevel filter bank, STFT, Wavelet transform, DCT.
90
2. Adaptive filters
Introduction, Examples of Adaptive filtering, The minimum mean Square Error Criterion,
The windrow LMS algorithm, Recursive Least Square Algorithm, Forward & Backward
Lattice method, Gradient adaptive Lattice method.
3. Application of DSP
DTMF Detection, Subband coding , Digital audio sampling rate conversion, Speech and
Image Processing
Reference Books:
1. Discrete-Time Signal Processing: Oppenheim and Schaffer.
2. DSP: Proakis and Manolakis.
3. DSP: Rabiner and Gold
91

EC 1734
(3Th+1T hrs/week)
Elective II Embedded Operating System
Questions to be set
Credit

: 4 (L-3, T-1, P-0)
Course objective: The objective of this course is to impart a solid understanding of the role of
embedded operating systems and embedded systems design and development.
Pre-requisites: Embedded System, Digital Logic, Microelectronics, microprocessor, computer
organization, C programming.
UNIT I
1. Introduction to Embedded System Definition, Application areas, categories of embedded
system, Components, recent trends processor power, memory, operating systems,
communication interfaces and networking capability, programming languages.
2. Architecture of Embedded System/Embedded Operating System Hardware architectureCPU, memory, clock circuitry, Software architecture-services by Operating System,
Requirements for Multimedia Applications. Architecture of embedded operating systems,
categories of embedded operating systems, application software, communication software.
3. Programming for Embedded System Overview of ANSI C, GNU development tools,
memory management, timing of programs, device drivers, make-file, debugger, profiler,
indenting, code optimization, programming in C++, JAVA, JDT.
4. Process of Embedded System Development
The Waterfall Model, requirements engineering, design tradeoffs, co-design, hardware design,
software design, implementation, integration and testing-types of testing, testing on host system,
simulation engineering, packaging, configuration management.
UNIT II
5. Embedded / Real-Time Operating System Concepts.
Architecture of the Kernel, tasks and task scheduler-task states, context switching, scheduling
algorithms, Rate Monotonic Analysis, Task management function calls, message queues, Mutex,
Interrupt service routines, event registers, pipes, signals, timers, priority inversion problem.
92

6. Overview of Embedded / Real-Time Operating System
Commonalities of the operating systems, portable operating system interface, embedded
operating system-Embedded NT, Windows XP embedded, Embedded Linux, Real-time
operating systems-VxWorks, RT Linux.
Operating System Software, target image creation for Windows XP Embedded, porting RTOS on
a Micro-controller based development board.
7. Programming in RTLinux
Overview of RTLinux, RTLinux modules, creating RT Linux POSIX threads, core RTLinux
API, Semaphore management, mutex management.
8. Embedded Software Development on System
Development environment, Cross-Platform development tools-using SDCC, using 8051Sim,
parallel in-system programming, application development, serial communication programming,
using strong ARM platform.
References:
1. Tanenbaum, A. S., "Operating Systems: Design and Implementation", 2nd Edition,
Prentice-Hall, 1996.
2. Stallings W., "Computer Organization & Architecture", 4th Edition, Prentice-Hall, 1996.
3. Laplante P. A., "Real-Time Systems Design and Analysis", 2nd Edition, IEEE Press,
1997.
4. Krishna & Shin, "Real-Time Systems", 1st Edition, McGraw Hill, 1997
93

EC 1761
(3 hrs/week)
VLSI Laboratory

Course Objective: To familiarize the students with the basics of VLSI Design. Students will be
able to design the VLSI circuitry, layout design using Mentor-graphics software.
Pre-requisites: Digital Electronics, VLSI.
Circuit Simulation using Mentor-graphics
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Design NOT GATE using CMOS; simulate it using Mentor-graphics software.

Design AND GATE using CMOS; simulate it using Mentor-graphics software.
Design OR GATE using CMOS; simulate it using Mentor-graphics software.
Design NAND GATE using CMOS; simulate it using Mentor-graphics software.
Design NOR GATE using CMOS; simulate it using Mentor-graphics software.
Design XOR GATE using CMOS; simulate it using Mentor-graphics software.
Layout Design using Mentor-graphics

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Design layout for NOT GATE, simulate it using Mentor-graphics software.

