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Anna University , Chennai
DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
LABORATORY MANUAL
EE6211 / ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY
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REGULATION R-2013
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Experimental verification of Kirchhoffs voltage and current laws
2. Experimental verification of network theorems (Thevenin, Norton, Superposition and maximum power
transfer Theorem).
3. Study of CRO and measurement of sinusoidal voltage, frequency and power factor.
4. Experimental determination of time constant of series R-C electric circuits.
5. Experimental determination of frequency response of RLC circuits.
6. Design and Simulation of series resonance circuit.
7. Design and Simulation of parallel resonant circuits.
8. Simulation of low pass and high pass passive filters.
9. Simulation of three phases balanced and unbalanced star, delta networks circuits.
10. Experimental determination of power in three phase circuits by two-watt meter method.
11. Calibration of single phase energy meter.
12. Determination of two port network parameters.
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INDEX
S.NO
DATE
NAME OF EXPERIMENT
Page
No
15
27
31
37
41
10
11
12
57
63
67
71
79
83
14
87
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Signature
47
13
15
Marks
93
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Circuit Diagram:
OHM'S Law
S.No.
1
2
3
4
5
FOEMULAE USED:
V=IR
WHERE V - VOLTAGE
I- CURRENT
R-RESISTANCE
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EXP.NO: 1
DATE:
Range
Type
Quantity
(0 - 30) V
Analog
Voltmeter
(0 - 30) V
MC
Resistor
1 k, 1 W
Bread board
Connecting wires
As
Required
Statement:
Ohms law: Ohms law states that At constant temperature, the steady current flowing
through the conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across the two ends
of the conductor.
Procedure:1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram
2. By Varying the Input Voltage , the voltage and the corresponding current values
are noted down for the given Resistor.
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THEORETICAL CALCULATION:
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RESULT:
Thus Ohms law has been verified.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
(0-30V)
(0-30V)
(0-30V)
+ V -
1k
R2
1k
R1
1k
R3
+
(0-30V)
(0 - 30V)
TABULAR COLUMN:-
S.No
Voltage
Voltage
Voltage V2
(V)
V1 (V)
(V)
Total voltage
Voltage V3
(V)
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Theoretical
Practical
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APPARATUS REQUIRED
Sl.
No
Range
Type
Quantity
(0 - 30) V
Analog
Voltmeter
(0 - 30) V
MC
Resistor
1 k, 1 W
Bread board
Connecting wires
As
Required
THEORETICAL CALCULATION:
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RESULT:
Thus Kirchoffs voltage law has been verified.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
(0-20mA)
+ A
(0-20mA)
R1 = 1k
R3 = 1k
(0-30V)
(0-30V)
RPS
(0-20mA)
R2 = 1k
TABULAR COLUMN:-
S.No
Current I1
Current I2
Current I3
(mA)
(mA)
(mA)
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Current I1= I2 + I3
Theoretical
practical
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APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl.
No
Range
Type
Quantity
(0 - 30) V
Analog
Voltmeter
(0 - 30) V
MC
Ammeter
(0 - 20) mA
MC
Resistor
1 k,1 W
Bread board
Connecting wires
As
Required
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THEORETICAL CALCULATION:
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RESULT:
Thus the Kirchoffs current law has been verified.
-
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 1:
R1 = 1k
(0-30V)
RPS
R3 = 1k
R2 = 1k
RL= 1k
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 2:
DETERMINATION OF THEVENIN VOLTAGE (Vth)
R1 = 1k
R3 = 1k
(0-30V)
RPS
R2 = 1k
(0-30V)
V
-
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 3:
DETERMINATION OF LOAD CURRENT (IL)
R1= 1k
R3= 1k
+
(0-30V)
RPS
RL= 1k
R2= 1k
(0-20mA)
A
-
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EXP.NO : 2
DATE :
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Sl.
No
Range
Type
Quantity
(0 - 30) V
Analog
Ammeter
(0 - 30) mA
MC
Voltmeter
(0 - 30) V
MC
Resistor
1 k
Bread board
Connecting wires
Required
THEVENINS THEOREM
Any linear active network with output terminal A and B can be replaced by an
equivalent circuit with a single voltage source Vth (thevenins voltage) in series with Rth
(thevenins resistance)
Vth - open circuit voltage across terminal A & B
Rth equivalent resistance obtained by looking back the circuit through the open
circuit terminal A and B
THEORETICAL CALCULATION
Thevenins voltage, Vth = V [R2 / (R 1 + R 2)] Volts
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 4:
DETERMINATION OF Rth
R3 = 1k
R1 = 1k
R2 = 1k
Rth
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 5:
THEVENIN EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT:
DRB
Rth
RPS
Vth
RL = 1k
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PROCEDURE:
