EM-II Lab Manual

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.
COM
O.C AND S.C TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
Aim: To determine the efficiency and regulation of a given single phase transformer by
conducting the OC and SC test and also to draw its equivalent circuit
Apparatus Required:
Sl No
Equipment
Rating
Type
Quantity
1.
Volt meter
2.
Ammeter
3.
Watt Meter
4.
5.
1- Transformer
1- Auto Transformer
0-300V
0 25V
0-1A
0-15A
0-150V, 0-1A
0-75V, 0-15A
3 KVA, 115/230V
230V, 0-270V/15A
MI
MI
MI
MI
0.2 LPF
UPF
1:2 Ratio
1 No
1 No
1 No
1 No
1 No
1 No
1 No
1 No
Theory:
i). Open Circuit test:
Consider a practical transformer on no load, i.e., secondary on open circuit.
The primary will draw a small current I0 to supply the iron losses and a very small amount of
copper loss in primary, hence the primary no load current I0 lags V1 by an angle 0 less than
900 and no load input power W0 = V1I0Cos 0. The no load primary current I0
can be
resolved into two components IW & I. IW is in phase with V1 and known as
working/active/Iron loss component.
IW = I0Cos 0
0
I lags V1 by 90 and known as magnetizing component or lossless component.
I = I0Sin 0
Note: The no load primary copper loss I02R1 is very small and may be neglected.
Therefore the no load input power W0 = Iron Loss.
ii). Short Circuit test:
This test is conducted to determine R01 (or R02), X01 (or X02) and full load
copper losses of the Transformer. In this test, the secondary (usually the LV winding) is
short circuited by a thick wire and a variable voltage is applied to the primary and gradually
raised till full load current I1 flows through the primary. Under this condition the
copper loss in the winding is equal to that of full load copper losses (since the current in the
secondary is equal to its rated value). Since there is no output in the transformer
under the short circuit conditions, the input power is all equal the losses of the
Transformer. The voltage VSC is very small in this condition, the core loss is negligibly small,
and hence the total loss can be considered as full load copper losses of the Transformer
winding.
WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM
V+ TEAM
i). Open Circuit test:
Circuit Diagram:
150V, 1A, 0.2pf
1-ph watt meter
0-1 A
MI
5A
Ph
0V
V
Open Circuit
MI
0 - 300
V
AC SUPPLY
1-PH, 230V, 50Hz,
0V
5A
115 V
230 V
1- Ph, 230V / 115V,

3 KVA Transformer
1-ph, 230V / 0-270V, 15A

Auto transformer
Procedure:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Connections are given as per circuit diagram

Switch on the power supply
With the help of Auto-Transformer, Apply voltage to HV side in steps (230V)
At each step note down Voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter readings
After reaching maximum voltage of 230V on HV side, the supply is switched off
Tabular Column
Sl No
Open Circuit
Voltage (VOC)
Open Circuit
Current (Im)
Iron loss
(W)
1.
2.
3.
V+ TEAM
ii)
Short Circuit Test:

Circuit Diagram:
75V, 15A, UPF
1-ph watt meter
0-15 A
MI
15A
Ph
L
0V
230 V
115 V
Short Circuit
0V
0 - 75 V
MI
AC SUPPLY
1-PH, 230V, 50Hz,
15A
N
1- Ph, 230V / 115V,

3 KVA TRANSFORMER
1-Ph Auto Transformer

230V/ 0 - 230V
Procedure:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Connection are given as per the circuit diagram

The mains switch on HV side is closed.
With the help of Booster -Transformer Current is injected in to HV winding in steps.
The voltmeter, ammeter and Wattmeter reading are noted down for each step in
HV side.
After reaching full load current on Secondary side the supply is switched off.
Tabular Column:
Sl No
V1SC (V)
I1SC (A)
WSC ( W )
1.
2.
3.
Calculations:
a) Open Circuit Test:
WSC
VSC I SC
Where WOC is Open circuit power in watts
VOC is Open circuit voltage in volts
I OC is Open circuit current in amps
2) Resistance to account for core loss
1) No load Power Factor Cos 0
V+ TEAM
RC
VOC
I OC Cos0
3) Magnetizing Reactance
VOC
XM
I OC Sin0
b) Short Circuit Test Observations:

4) a) Equivalent winding Resistance referred to HV side
W
R01 2SC
I I SC
Where Wsc is short circuit power in Watts
I SC is Short circuit current in Amps
b) Equivalent winding Resistance referred to LV side
R02 R01K 2
Where K (Transformation Ratio) = ( V2 / V1 )
5) a) Equivalent winding Impedance referred to H V side
V
Z 01 SC
I1SC
b) Equivalent winding Impedance referred to LV side
Z 02 Z 01K 2
6) a) Equivalent winding Reactance referred to HV side
2
2
X 01 Z01
R01
b) Equivalent winding Reactance referred to LV side
X 02 X 01K 2
Where K (Transformation Ratio) = ( V2 / V1 )
c) To find Efficiency:
Core loss or Constant loss (Wi)
Rated short circuit current I2 sc
KVA rating of transformer
Copper loss (Wsc) at full load Current
Output for other Pf = V2 I 2Cos
Total power loss WT Wi WSC
7) Output = ( X * KVA* COS ) in Watts
V+ TEAM
Where X is Fraction of load
KVA is Power rating of transformer
COS is Power Factor
8) Copper Losses = (X) 2 WSC in Watts
Where Wsc Is Copper loss in short circuit condition
Where X is Fraction of load
9) Total power loss = (Copper Loss + Iron Loss) In Watts
Output
100 (or)
Output Total Losses
V I LCos
% Efficiency
100
V I LCos WT
10) % Efficiency
c) Tabular Column to find Efficiency:

Rated Secondary Voltage ( V2 ) = Volts
Constant Losses (Iron Loss) Wi = Watts
Sl
No:
Load Current
(IL)
Wcu ( W )
Out Put =
V IL Cos ( W )
Total Losses
(WT) = Wi + Wcu
%
Efficiency
0 Amp
0 Watt
0.0
Wi=.
Expected Graph:
i. Load Vs % Efficiency:
V+ TEAM
% Efficiency
U.P.F
0.8 PF
Load Current
d) To find Regulation: % Voltage Re gulation
I 2 R02Cos I 2 X 02Sin
100
E2
At rated full load current and rated load voltage)

( +Ve for lagging and unity PF;
- Ve for leading PF )
Tabular Column:
Sl. No
P. F
(Cos )
1.
2.
0.2
3.
0.4
4.
0.6
5.
0.8
6.
Lagging Pf
% Regulation
Leading Pf
% Regulation
Expected Graphs:
ii. Power Factor Vs % Regulation:
V+ TEAM
% Regulation
PF
Conclusion:
The efficiency and regulation of a given single phase transformer is determined by
conducting the OC and SC tests
Viva Questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
What is regulation of a transformer?

