SPE 130823

Numerical Simulation of Subsea Wellhead Stability for Deepwater Drilling

Zhichuan Guan, Department of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Kanhua Su, Chong Qing
University of Science and Technology, Yinao Su, China Drilling Engineering Technology Research Institute

Copyright 2010, Society of Petroleum Engineers

This paper was prepared for presentation at the CPS/SPE International Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition in China held in Beijing, China, 810 June 2010.
This paper was selected for presentation by a CPS/SPE program committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper have not been
reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material does not necessarily reflect any position of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, its
officers, or members. Electronic reproduction, distribution, or storage of any part of this paper without the written consent of the Society of Petroleum Engineers is prohibited. Permission to reproduce
in print is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words; illustrations may not be copied. The abstract must contain conspicuous acknowledgment of SPE copyright.

Abstract: Subsea wellhead bearings complex stress because it joint with the marine riser and casing string. According to
mechanical analysis of subsea wellhead for deepwater drilling, a comprehensive stability of subsea wellhead analysis
method was established. The marine environmental loading, drilling vessel drifting, riser mechanical behavior, nonlinear
behavior between casing string and formation were considered. A numerical method was adopted to solve this model.
Example analysis illustrates, in order to improve the condition of riser, riser top tension is ordinarily increased. The
lateral displacement and bending moment of wellhead nearly linear enlarged with the mean drifting offset. The greater
TTR may cause wellhead instability because of the wellhead has a limited bearing moment capacity, and then need to
disconnect the LMRP and BOP connection promptly. The affection of lateral load is focus on the upper string section,
more depth of casing string is almost no affecting on its lateral bearing capacity. With drilling vessel offset or TTR
enlargement, the lateral displacement, bending moment, shearing force and the soil reaction along string increased
obviously, and acting depth deepened gradually. The measures such as enhance the conductor bending strength, control
scour depth on seabed, get geological data sampling of shallow formation can strengthen the stability performance of
wellhead.
Key words: deepwater drilling; subsea wellhead; stability; riser; conductor; lateral bearing capacity
As drilling operations moved into deeper water, the problem of stability of subsea wellhead becomes increasing
concern. Subsea wellhead bearings complex stress because it joint with the marine riser and casing string (King, 1990;
Rocha et al, 2003; Shaughnessy, 2007). According to mechanical analysis of subsea wellhead for deepwater drilling, a
comprehensive stability of wellhead analysis method was established. The marine environmental loading, drilling vessel
drifting, riser mechanical behavior, nonlinear behavior between casing string and formation were considered.

SPE 130823

1 Analysis on mechanical stability of Subsea wellhead

The stress that subsea wellhead bearing mainly comes from the vertical and lateral reactions of the riser lower
ball/flex joint, the gravity of BOP and casing string, the wave and current forces on the BOP and wellhead, the vertical and
lateral resistances of seabed soil. The bending moment of wellhead overrun the design limit will cause the wellhead
collapsed. The subsea wellhead system for deep water drilling is shown in Figure 1.
Riser Top
Tension T0

Drilling Vessel
Sea Level
Nt

Offset
S
y*=yr
Riser
Length Lr
Current
Force Fc

Ht

BOP

Total
Weight of
Riser Wr

yc

Wellhead

Wbop
M0
Mud line

Water
Depth Lw

BOP
Weight Wbop

Subsea Wellhead
Conductor Vertical Soil
Length Lc Reaction F
f
Casing
Weight Wc

Lateral Soil
Reaction p

BOP
Height Lbop

Mud line

Casing String

Distance
form WH
to ML, H

(a)

(b)