To determine Thevenins voltage, Vth
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram
2. Switch on the power supply
3. Vary the regulated power supply to a specified voltage and note down the
corresponding voltmeter readings
4. Repeat the previous step for different voltage by varying the RPS.
5. Switch off the power supply
To determine of load current, IL
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram
2. Switch on the power supply
3. Vary the regulated power supply to a specified voltage and note down the
corresponding ammeter readings
4. Repeat the previous step for different voltage by varying the RPS.
5. Switch off the power supply
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TABULAR COLUMN:-
S.No
Voltage
(V)
Thevenins Voltage
(VTh)
Practical
(V)
Theoretical
(V)
Theoretical
(I)
THEORETICAL CALCULATION:
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RESULT:
Thus the Thevenins theorem was verified for the given electrical circuit.
Theoretical:
Vth =
Rth =
IL =
Practical:
Vth =
Rth =
IL =
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
R3= 1k
R1= 1k
(0-30V)
RPS
R2= 1k
RL= 1k
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
DETERMINATION OF Rth
R3 = 1k
R1 = 1k
Rth
R2 = 1k
DETERMINATION OF (IL)
R3 = 1k
R1 = 1k
RL= 1k
(0-30V)
RPS
R2= 1k
(0-20mA)
A
-
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT:
Isc
-
Rth
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RL = 1k
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Range
Type
Quantity
(0 - 30) V
Analog
Ammeter
(0 - 30) mA
MC
Voltmeter
(0 - 30) V
MC
Resistor
1 k
Bread board
Connecting wires
As
Required
NORTON THEOREM
Any linear active network with output terminals A & B can be replaced by an
equivalent circuit with a single current source I in parallel with Rth ( Thevenin equivalent
resistance)
Where Rth is the equivalent resistance obtained by looking back the circuit through the
open terminal A & B
FORMULAE
IL = ISC * ( Rth / (Rth + RL))
where,ISC - Norton equivalent current source in amperes
IL
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TABULAR COLUMN:Isc
S.No
Voltage
(V)
Practical
(mA)
Theoretical
(mA)
Theoretical
(mA)
V L = IL * RL
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PL = IL2 * RL
PROCEDURE :
1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram
2. Switch on the power supply
3. The current in short circuited branch is noted using the ammeter
4. Tabulate the readings and check with the theoretical values
THEORETICAL CALCULATION:
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RESULT
Thus Norton theorem was verified for the given electrical circuit.
Theoretical:
Isc =
Rth =
IL =
Practical:
Isc =
Rth =
IL =
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 1:
R3= 1k
R1= 1k
(0-30V)
RPS
R2= 1k
RL= 1k
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 2:
CASE A:
R1 = 1k
R3 = 1k
(0-30V)
RPS
R2 = 1k
(0-10mA)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 3:
CASE B:
R1 = 1k
R3 = 1k
+
(0-10mA)
R2 = 1k
(0-30V)
RPS
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EXP.NO :3
DATE :
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO
Components
Type / Range
Quantit
y
(0-30)V
Resistor
1k
Ammeter
MC (0-30)mA
Bread board
Wires
THEORY:
In any linear bilateral network the ratio of voltage to current response, in any
element to the input is constant even when the position of the input and output are
interchanged.
PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
Note down the ammeter reading and find the ratio of output current and input
voltage.
3.
4.
Note down the ammeter reading and find the ratio of output and input voltage.
5.
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TABULAR COLUMN:Case A
S.No Voltage (V) Voltage V
1
(V)
Case B
Current
I2 (mA)
Voltage V 2
(V)
Current I1
(mA)
THEORETICAL CALCULATION:
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RESULT:
The reciprocity theorem was verified for given network with the theoretical
calculation.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 1:
CASE 1: When both voltage sources E1 and E2 are present
R3 = 1k
R1 = 1k
RL= 1k
(0-30V)
RPS
(0-30V)
RPS
(0-20mA)
A
-
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 2:
CASE 2: When voltage source E1 is present
R1 = 1k
(0-30V)
RPS
R3 = 1k
RL= 1k
+
(0-20mA)
A
-
R1 = 1k
RL= 1k
(0-30V)
RPS
(0-20mA)
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EXP.NO: 4
DATE:
Components
Type/Range
Qty
1.
Regulated supply
(0 - 30)V
2.
Resister
1k
4.
Ammeter
(0-20mA)
5.
