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g
y
Ashok Kumar Dasmahapatra
Drying
Removal of moisture from a substance by exposing it
to a gas stream
Moisture is often water
Gas is often air
Both heat and mass transfer take place during drying
Heat transfer
f from
f
air (mostly
(
hot air)) to wet solid,
evaporates surface moisture
Mass transfer (transfer of internal moisture) to the
surface of the solid and its subsequent evaporation
GasR
RelativeH
Humidityy,p/p
SolidMoistureContent,X
FromTreybal,3rd Edn.,pp.661
Dryer Classification
MethodofOperation
Batch
TrayDryer,
y y
TruckDryer,
ShelfDryer
Continuous
TunnelDryer,
RotaryDryer,
DrumDryer,
SprayDryer
p y y
MethodofHeatSupply
Direct
Indirect
Toprevent
contamination,
Oxidationetc.
NatureofSubstance
Sticky,granular,
heatsensitive,
oxidizable
Design
g of Spray
p y Dryer
y
Spray Dryer
Removalofmoistureisdonebyconvertingthe
y
g
solutiontosprayandexposingittohotgasstream
Atomizationofthefeedintosmalldropletsincreasesthe
surfaceareforheatandmasstransfer
Usedinfoodanddairyindustry,pharmaceuticalindustry,
detergents,pigmentsetc.
g
,pg
Characteristicsofdriedproductsuchasparticlesize,
density,morphology,moisturecontentcanbecontrolled
FEED
(slurry)
ATOMIZATION
PRODUCT
SEPARATION
SPRAY AIR
SPRAY-AIR
CONTACT
SPRAY
EVAPORATION
Cocurrent
Countercurrent
Mixed
Cocurrentisthemost
Co
current is the most
commonlyemployedarrangement
Types of Atomizer
RotaryDisc
Rotary
Disc
Atomizer
RotationRate:
500060000rpm
ParticleSize:
Particle Size:
30120m
Highcapacity
Largedroplet
trajectory
Pressure
Nozzle
Pneumatic
P
ti
Nozzle
Pressure:
1060kPa
ParticleSize:
P ti l Si
180250m
p
g
Simpledesign
Viscositylimitation
AirPressure:
13kPa
ParticleSize:
Particle Size:
20250m
Canhandlethick,
viscousfeed
Expensive
AtomizingDisc
g
AtomizerAssembly
Ni TypeFS1
Niro
T
FS1
TypicalSpray
Typical
Spray
Pattern
Nozzle
LLargeL/D
L/D
ratio
SmallL/Dratio
Design Output
AtomizerDetails
Atomizer Details
Rotarytype:RPM,Diameter
SprayChamberDiameter
SprayChamberHeight(Cylinder)
S
Ch b H i h (C li d )
SprayChamberTotalVolume
Spray Chamber Total Volume
BottomConeHeightandAngle
ResidenceTime
PowerConsumption
P
C
ti
DRYER
SS,X1, SOLID
TS1,H
HS1
GAS
GS,Y2,
TG2,H
HG2
SOLID
SS,X2,
TS2,HS2
CocurrentOperation
Material(Moisture)Balance:
ObtainGS andY2
S S' X 2 X 1 G S' Y1 Y2
EnthalpyBalance:
S S' H S 2 H S 1 G S' H G 1 H G 2
Assumingadiabaticoperationofdryer,heatlossQ=0
GAS
GS,Y1,
HG1
TG1,H
SS,X1,
TS1,HS1
DRYER
SOLID
SS,X2,
TS2,H
HS2
GAS
GS,Y2,
TG2,H
HG2
Atomizer Design
Assume a reasonable
mean droplet size,
say 150 microns and disc
diameter, say 150 mm
Alternatively, based on
mean particle size and
feed rate, table below can
be used to obtain disc
peripheral speed
N :speedofatomizer,rps
SS :feedrate(kg/sec)
: feed rate (kg/sec)
2r :discdiameterinm
Davg:averageparticlediameter,mm
(Ref.: Handbook of Industrial Drying, Edited by Arun Mujumdar, Taylor & Francis, 2006, Chapter-10. )
SS v
P
2
Ss
Feed rate
Peripheral velocity,
Chamber efficiency
v 2Nr
(Ref.: Handbook of Industrial Drying, Edited by Arun Mujumdar, Taylor & Francis, 2006, Chapter-10. )
vs
2
p
f g
d p : Particle diameter
p : Particle density
f : Air density
18
N Re
: Air
Ai viscosity
i
it
d p vs f
vop 2vs
G'
'
'
G Gs 1
Cross sectional are of spray chamber: A
f vop
4A
F cylindrical
For
li d i l section,
ti
it is
i assumed
d that
th t height,
h i ht H = D
Residence time (in sec
sec.):
): tr 50
Vtot qG tr
Dc2 H
Vcyl
4
12Vcone
Dc2
(Diameter is same
as cylindrical
y
section))
Dc
tan 2
2 H cone
Dc
2 tan 2
Vcone
Dc2 H cone
12
R id
Residence
ti
time
Vtot
tr
qG
(Diameter is same
as cylindrical section)