Fig. 1 Typical subsea wellhead system for deepwater drilling

1.1 Governing equations

In order to establish the governing equations of wellhead system, some conditions are assumed. The riser is
assumed as a homogametic linear elasticity pipe which has a small deformation when bearing force. The affections of
the kill and choke lines and drill string on the riser bending stiffness are ignored (Burke, 1974; API RP 16Q, 2001).
Otherwise, the affections of wave on the riser and blowout preventer (BOP) are ignored and the lower marine riser
package (LMRP) and BOP stack are assumed as a rigid string which has not the elastic deformation. The coordinate
system for the subsea wellhead system is illustrated in Fig. 1(a). The differential equations of subsea wellhead system are

d4 y
d2 y
dy
= Fc ( x) ,
0 x Lr
E r I r 4 T ( x ) 2 wr
dx

dx
dx
2
2
d ( K ( x ) d y ) + d ( N ( x ) dy ) + D ( x ) p ( x , y ) = 0 ,
s
dx 2
dx
dx
dx 2

(a)

(1)
Lbop x ( Lbop + Lsc )

(b)

where ErIr is bending stiffness of riser, kNm2; K(x) is bending stiffness of conductor and surface casing combined string,

SPE 130823

kNm2; T(x) is riser effective tension, kN; wr is weight per unit length of riser, kN; Fc(x) is horizontal current force per
unit length of riser, kN; N(x) is axial force along x direction, kN; Ds(x) is variable string outer diameter, m; p ( x, y ) is
soil reaction force per unit area , kPa; Lr is the riser length, m; Lbop is the height of BOP stacks, m; Lsc is the length of
combined casing string, m.
The weight per unit length of riser, wr, is determined by:
Wr =

( Dr 2 d r 2 ) s g +

dr 2m g

Dr 2 l g B

(2)

Wr dx

(3)

The riser effective tension, T, is determined by:

T ( x) = T0

Lr

The horizontal current force per unit length of riser, Fc is determined by (Wilson, 1984):
Fc ( x) =

1
x
x
C D l Dr (u t ( )1 / 7 + u w ) 2
2
Lr
Lr

(4)

where T0 is the riser top tension, kN; Dr, dr are outside and inside diameters of the riser pipe, m; s , m , l are
density of the riser pipe, drilling fluid and seawater, kg/m3; B is buoyant force per unit length, kN; CD is drag
coefficient; ut and uw are tide velocity and current velocity on sea level, m/s.
The equivalent bending stiffness of combined casing string, K, is determined by (Tao et al, 2004; Han et al 2004):
E stl ( I so + I si ) + 0.6 E c I c combined with conductor, cement and surface casing

K = E stl ( I so + I si ) combined with conductor and surface casing

E I + 0.8E I combined with cement and surface casing
c c
stl si

(5)

where Estl , Ec are Youngs modulus of steel and cement, kPa; Iso, Isi , Ic are inertia moment of conductor , surface
casing and cement respectively, m4.
The axial force acting on string top, N (x) , is determined by:
N t Wc ( x) x, x x ml
N ( x) =
N t Wc ( x) x + F f ( x) ( x ml x), x < x ml

(6)

where Nt is vertical force on wellhead, kN; xml is string length above mud line, m, Wc(x) is string weight per unit length,
kN, Ff(x) is friction of the string, kN.
The soil reaction can be computed by p-y curve which may describe the nonlinear character between string and
formation. If field sampling not ease acquired, the experiment curve which developed by Matlock and Reese is proposed
(API RP 2A, 1993). The secant modulus of soil reaction Es can be computed according to the p-y curve in the depth
x, Es = p / y , then the reaction p can be obtained correspondence displacement y .
1.2 Boundary and continuity conditions
The stress acting on lower ball joint will cause the casing string to occur bending, and then make a lateral
displacement on the ball joint place, as show in Fig. 1(b). This displacement causes the forces acting on the lower ball
joint changed, then the weight of BOP acting on the wellhead. So the bending moment on the wellhead changed with the
displacement. The continuity conditions between the riser and the string are obtained according to the Fig. 1(b).