Bread board
6.
Wires
As Required
THEORY:
In a linear bilateral active network containing more than one source the total response
obtained is algebraic sum of response obtained individually considering only one source at a
time the source being suitable suppressed.
PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
The total response at the required terminal is obtained using sum of individual
response.
5.
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Voltage E1 (V)
Voltage E2 (V)
Practical
(I)
Theoretical (I)
Voltage E1 (V)
Practical
(I)
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Theoretical (I)
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Voltage E2 (V)
Practical
(I)
Theoretical (I)
THEORETICAL CALCULATION:
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RESULT:
Thus superposition theorem was verified theoretically and experimentally.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 1:
R3= 1k
R1= 1k
(0-30V)
RPS
R2= 1k
RL= 1k
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 2:
DETERMINATION OF THEVENIN VOLTAGE (Vth)
R3 = 1k
R1 = 1k
(0-30V)
RPS
R2 = 1k
(0-30V)
V
-
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 3:
DETERMINATION OF Rth
R1= 1k
(0-30V)
RPS
R3= 1k
R2= 1k
Rth
EXP.NO : 5
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DATE :
Type / Range
Quantity
Resistor
1k
4 Nos
voltmeter
(0-30V)MC
RPS
(0-30V)
S.No
THEORY:
Maximum power will be delivered from a voltage source to a load, if load resistance is
equal to the internal resistance of the sources.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Remove the load resistor on the network
3. Calculated RTH by substituting all sources with their internal resistances
looking back at the network.
4. Calculate VTH, the open circuit voltage between the terminals by replacing all
the sources to their original position.
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FORMULAE:
2
V
Maximum Power th watts
RL
Voltage
(V)
Practical
Voltage
Theoretical
Voltage
Maximum power
delivered=[Vth2/RL]Watts
THEORETICAL CALCULATION:
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RESULT:
Thus the maximum power transfer theorem was verified theoretically and
experimentally.
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RC Transients :-
S. No.
1
2
3
4
5
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Ex No. : 06
Date
Components
Type/Range
( 0-15 )V
Qty.
2 Nos.
Resistor
100
2 No
Capacitor
0.01 F
1 No
Stop watch
1 No
DPST
1 No
1 No
THEORY:
Electrical devices are controlled by switches which are closed to connect supply to the
device, or opened in order to disconnect the supply to the device. The switching operation
will change the current and voltage in the device. The purely resistive devices will allow
instantaneous change in current and voltage.
An inductive device will not allow sudden change in current and capacitance device
will not allow sudden change in voltage. Hence when switching operation is performed in
inductive and capacitive devices, the current & voltage in device will take a certain time to
change from pre switching value to steady state value after switching. This phenomenon is
known as transient.
The study of switching condition in the circuit is called transient analysis.The state of
the circuit from instant of switching to attainment of steady state is called transient state. The
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time duration from the instant of switching till the steady state is called transient period. The
current & voltage of circuit elements during transient period is called transient response.
PROCEDURE:
1. Charge on capacitor is o initially.
2. If there is a charge in it, short circuit the terminal then the charge will be dissipated.
3. Close the switch at t = 0
4. Simultaneously switch on the stop watch.
5. For every 2 seconds note down the voltage across capacitor until
Voltmeter reaches 5 V.After reaching 15V allow 10 sec. for it.
THEORETICAL VERIFICATION:
R-L Circuit:
V.
15
S
= Ri + L
di
dt
= R I(S) + L S I(s)
R-C Circuit;
V. = Ri +
1
idt
C
15
= I (s)
S
10 8
100
s
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THEORETICAL CALCULATION:
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RESULT:
Thus, the transient response of RC circuits for dc input was obtained .
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
250mH
FG
(0-30)MHz
1F
1k
CRO
TABULAR COLUMN:-
in
Voltage Gain
= 20 log V /Vin
0
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Ex No. :07
Date
Range
Type
Quantity
1 k
250 mH
1 F
Function Generator
(0 - 3) MHz
C.R.O.
Analog
Bread Board
Connecting wires
Required
THEORY
An A.C. circuit is said to be in resonance with its power factor becomes unity at which
the impedance of circuit becomes purely resistive. The frequency at which such condition
occurs is called resonant frequency. At resonance the circuit current is maximum for series
resonant.