What are the different losses in a transformer?
What are the different types of transformers?
What is the efficiency of a transformer when compared with Induction motor?
What is the working principle of transformer?
What happens when DC is given to primary of a transformer?
Why the transformers are rated in KVA?
V+ TEAM
BRAKE TEST ON 3-PHASE SLIP RING INDUCTION MOTOR
Aim: To perform the Brake test on the given 3- Induction motor and to obtain the
performance characteristics of the motor.
Apparatus Required:
Sl No
Equipment
Rating
Auto Transformer
415/ 0-470V, 10A
Ammeter
(0-10A)
MI
1No
Voltmeter
(0-300/600V)
MI
1No
Wattmeter
UPF
1No
300/600V, 0-5/10A
Type
Quantity
1No
Nameplate details:
1. Rated Voltage
2. Rated Current
3. Speed
4. Type of Excitation
5. Power
Theory:
Slip ring induction motor is a type of induction motor in which the rotor is provided with
3 phase double layer distributed winding consisting of coils as used in alternators. The
rotor is wound for as many poles as the number of stator poles and is always wound 3
phase even when the stator is wound two phase.
The three phase are starred internally. The other three winding terminals are
brought out and connected to three insulated slip rings mounted on then shaft with
brushes resting on them. These brushes are further externally connected to a three phase
star connected rheostat. This makes possible the introduction of additional resistance in
the rotor circuit during the starting period for increasing the starting torque of the motor
and for changing its speed torque /current characteristics. When running under normal
conditions the slip rings are automatically short circuited by means of a metal collar
which is pushed along the shaft and connections all the rings together.. Next the brushes
are automatically lifted from the slip rings to reduce the frictional losses and the wear and
tear.
In the wound rotor type the rotor slots accommodate an insulated winding similar
to that used on the stator. The rotor winding is uniformly distributed and is usually
connected in star. The three leads from the star connection ate then connected to three
slip rings of collector rings mounted on but insulated from the shaft. Carbon brushes
pressing on the slip rings allow external resistors to be inserted in series with the rotor
V+ TEAM
winding for speed and starting torque control. Actually the wound type rotor of induction
motor costs more and requires increased maintenance it is therefore only used where
i)
The driven load requires speed control
ii)
High starting torque is required.
Since the rotor is wound with polyphase windings and carrier slip rings it is called
slip ring induction motor or wound rotor
S1
0-10A MI
R
10 A
||
||
||
||
||
||
||
||
10 A ||
||
600V,10A,UPF
||
|| ||
|| ||
S3
C
V
R
0-600V
MI
Y
B
R1
10 A
S2
STAT
OR
ROTO
R
R2
TPST Switch
600V,10A,UPF
R3
ROTOR RESISTANCE STARTER
V+ TEAM
10 A
TPST Switch
||
||
||
||
||
||
||
||
||
||
10 A
10 A
||
|| ||
|| ||
V
0-600V
MI
0-10A MI
600V,1 M
0A,UP
F
600V,1
0A,UP
F
V
L
R
OT
O
R
RE
SI
ST
AN
CE
ST
AR
TE
R
ROTOR
R3
STATOR
R2
R1
S3
S2
S1
R
R
V+ TEAM
Procedure:
1. Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
2. Ensure variac (Auto Transformer) position in zero output voltage and switch on 3- mains
supply
3. Increase the voltage by using variac till rated voltage is impressed across stator winding.
4. Take no load readings of wattmeter, ammeter, voltmeter, speed and spring balance readings.
5. By increasing load on the motor by tightening brake drum in steps, & take the readings of all the
readings.
6. Repeat step-5 till 100-115% of rated current is reached.
7. Replace the load on motor, reduce voltage & switch off mains supply.
Tabular Column:
SL
VL
No
IL
A
W1
watt
W2
watt
S1
S2
kg
kg
Speed
N in
Input
(w)
RPM
Torque
( T ) in
N-m
Outp
ut
%Effi
ciency
1
Calculations:
Radius of the Brake drum r = .. Mtrs

Torque (T)
= (S1- S2) r.g N.mtr
Power Output
%Efficiency
= (Output / Input) X 100.
Expected Graphs:
1.
3.
2NT
watts
60
% Efficiency Vs Output Power

Torque Vs Output Power
2. Speed Vs Output Power in

4. Load Current Vs BHP.
Torque
Load Current
Speed
% Efficiency
Load Current
% Efficiency
Speed
Torque
X
Out Put Power in BHP
V+ TEAM
Conclusion:
Performance characteristics of the 3- Induction Motor is obtained by

conducting Brake Test
Viva Questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
What is the working principle of 3 phase induction motor?

What are the different types of 3 phase induction motor?
As the load increases, what happens to the speed of the motor?
Why 3 phase induction motor is widely used for industrial applications?
What are the various losses in induction motors?
Why induction motor is called as rotating transformer?
V+ TEAM
REGULATION OF 3- ALTERNATOR BY
EMF AND MMF MEHOD
Aim: To predetermine the regulation of 3- alternator by Synchronous Impedance Method
Apparatus Required:
Si. No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Equipment
Volt meter
Ammeter
Tubular Rheostat
Tachometer
S.P.S.T Switch
Name Plate Details:
0-600V
0-2A
0-5A
0 - 290 / 2.8A
0 10K rpm
5A
Type
Quantity
MI
MC
MI
Wire Wound
Analog
D.C Shunt Motor
1. Rated Line Voltage
2. Full Load Line Current

3. Rated Speed
4. No of Poles
5. Frequency
Fuse Rating:
Rating
1 No
1 No
1 No
2 No
1 No
1 No
3- Alternator:
For DC Shunt Motor and 3-Alternator: 125% of rated full load current
Theory:
The regulation of a synchronous generator (Alternator) is the rise in voltage
at the terminals when the load is reduced from full load rated value to zero, speed and field
current remaining constant. The voltage regulation depends upon the power factor of the
load. There are various methods for determination of regulation one of them is Synchronous
Impedance Method is based on the concept of replacing the effect of armature reaction by a
fictitious reactance.
V+ TEAM
3 - Point
Starter
L
20 A
0 - 2A MC
F1
0- 600V MI
R
A
0 - 5A MI
220V, DC Supply
0 - 290 ohms / 2.8A
B
Y
Y
F2
20 A
AA
ZZ
3 - Alternator
DPST Switch
Potential Divider
0 - 290 ohms / 2.8A

TPST Switch
Procedure:
(i) Open Circuit Test:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram
2. Keep the potential divider in minimum output position
3. DC supply is given to the Motor & Excitation circuit
4. Start the motor by gently & steadily pushing the handle from start to run position
5. By Adjusting the field regulator of the motor set the speed of Alternator to rated Speed
6. Now vary the field excitation of alternator in steps and note down the voltmeter Reading
(Eg) and ammeter reading as (If)
7. From the above data draw the curve between the Field current Vs Generated EMF,
Which is OCC.
Tabular Column:
Sl No
Field Current
If in ( A )
Generated Voltage
Eg in ( V ) / Line
Generated Voltage
Eg in ( V ) / Ph
1.
(ii)Short Circuit Test:

1. After the completion of O.C.C keep the potential divider in minimum Output position
2. Close TPST knife Switch, and vary the field current in steps such that the ammeter Reads
short circuit current
3. Note down the readings of field current (If) and short circuit Current as (Isc)
4. Continue the procedure till the Ammeter reads I fL
5. Graph is plotted as SCC and Regulation is calculated from the graph.
V+ TEAM
Tabular Column:
Short circuit
Current ISC ( A )
Field Current
If ( A )
Sl No
1.
III). Determination of Armature Circuit Resistance (Ra / Ph):