SPE 130823

y r = y c + Lbop sin( c )

y re x =0 = y r , y cs x = Lbop = y c

(7)

The bending moment and lateral displacement of upper and lower ball/flex joint are taken as the boundary
conditions of the riser, and the bending moment and lateral displacement of casing string top (wellhead) and surface
casing shoe are taken as the boundary conditions of combined string.
M

x = Lr

= K ru ru ,

x =0 =

K rd rd ,

x = Lbop

y re

= M 0 ,

x = ( Lbop + Lsc ) =

y re

0,

Q
Q

x = Lr
x =0 =

= S0
yr

x = Lbop

(8)

= H 0

x = ( Lbop + Lsc ) =

Where M0 is the bending moment acting on wellhead, kNm; H0 is the horizontal force acting on wellhead, kN Kru, Krd
are the rotation stiffness of the upper and lower ball/flex joint, kNm/rad; ru, ru are the rotation angle of the upper and
lower ball/flex joint, rad; S0 is mean drilling vessel drifting offset, m; yr is the lateral displacement of the riser ball/flex
joint, m; yc is the lateral displacement of wellhead, m; yre is the lateral displacement of the riser, m; ycs is the lateral
displacement of casing string, m; c is the rotation angle of the wellhead, rad.
1.3 Governing equations numerical expression
The finite difference method is adapted to solving these equations (Burke, 1974; Lu et al, 1987). The riser and the
casing string are divided into n equal sections separately, the section length is h. The node n is the riser upper ball/flex
joint or the wellhead separately, and the node 0 is the riser lower ball/flex joint or the casing string shoe. The derivative
forms of equation (1) are replaced by the difference form, and then get the numerical governing equations:
2 E r I r y re (i + 2) + [8E r I r 2T (i )h 2 W (i )h 3 ] y re (i + 1) + [12 E r I r + 4T (i )h 2 ] y re (i )

+ [8 E r I r 2T (i )h 2 + W (i )h 3 ] y re (i 1) + 2 E r I r y re (i 2) = 2 Fc h 4
(a )

2
K (i + 1) y cs (i + 2) + [2 K (i + 1) 2 K (i ) + N (i )h ] y cs (i + 1) + [ K (i + 1) + 4 K (i )

2
4
2
+ K (i 1) 2 N (i )h + Ds (i ) E s (i )h ] y cs (i ) + [2 K (i ) 2 K (i 1) + N (i )h ] y cs (i 1)
+ K (i 1) y cs (i 2) = 0
(b)

(9)

Boundary condition numerical:

K h

(2 + ru )

4
Er I r
yre (n + 1) =
y ( n)
y (n 1) ,
yre (n) = S0
(a )
K ru h re
K ru h re

(2
)
(2
)

Er I r
Er I r

K rd h

(2
)

4
Er I r
yre (1) =
y (1) +
y (0) ,
yre (0) = yr
(b)
K h re
K h re

(2 rd )
(2 + rd )

Er I r
Er I r

2
h
ycs (1) 2 ycs (0) + ycs (1) =
M0 ,

K0

2
2
3
(c )
K (1) ycs (2) (2 K (1) N (0)h ) ycs (1) + ( K (1) K (1)) ycs (0) + (2 K (1) N (0)h ) ycs (1) K (1) ycs (2) = 2h H 0
y (n + 1) 2 y (n) + y (n 1) = 0 ,
cs
cs
cs

K (n + 1) y (n + 2) (2 K (n + 1) N (n)h 2 ) y (n + 1) + ( K (n + 1) K (n 1)) y (n) + (2 K (n 1) N (n)h 2 ) y (n 1) K (n 1) y (n 2) = 0

cs
cs
cs
cs
cs

(10)

(d )

SPE 130823

1.4 Solving methods

Firstly, assumes the displacement of riser lower ball joint y*=yr=0, solving equations (9-a),(10-a),(10-b), obtains
the tension and rotation angle of riser lower ball joint;
Obtains the bending moment M0 , the vertical force N0 and the lateral force H0 acting on wellhead according to
the geometry relations show in Fig. 1(b);
Takes the lateral force and bending moment which acquired on 2nd step as the upper boundary condition (10-c),
solving equations (9-b),(10-c),(10-d), obtains the lateral displacement of wellhead yc and rotation angle c;
Obtains the displacement of riser lower ball joint, yr, according to the continuity condition, replaces the lower
boundary condition y* on 1st step, then recomputed 1-4th step until y * y r < .
obtains the rotation angle, the bending moment, the shearing force, the soil reaction along casing string
according to the displacement ycs(i).
y cs (i + 1) y cs (i 1)