FORMULAE
Resonant frequency, F0 = 1 / [ 2 LC ]
Band width = F2 F1
Quality factor = W0 L / R Where, F0 Resonant frequency
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Model graph:
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PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram
2. Set the values of R, L & C
3. Frequency varied from 1kHz to 100 kHz in steps
4. At each step the frequency and voltage is noted down
5. Graph is drawn between frequency along X axis and voltage along Y axis
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THEORETICAL CALCULATION:
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RESULT:
Thus the frequency response of series resonant circuit was obtained
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
FG
(0-30)MHz
TABULAR COLUMN:-
1F
250mH
1k
CRO
Voltage Gain
= 20 log V /Vin
0
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Range
Type
Quantity
1 k
250 mH
2 F
Function Generator
(0 - 3) MHz
C.R.O.
Analog
Bread Board
Connecting wires
Required
THEORY
An A.C. circuit is said to be in resonance when its power factor becomes unity. The
impedance of circuit at resonance becomes purely resistive. The frequency at which such a
condition occurs is called resonant frequency.
The impedance is given by Z = R + j (XL - XC)
When the impedance is real, the | Z | is minimum. At resonance the power factor is unity
Therefore, Z = R and reactive part is zero. Thus XL - XC = 0
0 = 1 / LC
f0 = 1 / 2 LC
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MODEL GRAPH:
THEORETICAL CALCULATION:
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FORMULAE USED:
Resonant frequency, f0 = 1 / 2 LC
Band width
= F2 F1
Quality factor
= 0L / R
Where,
f0 Resonant frequency in Hz
F1 Lower cut off frequency in Hz
F2 Upper cut off frequency in Hz
PROCEDURE
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram
2. Set the values of R, L & C
3. Frequency varied from 1kHz to 100 kHz in steps
4. At each step the frequency and voltage is noted down
5. Graph is drawn between frequency along X axis and voltage along Y axis
RESULT
The frequency response of a parallel R.L.C. circuit was obtained.
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SIMULATION DIAGRAM
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EXP.NO: 08
DATE:
AIM
To design and simulation of series resonance circuit using pspice and matlab
SOFTWARE REQUIRED
Orcad-Pspice
Matlab
PROCEDURE
Pspice
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Fig. a
Fig.b
Fig.(a)&(b) Result of input impedance of series RLC tank circuit
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2.Select Logarithmic and Decade as shown.
3. Use the same circuit as above, and from the Pspice button, Markers, Advanced, select db magnitude of
current marker and Phase of Current marker, and place in series next to L1.
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MATLAB
Input impedance of series RLC tank circuit
Result
Thus the series resonance circuit was designed and simulated using Pspice and Matlab
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Output
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EXP.NO:09
DATE:
AIM
To design and simulation of parallel resonance circuit using orcad - Pspice and Matlab
SOFTWARE REQUIRED
Orcad-Pspice
PROCEDURE
Pspice
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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Fig. Matlab output for input impedance for parallel resonance circuit
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MATLAB
Input impedance of Parallel RLC tank circuit
function [Zinput]=Zinput_parallelRLC1()
disp('Starting the function of Zinput_seriesRLC1');
Im =0.0001;
R=20000;
C=100e-09;
L=0.1;
Zinductor=tf([L 0],[0,1]);
Zcapacitor=tf([0 1], [C 0]);
Zinput=1/(1/R+1/Zcapacitor+1/Zinductor)
figure(1)
bode(Zinput)
title('Input impedance of parallel RLC tank circuit')
[z,p,k]=zpkdata(Zinput,'v');
w0=sqrt(1/L/C)
Beta=1/R/C
Q=w0/Beta
disp('finished the function of Zinput_seriesRLC1');
Result
Thus the parallel resonance circuit was designed and simulated using Pspice and Matlab
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Fig.1.a.Circuit diagram
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EXP.NO:10
DATE:
SIMULATION OF LOW PASS AND HIGH PASS PASSIVE FILTERS
AIM
To design and simulation of low pass and high passive filter using P-spice
SOFTWARE REQUIRED
Orcad Pspice
PROCEDURE
(a) Low Pass Passive Filter
Pspice
1.
2.
3.
4.
This is a classical low pass filter with RC cut off frequency (-3db) that can be estimated by the formula fc=
(6.28*R*C), and in our case fc=1 / (6.28*0.1*1k)=1.59khz, where we express the capacitances in uF,
resistance in kohm and frequency in khz
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Fig.2.a.Circuit diagram
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High Pass Passive Filter
Pspice
1.
2.
3.
4.
This is a classical low pass filter with RC cut off frequency (-3db) that can be estimated by the formula fc=
(6.28*R*C), and in our case fc=1 / (6.28*0.1*1k)=1.59khz, where we express the capacitances in uF,
resistance in kohm and frequency in khz
Result
Thus the passive low pass and high pass filter was designed and simulated using Pspice .