0 - 20A MC
+
+
0 - 6 / 5A
DC 15V Supply
A
Neutral
0 - 15V MC
R or Y or B Phase
DPST SWITCH
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure
2. Vary the rheostat in steps & note the readings of Ammeter and Volt meter
3. Resistance per phase = Volt meter reading / Ammeter reading
4. Take two or three readings at approximately equal intervals of ammeter Readings from
0-5A and compute the average value for Ra
Tabular Column:
Sl No
1.
2.
Va ( V )
IL(A)
Ra = ( Va / IL )
Avg Ra = ..
Sample Calculations:
Synchronous Impedance Method:
EO OA OD2 DA2
V
Z s oc at constant I f
I sc
AC
(or) Z S
BC
Where AB = Rated open circuit Voltage at a field current / Ph
AC = Rated short circuit Current at that field current / Ph
X S Z S2 Ra2
E
VCos I a Ra 2 VSin I a X S
V+ TEAM
+ve for lagging pf
-ve for leading pf
Eo = No load voltage developed in armature
E = No load voltage after allowing for armature reaction
V = Rated terminal voltage
Armature resistance Ra (DC) =
Armature resistance Ra (AC) = 1.6 Ra in DC = ..
Synchronous impedance Zs = ( Eo / Isc) =
E V 100
% Re gulation o
V
Phasor Diagram:
A
Ia
Xs
Eo
I aR
a
C
Graph:
1.
Field current If Vs Generated EMF / Ph
2.
Field current If Vs Short circuit Current Isc
Generated EMFEg / Ph
Short circuit Current I
SC
C
O
Field Current If
V+ TEAM
Conclusion:
Regulation of the 3- Alternator has been determined by Synchronous Impedance
Method
Viva Questions:
1. What is the working principle of alternator?
2. Give the difference between A.C. Generator and D.C Generator.
3. Why alternators are rated in KVA?
4. What are advantages of stationary armature?
5. Is the efficiency of the alternator is determined by direct loading?
6. Give the e.m.f equation of an Alternator?
V+ TEAM
PARALLEL OPERATION OF TWO SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMERS

Aim: To operate two transformers in parallel and to determine the relation of sharing of
loads to their impedances.
Apparatus Required:
S. No.
1.
2
3.
4.
5.
APPARATUS
1- Transformers
1- variac
Voltmeter
Ammeter
1- Load
TYPE
MI
MI
Resistive
RANGE
3-KVA, 230/110V
10 A, 230/(0-230)V
(0-300)V
(0-15/30)A
3 KVA
QUANTITY
2
1
3
3
1
Theory:
As the load on the transformer is increased to nearly the double, it is necessary to replace
the existing transformer with that of double capacity or to operate another transformer in
parallel with the existing one.
To operate two transformers in parallel, it is essential that the following conditions
should be satisfied:
1. Their polarities must be same.
2. Their impedance voltages must be same.
3. Their voltage ratios must be equal.
Procedure:
A.] Short-Circuit test:
1. Make the connections are as per the circuit diagram.
2. Ensuring the Variac in minimum position, switch-ON the single phase a.c. mains supply.
3. Adjust the variac such that full-load current flows through the primary.
4. Note and tabulate the values of current, voltage and power.
5. Evaluate the impedance of the transformer, and hence, calculate its percentage
impedance voltage.
6. Repeat the similar procedure for the second transformer.
V+ TEAM
0-15
A
MI
0V
0V
0 - 300 V
6
K
W
,2
2
0
V
MI
230 V
115 V
1- Ph, 230V / 115V,

3 KVA Transformer
0-30 A
MI
30
A
AC SUPPLY
1-PH, 230V, 50Hz,
0 - 300 V
Ph
0-1 5A
MI
0V
0V
30A
SPS
T
SWI
TC
H
N
1-ph, 230V / 0-270V, 28A
Auto transformer
230 V
115 V
1- Ph, 230V / 115V,

3 KVA Transformer
75V, 15A, UPF

1-ph watt meter
0-15 A
MI
15A
Ph
L
0V
0V
Short Circuit
0 - 75 V
MI
AC SUPPLY
1-PH, 230V, 50Hz,
15A
230 V
115 V
N
1- Ph, 230V / 115V,
1-Ph Auto Transformer
3 KVA TRANSFORMER
230V/ 0 - 230V
V+ TEAM
B.] Parallel operation:

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Ensuring the minimum position of the variac, switch-ON the single phase ac
mains supply is, keeping the switch open.
3. Adjust the variac to the rated voltage and ensure the voltage across the switch is
to be zero. If the voltmeter doesnt read zero, interchange the polarities and repeat the
steps 2 & 3.
4. Measure the readings of both the transformers on the H.V. and L.V. sides.
5. Increase the load in steps and repeat the step-4 till 50% of the full-load of both
the transformers is reached.
6. Tabulate the readings.
Tabular Column:
A.] Short-Circuit Test:
Transformer-1
Transformer-2
I1
V1
I2
V2
I1Z1
I2Z2
Z2
Z1
B.] Parallel Operation:

S.No.
Load
I1
I2
Theoritical
I1
I2
Result:
The parallel operation of the two transformers is studied and their load sharing is
observed.
Viva Questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
what should be the rating of two transformers for parallel operation

what is the advantage of parallel operation of transformers
with the help of parallel operation can we calculate the efficiency
What are the different losses in a transformer
If the regulation is less then the transformer is a good transformer or not
Define regulation of a transformer
what is the effect on losses of a transformer with variation supply frequency
V+ TEAM
SCOTT CONNETION
AIM: To obtain a balanced two-phase supply from 3-phase system by using Scott
connection.
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
Main Transformer:
Rating = KVA
Primary volts = . V
Secondary volts =.V
Teaser Transformer: Rating = KVA
Primary volts = . V
Secondary volts =.V
APPARATUS:
S.No.
1.
2.
3.
.
Equipment
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Variac
Type
Range
Quantity
THEORY:
In order to supply power to two-phase electric furnaces, to interlink threephase and two-phase systems, three-phase to two-phase conversion or vice-versa is essential.
The common type of connection used to achieve the above conversion is Scott
Connection. Two single-phase transformers of identical rating with suitable tappings
provided on primaries of both are required for this connection.
Transformer A _ _ _ 50% tapping and is called the Main Transformer.
Transformer B _ _ _ 86.6% tapping and is called the Teaser Transformer.
The voltage across the primary, CO of Teaser transformer will be 86.6% of the voltage
across the primary AB of a main transformer (refer to fig). The neutral point of the threephase system will be on the Teaser transformer, such that the voltage between O & N is
28.8% of the applied voltage. Thus the neutral point divides the Teaser primary winding, CO
in the ratio 1:2. The phasor diagram of voltages across the primaries and seconderies has
shown in the fig.
The voltage across the two seconderies a1a2 and b1b2 should be same in magnitude but in
phase quadrature, which may be verified experimentally by recording the voltage across the
seconderies Va1a2, Vb1b2 and the voltage a2b2 will a1 and b1 connected together.
The voltage Va1a2 and Vb1b2 will be in phase quadrature, if the following relationship holds
well between the three voltages.
V+ TEAM
Va2b2 = (Va1a2 +Vb1b2 )
The behavior of the above circuit can be studied experimentally, at equal loading on
the two seconderies with Upf load (If the two seconderies of main and teaser
transformers carry equal currents, then the current flowing in the primary windings on threephase side will also be equal)
PROCEDURE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Connect the circuit as shown in the fig.