(i ) =
2h

K (i )( y cs (i + 1) 2 y cs (i ) + y cs (i 1))

M (i ) =
h2

K (i )( y cs (i + 2) 2 y cs (i + 1) + 2 y cs (i 1) y cs (i 2))
Q(i ) =
2h 3

p(i ) = E (i ) y (i )
s
cs

(11)

2 Example analyses
The base parameters of riser and casing string are shown in Table 1 and the soil data of are shown in Table 2.
Table 1 Base parameters list
Parameters

Value

Parameters

Water depth /m

1521.0

Steal elasticity modulus /GPa

Riser length /m

1500.0

Buoyancy of buoyant block /kN

Riser OD /mm

533.4

Riser wall thickness /mm

25.4

BOP height /m
BOP weight /kN

Value
210.0
2250.0
18.0
2000.0

3.0

Equivalent diameter of BOP /m

Top tension ratio, TTR

1.3

Distance from WH to ML /m

Current velocity on sea level m/s

1.0

Conductor length /m

85.0

Tide velocity on sea level m/s

0.5

Conductor OD /mm

914.4

Drag coefficient

0.8

Conductor wall thickness /mm

Mean offset /% water depth

1.0
3.0

25.4

1030.0

Surface casing OD /mm

-3

Mud density /kgm

1200.0

Surface casing wall thickness /mm

12.7

Steal density /kgm-3

7850.0

Cement elasticity modulus /GPa

18.0

Casing weight on wellhead /kN

3000.0

-3

Seawater density /kgm

Rotational stiffness of upper ball joint /(kNmrad-1)

Rotational stiffness of lower ball joint /(kNmrad-1)

Grid size /m

508.0

1.0

SPE 130823

Table 2 Soil type list

Depth
below
mud
line /m

Soil type 1non uniform

clay
Undrained Submerged
shear
unit weigh
strength
/kNm-3
/Kpa
20.0
7.0

Soil type 2uniform clay Soil type 3uniform clay

Undrained
shear
strength
/Kpa
20.0

Submerged
unit weigh

20

35.0

7.5

20.0

7.0

Undrained
shear
strength
/Kpa
35.0
35.0

30

45.0

8.0

20.0

7.0

35.0

40

60.0

8.5

20.0

7.0

50

80.0

9.0

20.0

60

9.5

70

95.0
95.0

10.0

80

95.0

10.0

90

95.0

100

95.0

10

/kNm-3
7.0

Submerged
unit weigh
/kNm-3
7.5
7.5

Soil type 4uniform

sand
Undrained Submerged
shear
unit weigh
strength
/kNm-3
/Kpa
30.0
10.0
30.0

10.0

7.5

30.0

10.0

35.0

7.5

30.0

10.0

7.0

35.0

7.5

30.0

10.0

20.0

7.0

35.0

7.5

30.0

10.0

20.0

7.0

35.0

7.5

30.0

10.0

20.0

7.0

35.0

7.5

30.0

10.0

10.0

20.0

7.0

35.0

7.5

30.0

10.0

10.0

20.0

7.0

35.0

7.5

30.0

10.0

2.1 The effect of vessel offset and top tension on wellhead

The top tensioned riser is used for deepwater drilling generally, its top tension expressed by top tension ratio (TTR)
which means the ration of riser tension and its total buoyant weight. In order to improve the condition of riser, TTR is
ordinarily increased. The lateral displacement and bending moment of wellhead are shown in Fig.2 for various TTR and
drilling vessel offset. The result illustrated that the lateral displacement and bending moment of wellhead nearly linear
enlarged with the mean drifting offset. The greater TTR may cause wellhead instability because of the wellhead has a
limited bearing moment capacity, and then need to disconnect the LMRP and BOP connection promptly.
11000

0.45

TTR=1.1
TTR=1.3
TTR=1.5
TTR=1.8

0.35

TTR=1.1
TTR=1.3
TTR=1.5
TTR=1.8

10000
9000
Bending moment /kNm

Lateral displacement /m

0.4

0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1

8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000

0.05

1000

0
0

Vessel offset /%water depth

(a)