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Fig. Pspice circuit for Three-Phase Circuits with Line and Load Impedances
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EXP.NO:11
DATE:
SIMULATION OF THREE PHASES BALANCED AND UNBALANCED STAR, DELTA
NETWORKS CIRCUITS
AIM
To build, simulate, and analyze three-phase circuits using OrCAD Capture Pspice Schematics under
balanced and unbalanced conditions, and to understand the characteristic of 3-phase power transmission
circuits
SOFTWARE REQUIRED
Orcad Pspice
Problem:
1 .In Fig, lets assume that the three-phase circuits are balanced and each has a magnitude (peak value) of
170 V at 60Hz in the positive sequence with Va = 170 V 00 . The line impedance is (1 + j10) , and the
load is (20 + j20). Find: a) the line currents (Ia, Ib, Ic) and the neutral current (In) in peak values b) the power
loss in each line, including the neutral c) the power factor for each phase of the load
2. Repeat problem for given figure, but lets now assume that the three-phase circuits are unbalanced and
operating in the positive sequence with Va = 170 V 00 . Use the same line impedance, but the load is now
(20 + j20) for phase A, (50 + j10) for phase B, and (5 + j50) for phase c.
Procedure
1. Three-Phase Balanced Circuits
a. Build the three-phase circuits of Figure 1 onto the Schematic window
b. To get parts, click button on the right hand side menu. Alternatively, you could also get parts by going to
the top menu, click on Place, and then select Part.
c. If no library is shown on the Place Part window, then you will have to manually add the library by
clicking the Add Library button. Look for a library called Source and click on it. The SOURCE
library should now be listed on the Place Part window.
d. The three-phase voltages are made up of three ac sinusoidal single-phase voltage sources Vsin under
the SOURCE library to build the three-phase voltages. Once the Vsin part is on the schematic, double
click on it to assign its parameter values:
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AC=0 DC=0 FREQ=60 PHASE=0 VAMPL=170 VOFF=0
Note that the other two Vsin voltages should have the same parameter values as above except their phases
(for V2 and V3) should be -1200 and + 1200, respectively (assuming the phase sequence is positive).
e. Passive components such as Resistor, Inductor, or Capacitor can be found under the ANALOG library.
For the given impedances in the problem 1, determine
values that you will need to assign for the Resistors and Inductors on the schematic.
f. Connect a 0/ source ground to the neutral points (node n and N in Figure 1). The ground can be obtained
by clicking on the right side bar menu, and then select 0 /SOURCE in the Place Ground window as
shown in Figure.
g. After the schematic is done, go to Pspice on the top menu, and select New Simulation Profile. A
window appears asking you to name the simulation profile. Type in any name, but preferably something that
relates to your schematic, such as three-phase. Then, hit OK and the following window appears.
j. Enter the following values for the simulation settings and then hit OK: Run to time=1050ms, Start saving
data after=1000ms, Maximum step size=0.1ms Check the box for the Skip the initial transient bias point
calculation (SKIPBP)
k. Run Pspice Simulation by selecting Run under Pspice on the menu. Once the simulation is
completed, a Probe window will appear as shown in Figure. However, if there is an error or more on your
schematic then the simulation will stop. You should then go back to the schematic page and trouble-shoot
the schematic.
l. To show various waveforms (voltage, current, power) from the schematic, go back to the schematic
window and then place the markers or probes to any place of your interest on the schematic. The probes are
located just below the top menu and there are four probes available: voltage (V) , voltage differential (V+V-)
, current (I) and power (W). Note that you should run your simulation again every time you add or remove
probes.
m. To observe the input voltage waveforms, place the Voltage markers on top of each Vsin symbol on your
schematic. This will automatically generate the waveforms on the Probe window. Switch to the Probe
window and you should see the waveforms of balanced three-phase voltages as shown in Figure
n. Remove voltage probes for Phase B and Phase C from the schematic, and add a current probe into Phase
A.
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Three Phase
voltage waveform
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o. Switch back to the Probe Window, you should now see the Phase A voltage and the line current A as
shown in Figure.
p. Rescale the current waveform by a factor of 10 to see the current waveform more clearly. This is done by
double clicking the name of the current waveform (I(R1) in Figure
r. To determine the times when these zero crossings occur, you may use the cursors by clicking on the menu.