Ensure that the switches S1 and S2 are open
Adjust the 3-phase variac for minimum voltage at its output
Switch on the A.C. supplies and apply the rated voltage across the primaries of the
transformers
Record the voltages V1, V2 and V3 and verify that the output is balanced two-phase
supply
Switch off the A.C. supplies and remove the dotted connection of the two secondaries
and the voltmeter V3. Adjust the variac to minimum output
Switch on the A.C. supply again. Adjust the output voltage of the variac as per the rated
voltage of the primaries of the transformer.
Close the switches S1 and S2 to load both the secondaries. Adjust equal loading
conditions also.
Switch off the load from both secondaries and adjust the variac, so that its output
voltage is minimum and then switch off the supply.
V+ TEAM
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:SCOTT CONNECTION

Teaser Transformer
3 KVA,230V / 115V
R
415V, 3-,
50Hz,
AC Supply
Y
415V, 3-,
50Hz,
AC Supply
10
|| A
||
||
|| T
|| P
|| S
|| T
10
||
A
||
||
||
||
||
||
||

||
10
||
A
115V
86.6%
0600
V,MI
0 150 V,MI
V
V
0 300 V,MI
230V
50
%
115V
0
150V,MI
0
0
Main Transformer
3KVA,230V/115V
V+ TEAM
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:SCOTT CONNECTION
015A ,MI
Teaser Transformer
3 KVA,230V / 115V
20
A
||
R
||
||
415V, 3-, 50Hz, || T
AC Supply
|| P
|| S
|| T
10
||
A
||
Y
||
||
415V, 3-, 50Hz,
||
AC Supply
||
||
||

B
20
A
115V
86.6%
3KW,220V
0600
V,MI
230V
50
%
115V
0
015A ,MI
0
Main
Transformer
3KW,220V
3 KVA,230V / 115 V
V+ TEAM
TEST READINGS
S.No.
S.No.
V1 (V)
Im (A)
It
For balanced two-phase supply

V2 (V)
(A)
Under loaded conditions

I1 (A)
I2 (A)
I3 (A)
V3 (V)
V1 (V)
V2 (V)
RESULT
Hence 3-phase to 2-phase conversion is obtained by Scott connection.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is a teaser transformer?
2. What are the advantages of Scott Connection?
3. What do you mean by Tertiary Winding?
4. What is the percentage of winding at which Scott connection is made?
5. What are the applications of Scott Connection?
V+ TEAM
SLIP TEST
AIM:
To determine Xd i.e direct-axis synchrounous reactance and quadrature axis
synchronous reactance xq of a salient pole synchronous machine by slip test
APPARATUS:
S.No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
NAME OF
APPARATUS
3-q alternator with prime
mover
D.C ammeter
A.C ammeter
A.C voltmeter
3-Q variac
TPST switch
synchroscope
tachometer
rheostat
RANGE
TYPE
QUANTITY
KVA 3.5,VOLTS415,RPM:1500,AMP:4.85
(0-2.5)amp
(0-2.5)amp
(0-75)volts
400/(0-470)volts
-----------(0-2000)RPM
270 ohm,1.2Amps
salient
MC
MI
MI
--analog
digital
---
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
THEORY:
Using slip test ,slip test, xd and xq can be determined. The synchronous machine is
driven by a separate motor at a speed slightly different from synchronous speed.the field
winding is left open and positive sequence balanced voltages of reduced magnitude and of
rated frequency are impressed the armature terminals.under these conditions ,the relative
velocity between the field poles and therotating armature mmf wave is equal to the
difference between synchronous speed and the rotor speed i.e slip speed. A small A>C
voltage across the open field winding indicates that the field poles and rotating MMF wave,
are revolving in the same direction and that is what is required in the slip test.if the field
poles revolve in a direction opposite to the rotating MMF wave, negative sequence reactance
would be measured.
At one instance, when the peack of armatureMMF wave is in line with the field pole or
direct axis, the reluctance offered by the small air gap is minimum.at this instant the
impressed terminal voltage per phase divided by the corresponding armature current per
phase divided by the corresponding armature current per phase give d axis synchronous
reactance .
After on e-quarter of slip cycle, the peack of armature MMF wave acts on the
interplar or q-axis of the magnetic circuit and the reluctance offered by long airgap is
maximum.at this instant, the ratio of armature terminal voltage per phase to the
corresponding armature current per phase, gives q-axis synchronous reactancexq.
V+ TEAM
Oscillograms of armature current ,terminal voltage and the induced EMF in the O.C field
winding are shown in the figure.a much larger slip than would be used in practice, has been
shown in fig. when the armature MMF wave is along the direct axis , the armature flux
passing through O.f winding is maximum. Therefore the induced field EMF i.e dqa/dt is
zero.when armature MMF wave is along q-axis the armature flux linfing the field winding is
zero.therefore the induced field emf dqa/dt is maximum.thus the q-axis can be located on
the oscillogram . waveforms of voltage across open field and the armature current varies
cyclically at twice the slip frequency.
PROCEDURE:
1. connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. before starting the motor ensure d.c motor field rheostat is in minimum position.then
swith on the dc main supply and then by dragging the starter handle swith on the motor.
3. after setting the speed of the prime mover to slightly less than the synmcronous speed,
the phase sequence of the emf generated is cheked by the phase sequence indicater.
4. switch on 3 phase 415volts ac supply and chek the phase sequence using phase sequence
indicater.ensure that the phase sequence of the supply coincides with that of the
armature output voltage.
5. once the phase sequence is ensured to be the same, the field circuit instant ,close TPST
switch .
6. now by varying the 3 phase variac in steps the values of minimum and maximum
voltages and currents are to be noted down for ech step.
7. evaluate the values of direct axis and quadrature axis reactance using respective formulae.
8. draw the vector diagram and calculate regulation of alternator for different values of
power factor and load current
V+ TEAM
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
3 Pt starter
0-5A MI
10
+
L A F
|| A

||
||
18 ,
270,
||
12
A
1.2 A
|| D
|| P
220V
|| S
DC
Supply || T
A
||
M
||
||
A
||
10
A
NAME PLATE
DETAILS:
10
A
A
U
0-75 V
MI
0-600V MI
Z
V
W
10
A
XX
ZZ
10
A
R
||
||
T ||
415V, 3-,
P || 50Hz,
S || AC Supply
T ||
Y
||
||
415V, 3-,
||
50Hz,
||
AC Supply
||
BB
||
||
||
||
N
415/ 0-470V,15A
3- Dimmerstat
V+ TEAM
FORMULAE:
Max armature terminal voltage per phase
Xd=---------------------------------------------------Minimum armature current per phase
Minimum armature terminal voltage per phase
Xq=-----------------------------------------------------Maximum armature current per phase
TABULAR COLUMN:
S.No
I(min)
amps
LAOD QUANTITY
I(max)
amps
V( min)
volts
.8 power factor
Leading
lagging
V(max)
volts
Unity
power
factor
Xd
(ohms)
Xq
(ohms)
0.6 power factor
0.4 power factor
leading
leading lagging
lagging
Full load
Half load
1/4th load
RESULT:
The values of quadrature axis and direct axis reactance have been found out. the
regulation of salient pole machine has been pre-determined for different values of load and
power factor.
Viva Questions:
1. What is meant by Quadrature and Direct axis reactance?
2. What is meant by two axis reactance theory
3. Whaty is the relation between Xd &Xq for non salient pole machine
4. Why this test is called as Slip test
5. What are the advantages of Slip Test?
6. Which type of power plants Salient pole Alternators are used.
V+ TEAM
SUMPNERS TEST (BACK TO BACK TEST)