Design layout for AND GATE, simulate it using Mentor-graphics software.
Design layout for OR GATE, simulate it using Mentor-graphics software.
Design layout for NAND GATE, simulate it using Mentor-graphics software.
Design layout for NOR GATE, simulate it using Mentor-graphics software.
Design layout for XOR GATE, simulate it using Mentor-graphics software.
94

EC 1762
(3 hrs/week)
Advanced Communication Laboratory

Course Objective: To familiarize the students with the Wi-Fi network and CDMA concept.
Students will be able to implement some of the standard communication system and able to do
performance analysis of the system.
Pre-requisites: Analog and Digital Communication.
1. Simulation and study of BER of the Digital Video Broadcasting- Territorial Systems
by parameter variation.
2. Build your own Satellite Transponder and validate the design by connecting it to a
Commercial DTH receiver. Measure both the received signal strength and signal quality
and try to maximize both the measured parameters by redesigning the model.
3. Establish a 60 GHz Wireless Communication Link in simulation using WPAN HRP

source and WPAN HRP Receiver as the two major items and measure
WPAN_HRP_BER_FER
4. Matlab based simulation of IEEE 802.11a WLAN Physical Layer and studying of
performances of the system under different channel conditions.
5. Matlab based simulation of WCDMA end-to-end Physical Layer in a 3GPP WCDMA.
FDD downlink and study of performance of the system under different channel
conditions.
6. Establish a satellite DTH Link by connecting the different items and tracking the Dish
antenna towards a satellite. Measure the performance of the received system in terms of
received signal strength and signal quality.
7. Simulate and establish a WLAN 11AC transmitter and measure its performances.
8. Simulation and study of the BER, & Frame error rate of the received data transmitted
through a IS-95 based CDMA System by varying the parameters.
9. Simulation and study of BER & Frame rate of the WCDMA Forward traffic Channel
coding by varying parameters.
95
10. Simulation and study of BER & Frame rate of the HSDPA Forward traffic Channel
11. Simulation and study of BER & Frame rate of the LTE Forward traffic Channel
12. Simulation and study of BER & Frame rate of the LTE A reversed traffic Channel
coding by varying different parameter.
96

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DEPARTMENT OF

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

SIKKIM MANIPAL UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

S1.1 FIRST/SECOND SEMESTER

Chapter 2: THIRD SEMESTER SYLLABUS

Chapter 3: FOURTH SEMESTER SYLLABUS

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Chapter 5: SIXTH SEMESTER SYLLABUS

6.1 EC 1701 Satellite and Optical Communication System

Chapter 7: EIGHT SEMESTER SYLLABUS

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

No. of hours per

No. of hours per

S1.2 THIRD SEMESTER

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

No. of hours per

No. of hours per

S1.4 FIFTH SEMESTER

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

No. of hours per

Artificial Neural Network

S1.6 SEVENTH SEMESTER

Satellite & Optical

No. of hours per

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Digital Image Processing

S1.7 EIGHT SEMESTER

PROMOTION CRITERIA (B.Tech)

Min. credits to be earned

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Credit: 4 (L-3, T-1, P-0)

: Eight (Four from each unit). Each question carries 20 marks.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

: Eight (Four from each unit). Each question carries 20 marks.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

1. J. Millman& B. Grabel, Micro Electronics, 2 Edition, McGraw Hill, 1987.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

: Eight (Four from each unit). Each question carries 20 marks.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

4. Field Effect Transistors:

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

: Eight (Four from each unit). Each question carries 20 marks.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

: Eight (Four from each unit). Each question carries 20 marks.

Course Objective: To serve as a beginner course in acquiring knowledge in Signals and

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

: Eight (Four from each unit). Each question carries 20 marks.

1. Number Systems: Binary, Hexadecimal, Octal, BCD, Negative number representation,

5. Introduction to Sequential Logic:

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Credit : 1.5 (0L+0T+3P hrs/week)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Credit : 1.5 (0L+0T+3P hrs/week)

with user defined delay.