There are two cursors which are movable by the use of left click and right click of your mouse. At this point,
the two cursors should be on one of the waveforms. To find out which waveform the cursors are currently
on, look at the names of the waveforms (bottom left of the plot). If the legend of the waveform is surrounded
by a square then the cursors will be assigned to the waveform. Also, if you look at the bottom right of the
plot, you should also see a small window entitled Probe Cursor which shows the location of the cursors (x
and y coordinates) on the plot
s. The Probe Cursor window consists of 3 rows and 2 columns. The first column shows the time in ms and
the second column show the voltage in Volts and/or current in Amps. The third row shows the difference
between the two x-points (row 3 column 1) and the two y points (row 3 column 2). See Figure again. t. Use
the right click of your mouse to move one cursor to find the zero crossing of the voltage as shown in Figure.
Use the left hand click to measure the zero crossing of the current. Note that you wont be able to get exactly
0 for the y points, so do the best you can to get a number close to 0. Ask your instructor to verify your result
and then print it out.
u. From the zero crossing values that you just obtained, measure the power factor as seen by the source, i.e.,
power factor associated with the total impedance of he load and the line. Is it a lagging or leading power
factor?
v. Zoom to fit the plot by clicking on the upper right corner of the plot. Delete both waveforms from the
plot, and plot the neutral current by placing the current probe on the neutral line on the schematic. Observe
the value of the neutral current.
w. Delete the neutral current waveform from the plot, and, instead, add the load voltage from phase A to the
plot. Switch to the Probe Window and you should see the load voltage waveform on the plot.
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2. Three-Phase Unbalanced Circuits
a. Build a three-phase unbalanced circuit using the same three-phase schematic of part 1. Change the load
impedance to the values listed in Problem 2.
b. Run the simulation and obtain the load voltage waveforms into a single plot. Copy and paste into Word.
Note that because the circuit is unbalanced, the voltage at the load side of the neutral line is not the same as
the voltage at its source side, i.e. at ground level. Hence, to obtain the load voltage waveform, you have to
use the Differential Voltage probe or marker from the menu. With this probe, you will have to place two
markers (since it will be measuring a differential voltage): V+ marker and V- marker. Place the V+ marker
with the first click of your mouse
to the top terminal of load resistor R1a and place the V- marker on the bottom terminal of load inductor L1a.
c. Delete the load voltage waveforms and obtain the input voltage waveforms (i.e., the three phase voltages
at the source side) into a single plot. Copy and paste into Word.
d. Remove the input voltage waveforms and now plot the current waveforms (all line currents and neutral
current) into a single plot. Rescale any current waveform if necessary to make all waveforms visible on the
plot. Copy and paste into Word.
e. Determine the power factor for each phase of the load by measuring the phase difference between the
voltage across and the current through it. Note that the phase difference between the voltage across and the
current through each of the three load phases should be equal (theoretically) to the angle of the
corresponding load impedance.
Result
Thus the three phase circuits (balanced or unbalanced, star or delta) are designed and analyzed
using Orcad Pspice software.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
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EXP. NO. 12
DATE:
AIM
To conduct a suitable experiment on a 3-phase load connected in star or delta to measure the three phase
power and power factor using 2 wattmeter method.
OBJECTIVES
1.
2.
3.
4.
To study the concept of star connected load and delta connected load
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO
RANGE
QUANTITY
(600V,10A,LPF)
MI Ammeter
(0-10)A
3.
MI voltmeter
(0-600)V
4.
5.
Connecting wires
1
Required
FORMULA TO BE USED:
PF = W/( Vp Ip)
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TABULAR COLUMN:
S.NO
LOAD CURRENT
WATTMETER
INDICATED
I (Amps)
READING,
POWER,
Wa (W)
Wi (W)
Time taken
,
% ERROR
t (secs)
NOTE:
From the calibration curve it is possible to predict the error in recording the energy. So the correction can be applied
to the energy meter reading so that correct energy reading can be obtained and used.
Where
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K= energy meter constant (watt-sec)
t = time for 1 revolution(sec)
% error = Wi Wa / Wi * 100
Where Wi is indicated power in watts
Wa is actual power shown by wattmeter in watts
% error can be zero +ve or ve.
PROCEDURE:
1. Switch ON the 3 phase MCB.
2. Vary the load step by step.
3. For each step note down the wattmeter, voltmeter, ammeter readings.
4. Determine the power using the formula.
RESULT:
The Power and Power factor of the given experiment is measured by using two wattmeter methods.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
S.No
True power KW
No of
revolution
Time
True energy
kWh
Energy
recorded
% error
kWh
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EXPT. NO.13
DATE:
CALIBRATION OF SINGLE PHASE ENERGYMETER
AIM:
To calibrate the given single phase energy meter at unity and other power factors
OBJECTIVE:
1. To study the working of energy meter.
2. To accurately calibrate the meter at unity and other power factor.
3. To study the % of error for the given energy meter.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO
RANGE
QUANTITY
Wattmeter
3.