0
0

Vessel offset /%water depth

(b)

Fig. 2 The lateral displacement and bending moment of wellhead for various TTR and offset

2.2 The effect of vessel offset and top tension on the lateral bearing capacity of string
The lateral bearing capacity of combined casing string are shown in Fig.3 for various vessel offset and TTR
(offset=1% water depth, TTR=1.3; offset=3% water depth, TTR=1.3; offset=5% water depth, TTR=1.3; offset=3% water
depth, TTR=1.5; offset=3% water depth, TTR=1.8). The result indicated that the lateral displacement, the bending

SPE 130823

moment, the shearing force and the soil reaction below certain depth are zero, for clarity, the x-coordinate value scope is
0-50m in the chart. The affection of lateral load is focus on the upper string section. More depth of casing string is
almost no affecting on its lateral bearing capacity. With drilling vessel offset or riser top tension enlargement, these
parameters such as the lateral displacement, the bending moment, the shearing force and the soil reaction along string
increased obviously, and acting depth deepened gradually.
Lateral displacement of string /m
-0.05

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

Bending moment of string /(MNm)

0.3

0.35

-1

10

10

20
25

Offset=1%WD,TTR=1.3
Offset=3%WD,TTR=1.3
Offset=5%WD,TTR=1.3

30
35

15
String length /m

15
String length /m

Offset=3%WD,TTR=1.5

20

Offset=1%WD,TTR=1.3

25

Offset=3%WD,TTR=1.3
Offset=5%WD,TTR=1.3

30

Offset=3%WD,TTR=1.5
35

Offset=3%WD,TTR=1.8

40

40

45

45

50

50

Offset=3%WD,TTR=1.8

(a)

(b)

Shear stress of string /kN

Reaction of foundation /kPa

-800 -700 -600 -500 -400 -300 -200 -100

Offset=3%WD,TTR=1.3
Offset=5%WD,TTR=1.3
Offset=3%WD,TTR=1.5
Offset=3%WD,TTR=1.8

100

-100 -80

-60

-40

-20

10

10

15

15

20

20

25

25

30
35
40

String length /m

String length /m

Offset=1%WD,TTR=1.3

30
35
40

45

45

50

50

(c)

20

40

60

80

100

Offset=1%WD,
TTR=1.3
Offset=3%WD,
TTR=1.3
Offset=5%WD,
TTR=1.3
Offset=3%WD,
TTR=1.5
Offset=3%WD,
TTR=1.8

(d)

Fig. 3 The lateral bearing capacity of casing string vs. depth for various TTR and offset

2.3 The effect of diameter, wall thickness and setting depth of conductor on wellhead
The lateral displacement and bending moment of wellhead are shown in Table 3 for four conductor types. The result
illustrated that enhanced the diameter and wall thickness of conductor can reduce the lateral displacement rapidly but has
little affection on the bending moment of wellhead.

SPE 130823

Table 3

The lateral displacement and bending moment of wellhead for four conductor typesoffset=45m
OD=914.4mm,
OD=914.4mm,
OD=762.0mm,
OD=762.0mm,
Parameters
WT=38.1mm
WT=25.4mm
WT=38.1mm
WT=25.4mm

Lateral displacement/m
Bending moment /kNm

0.123

0.162

0.226

0.305

4256.19

4380.01

4561.41

4804.61

The lateral displacement and bending moment of wellhead vs. conductor setting depth are shown in Fig.4. The
result showed that the setting depth must overrun shallow soil of sea bed (0-20m) then has a good stability. And more

0.9

7000

0.8

6000

0.7

Bending moment /kNm

Lateral displacement /m

setting depth of conductor is almost no affecting on stability of wellhead.