AIM: To conduct sumpners test on two identical single phase transformers and to
determine the efficiency at differentloads.
NAME PLATE DETAILS OF TRANSFORMER
Rating=______KVA
Primary volts=_____V
Secondary volts=______V
APPARATUS
S.No.
Equipment
1
Wattmeter
2
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Variac
Resistive load
Type
Range
Quantity
THEORY:
The two primaries are connected in parallel to the supply across the rated voltage, and the
secondaries are connected in series opposition so that their resultant voltage is zero. Any
desired current can now be circulated in the windings by injecting a voltage into the
secondary circuit. It is also called sometimes s back to back test from the way the
connections are made. Current in the two secondaries is rated full load current of the
transformer. Thus heat run test can be conducted on the transformers without actually
loading them and hence steady state temperature rise in the transformer can be estimated.
The current drawn by the primaries is twice the no-load current of each transformer. The
wattmeter (W1) connected in the circuit of the primaries measures the total core loss of both
the transformers. Thus iron losses of each transformers = Wo/2. Similarly, wattmeter (W2)
connected in the secondary circuit measures the total full load copper losses of the two
transformers.
Hence full load copper losses of each transformer = Wcu/2.Where Wcu is the
wattmeter reading (W2) when full load current is flowing in the secondary circuit. A low
voltage hardly 5-8% of the rated value is applied across the secondaries for full load current
to flow.
V+ TEAM
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: SUMPNERS TEST

300V,10A,LPF
0-2A,MI
5A
M
A
||
||
||
C
|| 230/ 0-270V
|| Variac
230V,
|| D
1-,50Hz
AC Supply || P
|| S
|| T
0-300V,MI
V
||
||
N
||
5A
230V/0-270V5A
Ph
115 V
150V,10A,UPF
Ph
||
||
||
||
D
||
230V,
P
||
1-,50Hz
S
AC Supply
||
T
||
||
||
||
15
A
C
230/0-270V
Variac
3KVA
115/230V
spst
0-20A,MI
230 V
230 V
115V
0-600V,MI
0-75V,MI
230V/0-270V,28A
||
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
V+ TEAM
PROCEDURE:
1.
Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2.
Ensure that the switches S2 and S3 are open.
3.
Energize the primaries by closing the switch S1
4.
Observe the reading of voltmeter V2, which should be zero for correct connections
of the secondaries. In case the voltmeter reads twice the rated voltage of each transformer,
open the switch S1 and interchange the connections at the secondary terminals of one of the
transformers. Close the switch S1 and verify the reading in voltmeter V2 now reads zero.
5.
Adjust the setting of the variac to give zero output voltage.
6.
Replace the voltmeter V2 by low range voltmeter.
7.
Close the switch S3 and then S2
8.
Adjust the output voltage of the variac, so that the current flowing in the secondaries
is full load secondary current of each transformer.
9.
Record the readings of all the instruments connected in the primary and secondary
circuits. Only one set of readings is sufficient to calculate the efficiency at different loads.
10.
Switch off the supply to primary and secondary circuits.
TEST READINGS:
S.No
PRIMARY SIDE
V0 (V)
I1 (A)
W1 (W)
SECONDARY SIDE
V2 (V)
I2 (A)
W2 (W)
CALCULATIONS:
Iron loss of each transformer W0 = W1/2 =____ W
No-load current of each transformer I0 = I1/2 = ____ A.
Full load copper losses of each transformer Wsc = W2/2 = ______ W.
Injected voltage of each transformer Vsc = V2/2 = ______V.
Efficiency at full load and power factor = cos:
Output = KVA * cos
Total losses of each transformer under full load = W1/2 + W2/2 = W0 + Wsc
INPUT = OUTPUT + TOTAL LOSSES
Efficiency () = (output / input ) * 100 % =_______
Similarly efficiency at different loads can be calculated.
V+ TEAM
S.No
LOAD
Tabular Form:
Precautions:
1. Even if the voltmeter reads zero at the first instance, it is advisable to check the reading of
voltmeter by interchanging the connections at the secondary terminals of one of the
transformers
2. Ensure that the variac should be at zero position
3. LV range voltmeter must be connected in secondary side after checking the phase
opposition
Result:
Efficiency of the given two transformers are found using Sumpners test.
Viva Questions:
1. What is the other name for sumpners test?
2. What are the advantages of Sumpners test when compared with the other tests?
3. Define regulation of a transformer
4. What are the disadvantages of Sumpners Test?
5. Sumpeners test is a direct test or indirect test
V+ TEAM
REGULATION OF 3- ALTERNATOR USING ZPF METHOD

Aim: To determine the regulation of 3- alternator by zero power factor method.
Apparatus Required:
S.No.
1.
2.
APPARATUS
Synchronising Board
Ammeters
3.
4.
5.
6.
Voltmeter
Wattmeter
Tachometer
Rheostats
TYPE
MI
MC
MI
UPF
Digital
-
7.
Connecting Wires
RANGE
(0-10)A
(0-1.5)A
(0-666)V
(0-5/10)A, 250V
(0-9999) r.p.m.
1500, 1.2 A
250 , 1.2 A
-
QUANTITY
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
As per
requirement
Theory:
This method is based on the separation of armature leakage reactance drop and the
armature reaction reactance. Hence, it gives more accurate results. It is a graphical method to
find out the regulation of the given three phase alternator. The experimental data required is
No-load Curve and the ZPF curve, also called the wattles load characteristic curve. It is a
curve of terminal voltage against the excitation, when the armature is delivering full-load
current at zero power factor.
The construction of the graph to obtain regulation using the zpf method is as
follows:
1. Take a point b on the zpf curve as shown.
2. Draw bk equal to bo (o is the origin). Ob is the field current at rated armature current
under short-circuits conditions.
3. Through k, draw kc parallel to oc to meet OCC at c.
4. Drop a perpendicular from c to meet bk at a. The abc is called the Potier triangle.
5. The length ac gives the leakage reactance drop, IaXal and ab is the armature reaction mmf
at rated current, Xp.
For cylindrical rotor machine, Potier reactance Xp is approximately equal to leakage
reactance, Xal. In salient-pole machine, Xp may be larger than 3 times of Xal.
V+ TEAM
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: REGULATION OF ALTERNATOR USING ZPF METHOD
10 A
||
||
||
||
||
||
||
D
220V DC
||
P
Supply
||
S
||
T
||
||