Stopwatch
4.
M.I Ammeter
(0-5)A
5.
M.I Voltmeter
(0-300)V
6.
Connecting wires
(300V,10A LPF)
1
1
Required
FORMULA TO BE USED:
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EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
THEORY
RESULT:
Thus the given single phase energy meter is calibrated with actual energy consumption and found out the error.
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Circuit Diagram
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EXP. NO. 14
DATE:
DETERMINATION OF TWO PORT NETWORK PARAMETERS
AIM
To calculate and verify 'Z' ,Y , ABCD, and H parameters of two-port network.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Sl.
No.
Resistors
2
3
4
5
6
7
Specifications
Quantity
1K
2K
0-30 V
0-20V
0-20 mA
10W-1MW
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
THEORY:
In Z parameters of a two-port, the input & output voltages V1 & V2 can be expressed in terms of input & output
currents I1 & I2. Out of four variables (i.e V1, V2, I1, I2) V1& V2 are dependent variables whereas I1 & I2 are
independent variables. Thus,
V1 = Z11I1+ Z12 I2 -----(1)
V2 = Z21I1 + Z22 I2 -----(2)
Here Z11 & Z22 are the input & output driving point impedances while Z12 & Z21 are the
reverse & forward transfer impedances.
In Y parameters of a two-port, the input & output currents I1 & I2 can be expressed in terms of input & output
voltages V1 & V2 . Out of four variables (i.e I1, I2, V, V2) I1& I2 are dependent variables whereas V1 & V2 are
independent variables.
I1 = Y11V1 + Y12V2 ------(3)
I2 = Y21V1 + Y22V2 -------(4)
Here Y11 & Y22 are the input & output driving point admittances while Y12 & Y21are the
reverse & forward transfer admittances
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OBSERVATION TABLE:
Z Parameters
When i/p is open ckt
S.No
V2
V1
I2
V2
V1
I1
Y Parameters
When i/p is short ckt
S.No
V2
I1
I2
V1
I1
I2
ABCD Parameters
When o/p is short ckt
S.No
V1
I1
I2
V2
V1
I2
H Parameters
When o/p is open ckt
S.No
V1
V2
I1
V1
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I2
I1
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ABCD parameters are widely used in analysis of power transmission engineering where they are termed as Circuit
Parameters. ABCD parameters are also known as Transmission Parameters. In these parameters, the voltage &
current at the sending end terminals can be expressed in terms of voltage & current at the receiving end.
Thus,
V1 = AV 2 + B (-I2) ---------(5)
I1 = CV2 + D (-I2) -----------(6)
Here A is called reverse voltage ratio, B is called transfer impedance C is called
transfer admittance & D is called reverse current ratio.
In h parameters of a two port network, voltage of the input port and the current of the
output port are expressed in terms of the current of the input port and the voltage of the
output port. Due to this reason, these parameters are called as hybrid parameters, i.e. out
of four variables (i.e. V1, V2, I1, I2) V1, I2 are dependent variables.
Thus,
V1= h11I1 + h12V2 ------------- (1)
I2 = h21I1 + h22V22 ----------- (2)
H11 and H22 are input impedance and output admittance.
H21 and H12 are forward current gain and reverse voltage gain
PROCEDURE:
Z-Parameter
(1) Connect the circuit as shown in fig. & switch ON the experimental board.
(2) First open the O/P terminal & supply 5V to I/P terminal. Measure O/P Voltage & I/P Current.
(3) Secondly, open I/P terminal & supply 5V to O/P terminal. Measure I/P Voltage & O/P current using multi-meter.
(4) Calculate the values of Z parameter using Equation (1) & (2).
(5) Switch OFF the supply after taking the readings.
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SAMPLE CALCULATION:
Z PARAMETER:
(1) When O/P is open circuited i.e. I2 = 0
Z11 = V1/I1 , Z21 =V2 /I1.
(2) When I/P is open circuited i.e. II = 0
Z12 = V1/I2 , Z22 = V2 /I2.
Y PARAMETER:
ABCD PARAMETER:
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Y-Parameter
(1) Connect the circuit as shown in fig. & switch ON the experimental board.
(2) First short the O/P terminal & supply 5V to I/P terminal. Measure O/P & I/P current
(3) Secondly, short I/P terminal & supply 5V to O/P terminal. Measure I/P & O/P current using multi-meter.