0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2

5000
4000
3000
2000
1000

0.1
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

10

Setting depth of conductor /m

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Setting depth of conductor /m

(a)

(b)

Fig. 4 The lateral displacement and bending moment of wellhead vs. conductor setting depth

2.4 The effect of cement top on wellhead

The lateral displacement and bending moment of wellhead are shown in Fig.5 for various top of cement. The result
illustrated that the cement has little bending rigidity so the lateral displacement and bending moment of wellhead have
little increase when the distance is 0-15m form wellhead to top of cement. And the distance greater than 15m has no
affecting on stability of wellhead.
4470
4460

0.19
Bending moment /kNm

Lateral displacement /m

0.195

0.185
0.18
0.175
0.17
0.165

4450
4440
4430
4420
4410
4400
4390
4380

0.16

4370

10

15

20

25

30

Distance from wellhead to top of cement /m

(a)

35

10

15

20

25

30

Distance from wellhead to top of cement /m

(b)

Fig. 5 The lateral displacement and bending moment of wellhead vs. top of cement

35

SPE 130823

2.5 The effect of the distance from wellhead to mudline and scour depth on wellhead
Fig. 6 shows the distance form wellhead to mudline is higher, the lateral displacement and bending moment of
wellhead are grater. The scour depth on mudline is deeper, the lateral displacement and bending moment of wellhead are
higher. So control scour on seabed can strengthen the stability performance of wellhead.
4600
4550

0.25
Bending moment /kNm

Lateral displacement /m

0.3

The length
above mudline

0.2
0.15

Scour depth

0.1
0.05

4500

The length

4450

above mudline

4400
4350

Scour depth

4300
4250

4200
0

The length of casing string in water /m

The length of casing string in water /m

(a)

(b)

Fig. 6 The lateral displacement and bending moment of wellhead vs. top of cement

2.6 The effect of the soil type on wellhead

The stability of wellhead is analyzed in four soil types which listed in table 2, the results shows in Fig. 7. The
displacement and bending moment of wellhead in sand formation (soil type 4) are the smallest. Because the undrained
shear strength of the soil type 2 is the lowest among the four formation types, the displacement and bending moment of wellhead

in this soil type are the largest. Compared the soil type 1 and soil typ2, the effect on wellhead is similar. This illustrated
the stability of wellhead is determined by shallow formation type of sea bed.
5500

0.21
soil type 1

soil type 1
5000

soil type 2

0.17

soil type 3

0.15

soil type 4

Bending moment /kNm

Lateral displacement /m

0.19

0.13
0.11
0.09

soil type 2
soil type 3

4500

soil type 4

4000

3500

0.07
0.05

3000
0

Vessel offset /%WD

(a)

Vessel offset /%WD

(b)

Fig. 7 The lateral displacement and bending moment of wellhead vs. vessel offset for four soil types

10

SPE 130823

The lateral displacement and bending moment of wellhead for four soil typesoffset=45mlisted in table4.
Table 4

The lateral displacement and bending moment of wellhead for four soil typesoffset=45m
Parameters

Soil type 1

Lateral displacement/m
Bending moment /kNm

Soil type 2

Soil type 3

Soil type 4

0.162

0.164

0.113

0.086

4380.01

4388.58

4300.38

4250.53

2.7 Other factors affection

The other factors such as the mud density, water depth, coefficient of drag and parameters of p-y curve have some
affection to the subsea wellhead stability and casing string lateral bearing capacity. This affection needs analyzed
according to the actual conditions.

3 Conclusions
(1) A comprehensive stability of wellhead analysis method was established. The marine environmental loading, drilling
vessel drifting, riser mechanical behavior, nonlinear behavior between casing string and formation were considered. A
numerical method was adopted to solve this model.
(2) In order to improve the condition of riser, riser top tension is ordinarily increased. The lateral displacement and
bending moment of wellhead nearly linear enlarged with the mean drifting offset. The greater TTR may cause wellhead
instability because of the wellhead has a limited bearing moment capacity, and then need to disconnect the LMRP and
BOP connection promptly. The affection of lateral load is focus on the upper string section, more depth of casing string
is almost no affecting on its lateral bearing capacity.
(3) The measures such as enhance the conductor bending strength, control scour depth on seabed, get geological data
sampling of shallow formation can strengthen the stability performance of wellhead.

Acknowledgements
This project is supported by the National 863 Plan Project (2006AA09A106).

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