300V,10A,UPF
18 ,12A
360
1.2A
F
A
145
2.8A
AA
FF
10 A
10 A
||
||
||
||
||
220V
||
DC
Supply ||
||
||
A
0-1A
||
||
T
||
0-300 V ,MI || P
S
||
V
T
||
||
V
||
||
XX
||
0-5A, MI
||
A
||
C
10 A
||
||
||
T ||
P ||
S ||
T ||
10 A ||
||
||
||
||
10 A
415V, 3-,
50Hz,
AC Supply
Y
415V, 3-,
50Hz,
AC Supply
D
P
S
T
V+ TEAM
Procedure:
1.
Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2.
Ensure the minimum resistance position in field of the motor(prime-mover), switchON the DC motor supply mains.
3.
Pull the starter handle to ON position and adjust the speed to its rated value.
4.
Ensure the maximum resistance position in 3- alternator field circuit and switchON the excitation of alternator and adjust its voltage to its rated value.
5.
Ensure that the synchronizing switch is in open position and switch-ON the 3-
mains supply and observe the following:
a)
All the 6 bulbs glow and become dark at the same time ( indicates that the
phase sequence of the alternator and the source are same)
b)
Adjust the voltage of the alternator equal to the supply voltage.
c)
Adjust the speed of the alternator such thatall the bulbs glow and become
dark slowly (indicates that the frequency of both the supplies are same).
d)
Observe the instant thet the bulbs filament has no glow , i.e. dark and close
the switch(synchronizing switch).
This is called the dark lamp synchronization of alternator with the supply source.
e)
Under floating condition, adjust the field of dc motor and 3- alternator
such that the wattmeter reads zero watts at rated current and note the corresponding field
current, armature current.
f)
Draw the Potier triangle, and hence, find the regulation of the alternator.
Tabular Column:
S.C Test
Ia
If
O.C.Test
Va
If
Z.P.F. Test:
Ia
If
Result:
The regulation of the 3- alternator has been pre-determined using ZPF method.
Viva Questions:
1.Define regulation of an alternator
2.Why emf method is called as pessimistic metrhod
3.What is the disadvantage of emf method
4.What is meant by synchronous impedance
5.Is synchronous impedance constant with respect to Excitation
6.What is the other name for mmf method
V+ TEAM
Equivalent circuit of 1- induction motor
AIM:
To determine the equivalent circuit parameters of a single phase induction motor from
no-load and blocked rotor test.
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
1-Phase induction motor
Power = _______ Watts
Voltage = ________ Volts
Current = ________Amps
Speed = _________ R.P.M
APPARATUS:
S.No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Equipment
Wattmeter
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Variac
Tachometer
Type
Range
Quantity
THEORY:
No-load and blocked rotor tests are performed on 1-phase induction motor to
determine its parameters of equivalent circuit. Equivalent circuit in figure is drawn on the
basis of double field revolving theory, in which the iron loss component has been neglected.
The motor consist of a stator winding, represented by its resistance R1 and leakage reactance
X1 and two imaginary rotors, generally called as forward and backward rotors. Each rotor
has been assigned to the actual rotor values in terms of stator. Exciting branch has been
shown with exciting reactance only with one-half of the total magnetizing reactance assigned
to each rotor. If the forward rotor operates at a slip S, then the backward rotor has a slip of
(2-S). The complete parameters of the equivalent circuit can be calculated from the following
steps.
1.
Measurement of A.C. resistance of stator main winding:
The D.C. resistance of main winding of stator i.e., Rdc is measured by V-I method at full
load current the effective value of resistance is taken 1.3 times Rdc.
2.
Magnetizing reactance Xm from no-load test:
At no-load cos 0 = W0 / (V0 * I0)
Now voltage across a and b is
Vab = (V0 I0) / (0 * (r1 + r2/4) + J * (x1 + x2/2))
Thus Xm = 2 * (Vab/ I0)
3.
PARAMETERS FROM BLOCKED ROTOR TEST
Ze = Vsc/Isc Re = Wsc/Isc
Xe = (Ze - Re) = X1 + X2
V+ TEAM
Moreover X1 can be taken equal to X2
i.e., X1 = X2 = Xe
Thus X2f = X 2b = X2
Similarly R2f = R2b = R2
FROM NO-LOAD TEST:
Under no-load, motor runs at rated voltage and frequency. S is extremely small under noload and then the equivalent circuit can be simplified as
1.
Term R2/ 2S concerning to forward rotating field becomes quite large and can be
treated as infinite.
2.
Term R2/ (2(2-S)) reduces equal to R2/4 which is much smaller than Xm/2 and as
such the exciting branch of backward rotating field may be considered to be open as shown
in the figure.
PROCEDURE:
FOR NO-LOAD TEST
1.
Connect the circuit diagram as shown in the figure.
2.
Ensure that the motor is unloaded and the variac is set at zero position.
3.
Switch ON the supply and increase the voltage gradually, till the rated voltage is
reached, thus the motor runs at rated speed under no-load.
4.
Record the readings of all the meters connected in the circuit.
5.
switch off the supply after reducing the voltage to zero
FOR BLOCKED ROTOR TEST
6.
Change the ranges of all the instruments, which are suited for the test in figure.
7.
Block the rotor either by tightening the belt or by hand.
8.
Switch ON the A.C. supply and increase the voltage gradually, so that the current
drawn by the motor under blocked rotor condition is equal to the full load current of the
motor.
9.
Record the readings of all the meters connected in the circuit.
10.
Switch off the supply fed to the motor.
11.
Measure the resistance per phase of the stator winding.
V+ TEAM
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
||
||
||
||
||
230V,
||
1-,50Hz
||
AC
Supply
||
||
||
||
||
D
P
S
T
10
A
230/0-270V
1- variac
Centrifugal
switch
300V,5A,,LPF
0-5A,MI
M1
S1
(0300V)MI
S2
M2
10
A
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: BLOCKED ROTOR TESTON A SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
10
|| A
||
||
||
D
|| 230/0-270V
230V,
P 1- variac
1-,50Hz ||
S
AC
||
Supply
T
||
||
||
||
||
10
A
Centrifugal
switch
75V,10A,,uPF
0-10A,MI
M1
S
1
(0-75V)MI
M2
S2
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
V+ TEAM
TEST READINGS
NO-Load test
S.No.
V0
I0
W0
Blocked rotor test

S.No.
Vsc
Isc
Wsc
Ra test
S.No.
Ra = V/I
CALCULATIONS:
1.
Zf = Rf + J Xf = J (Xm/2) [ (R2/2S) + J (X2/2)] / (R2/2S) + [ (X2/2) + (Xm/2)]

= _______ohms
Where Zf is the forward impedance.

2. Zb = Rb + J Xb = J (Xm/2) [ (R2/2(2-S)) + J (X2/2)] / (R2/2(2-S)) + [ J(X2/2) +
(Xm/2)]
= _________ohms
Where Zb is the backward impedance.
3. Zt = Zf + Zb + Z1 {where Z1 = R1 + JX1}= ________ ohms
4. Current drawn by the motor at above slip = I1 = V/Zt = _______ Amps
5. Cos = Rt / Zt
6. Voltage across the backward rotor = Ef = I1 * Zf = _______volts
7. Impedance of the rotor = Z3 = [(R2/2S) + (X2/2S) ] = ____ohms
I3 = Ef/Z3 = ______ Amps
T = I3 [R2/2S] in sync-watts
8. Voltage across backward rotor = Eb = I1 * Zb
Z5 = [(R2/2(2-S)) + (X2/2) ] = _____volts
I5 = Eb/ 2S = _______Amps
Tb = I2 [(R2/2(2-S))] = _____sync-watts.
9. Net torque (T) = Tf Tb sync-watts
Mechanical output = Pm = Tnet (1-S) sync-watt
P0 = Pm friction and windage losses = _______watts
= (P0/VI cos ) * 100
V+ TEAM
GRAPH:
Draw a graph of efficiency Vs output
RESULT:
Output
Efficiency of single phase induction motor is calculated using equivalent circuit

parameters of 1-phase induction motor.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
State the conditions, under which no-load test is performed?