(4) Calculate the values of Y parameter using Eq. (1) & (2).
(5) Switch off the supply after taking the readings.
ABCD Parameter
(1) Connect the circuit as shown in fig. & switch ON the experimental board.
(2) First open the O/P terminal & supply 5V to I/P terminal. Measure O/P voltage & I/P current
(3) Secondly, short the O/P terminal & supply 5V to I/P terminal. Measure I/P & O/P current using multi-meter.
(4) Calculate the A, B, C, & D parameters using the Eq. (1) & (2).
(5) Switch off the supply after taking the readings.
H Parameter
(1) Connect the circuit as shown in fig. & switch ON the experimental board.
(2) Short the output port and excite input port with a known voltage source Vs. So that V1 = Vs and V2 = 0. We
determine I1 and I2 to obtain h11 and h21.
(3) Input port is open circuited and output port is excited with the same voltage source Vs. So that V2 = VS and I1 =
0, we determine I2 and V1 to obtain h12 and h22.
(4) Switch off the supply after taking the readings.
RESULT:
Thus the various parameters of the two port network has been calculated and verified
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EXP. NO. 15
DATE:
STUDY OF CRO AND MEASUREMENT OF SINUSOIDAL VOLTAGE, FREQUENCY AND POWER
FACTOR
Objective
To introduce the basic structure of a cathode-ray Oscilloscope.
To get familiar with the use of different control switches of the device.
To visualize an ac signal, measure the amplitude and the frequency
Theory
Cathode-ray Oscilloscope
fluorescent screen (see Figure 1). When the cathode is heated (by Theory Cathode-ray Oscilloscope applying a small
potential difference across its terminals), it emits electrons. Having a potential difference between the cathode and the
anode (electrodes), accelerate the emitted electrons towards the anode, forming an electron beam, which passes to fall
on the screen. When the fast electron beam strikes the fluorescent screen, a bright visible spot is produced. The grid,
which is situated between the electrodes, controls the amount of electrons passing through it thereby controlling the
intensity of the electron beam. The X&Y-plates, are responsible for deflecting the electron beam horizontally and
vertically.
A sweep generator is connected to the X-plates, which moves the bright spot horizontally across the screen
and repeats that at a certain frequency as the source of the signal. The voltage to be studied is applied to the Y-plates.
The combined sweep and Y voltages produce a graph showing the variation of voltage with time, as shown in Fig. 2.
(t ) m sin( wt )
(1)
where m is the maximum output voltage value, =2 ( is the frequency), and is the phase shift.
Table 1
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Frequency (Hz)
Period (T)Sec
F(Hz)
Vp-p(V)
Vrms(V)
200
X
1000
Y
2000
Vrms(multimeter)=
Procedure
Part one
1. Turn on the Oscilloscope, wait a couple of seconds to warm up, then the trace will show up on the screen.
2. Adjust the intensity and the focus of the trace.
3. Use the X &Y-post. knobs to center the trace horizontally and vertically.
4. Connect a cable to Ch1 socket.
5. Turn on the Heath kit.
6. Connect the cable from Ch1 of the CRO to the SIN connector of the Heathkit, via a piece of wire.
7. A signal will appear on the screen.
8. Make sure that the inner red knobs of the Volt/Div and the Time/Div are locked clockwise.
9. Set the frequency of the generator to 200 Hz.
10. Adjust the Volt/Div and the Time/Div knobs so that you get a suitable size signal
(from 1-2 wavelengths filling most of the screen vertically).
11. Count the number of vertical squares lying within the signal, then calculate the peak
to peak value as:
Vp-p= No. vertical Div x Volt/Div
12. Calculate Vrms value, record in Table I:
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Vrms= Vp-p / 2.sqr root(2)
13. Measure Vrms using the multimeter (connect the probes of the multimeter to the SIN
and the GND connectors).
14. Calculate the period T, record in Table I:
T = No. horizontal Div. Time/Div
15. Calculate the frequency, =1/T, record in the table.
16. Repeat steps 10-14 for the frequency values as in the table
Part two
1. Connect the cable from Ch1 to the upper connector of the line frequency of the Heathkit.
2. Adjust the Volt/Div and the Time/Div knobs so that you get a suitable size signal
(from 1-2 wavelengths filling most of the screen vertically).
3. Calculate the peak to peak voltage value.
4. Calculate Vrms value.
5. Measure Vrms using the multimeter.
6. Measure the period T, then calculate the frequency.
Vp-p=
Vrms=
Vrms(multimeter)=
T=
f=
Result
Thus the CRO basic structure, measurement of voltage and frequency was studied.
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