Which theory is commonly used for the analysis of induction motor?
What is the slip of forward and backward rotors?
What is the phase displacement in space between the two windings?
How the phase splitting can be increased between the two windings?
How is the starting winding disconnected from the supply?
V+ TEAM
CIRCLE DIAGRAM OF 3- SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR
AIM:
To conduct the no-load and blocked rotor test on 3-phase squirrel cage
induction motor and to predetermine the performance using circle diagram.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No NAME OF THE APPARATUS
1.
3- squirrel cage induction
motor
2.
3.
4.
5.
3- auto transformer
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Wattmeter
6.
Wattmeter
RANGE
3.0HP, 1410RPM,
415V, 4.9amp
415/(0-470) volts
(0-5) Amps
(0-150/300/600) volts
(0-150) V,
10amps,UPF
(0-600) V, 10amp,LPF
TYPE
Cage
QUANTITY
1 No.
MI
MI
MI
1 No.
1 No.
1 No.
2 No.
MI
2 No.
THEORY:
The locus of the tip of the stator current phasor of an induction motor lies on
a semicircle and moves on it as the load on the motor increased from the no-load to fullload value. This locus is known as circle diagram of the induction motor. The complete set
of performance characteristics can be predetermined from the diagram.
Using no-load test and blocked rotor test, the circle diagram for 3-
squirrel cage induction motor can be plotted.
NO-LOAD TEST: this test is performed to determine no-load current Io,
no-load power factor coso , windage losses and friction losses Pwf, no-load core
(1)
losses Pi, no-load power input Po ,no-load resistance Ro and reactance Xo. More
over it also reveals any mechanical fault, noise, etc.
The no-load test is performed with different values of applied voltage
below and above the rated voltage, while the motor is running under no-load.
The power input for all these three-phase Po, voltage Vo and current Io and
measured by wattmeter voltmeter and ammeter. Since motor is running with out load,
the power factor would be less than 0.5,hence total power input is equal to the
difference of the two readings of the wattmeter. at no-load .power input is equal to
V+ TEAM
core losses, stator copper losses and windage, friction losses. core losses occur only in
the stator as the slip is extremely small and so the frequency of the rotor current is
low as .05Hz.the magnitude of no-load current in an induction motor is about 30-40
percent of full load current because of the air gap. so the stator copper losses at noload needs to be accounted for this can be estimated by determining stator resistance
The mechanical power developed corresponding to windage and friction

losses only and the rotor circuit can, therefore be considered to be open. This is also evident
from the magnitude of rotor circuit resistance. The resistance becomes very high because the
slip at no-load is extremely small and soothe rotor circuit is practically open at no-load.
If windage and friction losses so determined, the stator copper losses are
subtracted from power input at no-load, core losses can be determined. Knowing the total
core losses, no-load current ,applied voltage ,the value of magnetizing component of no-load
current, no-load resistance and reactance can be determined.
(2)BLOKED ROTOR TEST: this test is performed to determine, the short circuit current
with normal applied voltage to stator, power factor on short circuit, total equivalent
resistance and reactance of the motor as referred to stator. in this circuit the rotor is held
firmly and stator is connected across supply of variable voltage. This test is just equivalent to
short circuit test on transformer,. The connection diagram remains the same as in the case if
no-load test.
V+ TEAM
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: NO LOAD TEST ON 3- INDUCTION MOTOR
600V,10A,LP
R
415V, 3-,
50Hz,
AC Supply
Y
415V, 3-,
50Hz,
AC Supply
0-10A MI
10
|| A
||
|| T
|| P
|| S
|| T 10
|| A
||
||
||
10
||
A
R
STATOR
0-600V MI -- NL
0-150V MI -BR
ROTO
R B
Y
V
C
L
600V,10A,LPF-NL
N
415 V/0-470 V,3-
AUTO
TRANSFORMER
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: BLOCKED ROTOR TEST ON 3- INDUCTION MOTOR
600V,10A,LP
10
|| A
R
||
|| T
415V, 3-, 50Hz,
|| P
AC Supply
|| S
10
|| T
|| A
Y
||
415V, 3-, 50Hz, ||
AC Supply
||
10
||
A
0-10A MI
R
STATOR
0-600V MI -- NL
0-150V MI -BR
ROTOR
B
V
C
L
600V,10A,LPF--NL
N
415 V/0-470 V,3-
AUTO TRANSFORMER
V+ TEAM
PROCEDURE:
(A): NO-LOAD TEST:
(1): connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
(2): left the secondary of the transformer opened and using autotransformer apply
rated voltage at the primary of the transformer.
(3): induction motor is made to rotate freely and then note the values of voltmeter,
ammeter and wattmeter.
(4): make input zero by reducing the voltage using variac and switch off the main
supply.
(B): BLOKED ROTOR TEST:
(1): connections are made as per the circuit shown in the figure 2.
(2): by tightening the handles of the load, Blok the rotor of the induction motor
tightly. And then apply rated current by varying variac voltage.
(3): note the values of ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter.
(4): adjust the autotransformer to its minimum position and switch off the main
supply.
(5): calculate the resistance of the stator by ammeter-voltmeter method.
motor.
(6) Calculate the values required and plot the circle diagram for a given induction
(7): construction of circle diagram should be explained clearly, by explaining all the
parameters.
TABULAR COLOUMN:
1.
NO-LOAD TEST:
No-load voltage
No-load current
Wattmeter 1
Wattmeter 2
Total power
2.BLOKED ROTOR TEST:

Bloked voltage
Blocked current
Wattmeter Wattmeter Total power

1
2
V+ TEAM
PRECAUTIONS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The autotransformer should be kept at its minimum position when not required.
In blocked rotor test only rated current is applied and not rated voltage.
When blocked rotor test is performed values should be taken quickly.
In no-load test the rotor should be made to move freely.
In no-load LPF wattmeter and at blocked rotor UPF wattmeter should be used.
Accurate values should be noted with out any errors.
RESULT:
Circle diagram of a squirrel cage induction motor is plotted and its construction is
explained.
Viva Questions
1. What is the torque line in the Circle Diagram?
2. In comparison with transformer Induction motor is having high efficiency or low
efficiency
3. What are the advantages of circle diagram?
4. What is the assumption made for drawing a circle diagram?
5. Is SC and OC test is Possible for both type of Induction motors
6. What are the different starting methods of a 3 phase induction motor?
7. What is the value of slip for an induction generator?
V+ TEAM
V AND INVERTED V CURVES OF A SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
Aim: To determine the variation of armature current and power factor of a synchronous
motor with excitation.
Apparatus:
S.No
NAME OF THE
APPARATUS
TYPE
RANGE
QUANTITY
1.
Ammeter
MC
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7
8
Voltmeter
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Wattmeter
Tachometer
Load
Synchronizing Board
MC
MI
MI
Dynamometer
Digital
Resistive
-----------
0-15A
0-2A
0-300V
0-5A
0-600V
300V/5A/UPF
0-9999rpm
3KW
---------
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Theory
If the load remains constant the load angle remains unchanged and with changes of
field current the back emf developed in the armature changes. If the field excitation is
increased, back emf increases and if the field current is decreases the armature induced
emf decreases. Let it be assumed that the field excitation is gradually increased keeping
the load on the motor unchanged.
Let
V= Rated voltage/phase
Eb=Back emf/phase
= load or torque angle
Ia= Armature current
= power factor angle
Active component of current = Ia cos
Power input/ phase = V Ia cos
As long as the load on the motor remainbs unchanged not only the power angle
remains fixed in magnitude, but the power input to the motor is constant.
VIa cos = contant
But Vis also constant, Therefore for fixed load we have
Ia cos = constant.
That is the active component of the armature is of constant magnitude.
Let the field current increase, this increases the back emf from phasor diagram it can be
seen that the resultant voltage phasor Er moves to the left lagging behind it by the fixed
angle is the armature current phasor Ia..
V+ TEAM
Since the active component ofg the current is fixed in magn9itude, we have Ia cos
1 = Ia cos =OP. But it can be seen that as Er moves leftwards, andgle progressively
decreases. Hence cos increases and Ia decreases.
For a certain excitation it so happens that cos becomes zero so that Ia is in phase with
The P.F is unity is termed as normal excitation.
When a synchronous motor is under excited it is evident that the motor draws lagging
current and in over excited draws leading current.
V curves of the motor can be drawn at different loads as also on no-load. The
field excitation which causes minimum armature current of different loads is not same.
As the field excitation is gradually increased the motor PF which is lagging increases and
at normal excitation it becomes equal to unity. For further increase of field excitation the
PF which is now leading progressively decreases.
The graphical plot of power factor Vs field current is an curve
Procedure
1. Make the connections as per the ckt diagram
2. Ensuring the minimum resistance in the field circuit of DC motor supply is switched
on for the DC motor.
3. Using 3 pointer starter the motor is started and brought to rated speed.
4. The alternator is brought to rated voltage
5. Keeping the synchronizing switch open 3 supply to the alternator is ON, and the
following observations are made on synchronizing board
i) All the six bulbs are glowing and becoming dark at a time
6. The voltage of alternator is adjusted to supply voltage
7. The speed of alternator is adjusted such that bulbs glow and become dark slowly.
8. At the instant when tyh bulb has no glow (dark) switch is closed.
9. The supply is supplied to alternator and DC motor, this condition is called floating
condition which machine driving the other is not known.
10. DC motor supply is switched off so that it can act as generator and alternator will acts
as synchronous motor.
11. The excitation of synchronous motor is at UPF. If the excitation is increased then it
acts as leading PF else acts as lagging PF
12. With out load on DC generator If values for both lag and lead PF is verified and noted
the Ia, V and PF
13. Generator is loaded and above step is repeated.
14. A graph is plotted between If Vs Ia and PF Vs If
V+ TEAM
Result
V & Curves are plotted for Synchronous Machine
Viva Questions:
1. What is the principle operation of a Synchronous Motor?
2. What is the application of Synchronous Motor?
3. What is advantage of plotting the V & Curves
4. What is Load Angle?
5. The active component of armature current is having const magnitude or varies
6.what happens to the pf if the field current is gradually increased
V+ TEAM
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
S.No
Name of the Experiment
1.
OC & SC Test on single phase Transformer
2.
Brake Test on Three phase Slip ring Induction motor
3.
Circle diagram of a Squirrel cage Induction motor
4.
Regulation of Three phase Alternator by MMF & EMF method
5.
Parallel operation of two single phase Transformers
6.
Scott connection
7.
Sumpners Test
8.
Regulation of Alternator using ZPF method
9.
V & inverted V curves of a Synchronous motor
10. Slip Test

11.
Equivalent circuit of single phase Induction motor
V+ TEAM
V+ TEAM
20 A
L A F
300V,10A,UPF
270
1..2A
F
145
2.8A
loa
d
||
||
18
||
,1
spst
||
2A
||
||
D
||
+ 0-20A
220V DC
P
||
Supply
A A
S
||
T
||
||
M
+
||
v
|| 0-300V
AA
||
W
FF
20 A
A
0-1A
||
||
T
||
P
0-300 V ,MI
||
S
||
V
T
||
||
V
||
||
XX
||
0-5A, MI
||
A
||
C
5A
||
||
||
||
||
220V
||
DC
Supply ||
||
||
D
P
S
T
V+ TEAM
10 A
||
||
||
T ||
P ||
S ||
T ||
10 A ||
||
||
||
||
10 A
415V, 3-,
50Hz,
AC Supply
Y
415V, 3-,
50Hz,
AC Supply
V+ TEAM

EM-II Lab Manual

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

EM-II Lab Manual

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.

O.C AND S.C TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

1-PH, 230V, 50Hz,

1- Ph, 230V / 115V,

1-ph, 230V / 0-270V, 15A

Connections are given as per circuit diagram

Short Circuit Test:

1-PH, 230V, 50Hz,

1- Ph, 230V / 115V,

1-Ph Auto Transformer

Connection are given as per the circuit diagram

b) Short Circuit Test Observations:

c) Tabular Column to find Efficiency:

d) To find Regulation: % Voltage Re gulation

At rated full load current and rated load voltage)

What is regulation of a transformer?

BRAKE TEST ON 3-PHASE SLIP RING INDUCTION MOTOR

415/ 0-470V, 10A

ROTOR RESISTANCE STARTER

Radius of the Brake drum r = .. Mtrs

= (S1- S2) r.g N.mtr

= (Output / Input) X 100.

% Efficiency Vs Output Power

2. Speed Vs Output Power in

Performance characteristics of the 3- Induction Motor is obtained by

What is the working principle of 3 phase induction motor?

Name Plate Details:

D.C Shunt Motor

1. Rated Line Voltage

2. Full Load Line Current

0 - 290 ohms / 2.8A

0 - 290 ohms / 2.8A

(ii)Short Circuit Test:

III). Determination of Armature Circuit Resistance (Ra / Ph):

Field current If Vs Generated EMF / Ph

Field current If Vs Short circuit Current Isc

Short circuit Current I

PARALLEL OPERATION OF TWO SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMERS

1- Ph, 230V / 115V,

1-PH, 230V, 50Hz,

1- Ph, 230V / 115V,

75V, 15A, UPF

1-PH, 230V, 50Hz,

B.] Parallel operation:

B.] Parallel Operation:

what should be the rating of two transformers for parallel operation

Connect the circuit as shown in the fig.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:SCOTT CONNECTION

For balanced two-phase supply

Under loaded conditions

0.6 power factor

0.4 power factor

SUMPNERS TEST (BACK TO BACK TEST)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: SUMPNERS TEST

REGULATION OF 3- ALTERNATOR USING ZPF METHOD

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: REGULATION OF ALTERNATOR USING ZPF METHOD

Equivalent circuit of 1- induction motor

Measurement of A.C. resistance of stator main winding:

PARAMETERS FROM BLOCKED ROTOR TEST

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: BLOCKED ROTOR TESTON A SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Blocked rotor test

Zf = Rf + J Xf = J (Xm/2) [ (R2/2S) + J (X2/2)] / (R2/2S) + [ (X2/2) + (Xm/2)]