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Introduction
many civil structures of great importance are at risk of fire
the development of fire and the consequent rise of
temperature brings in two harmful effects:
I
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Introduction
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Some examples
Introduction
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Some examples
Introduction
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
General
Basis of design
Material properties
Design procedures
Tabulated data
High strength concrete (HSC)
Annexes
Introduction
5 / 55
General requirements
Basis of design
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Basis of design
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where
Xk, is the characteristic value of the property
M,fi is the same coefficient used for the mechanical
properties
The EN 1992-1-2 standard
Basis of design
8 / 55
Safety verification
The verification of the safety in terms of bearing capacity, at any
given fire duration t, can be written as follows:
Ed,fi Rd,t,fi
where
Ed,fi is the design effect of actions for the fire situation,
determined in accordance with EN 1991-1-2, including
effects of thermal expansions and deformations
Rd,t,fi is the corresponding design resistance in the fire
situation
Basis of design
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Design actions
Actions acting on the structure in fire condition can be
determined as follows:
summing the permanent loads Gk and the variable loads
Qk,i amplified with the combination coefficients 1,1 and 1,2
reducing the combination at ambient temperature using
coefficient fi :
Ed,fi = fi Ed
where fi =
Gk + fi Qk,1
G Gk + Q,1 Qk,1
Basis of design
10 / 55
Design actions
civil
buildings
0.8
railroad
bridges*
0.7
1,1 = 0.9
0.6
0.7
fi 0.5
0.5
0.4
0.2
0.3
storage
building*
0.2
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Qk,1 / Gk
Basis of design
11 / 55
Concrete
The behaviour of concrete in compression is represented by
means of a temperature-dependent stress-strain diagram, which
depends on
peak stress fc,
deformation at the peak stress c1,
deformation at ultimate cu,
The variation of these characteristics depends only upon the
type of aggregate in the concrete (siliceous or calcareous); no
provisions are given for light-weight concrete.
Mechanical properties
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Concrete
Sargin
P-R
Fire Design
c / fc
1.0
10
15
20
c []
Mechanical properties
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Concrete
1.2
calcareous aggregate
1.0
fc, / fck
0.8
0.6
0.4
siliceous aggregate
0.2
0.0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
temperature [C]
Mechanical properties
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Concrete
1.2
1.0
EN 1992-1-2
fc / fc20
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
temperature [C]
Mechanical properties
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Concrete
50
c1, , cu, []
40
cu,
30
c1,
20
10
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
temperature [C]
Mechanical properties
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Concrete
c / fc
T = 20 C
1.0
T = 200 C
0.8
T = 400 C
0.6
T = 600 C
0.4
0.2
T = 800 C
T = 1000 C
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
c []
Mechanical properties
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Concrete
The tensile strength, where applicable (e.g. shear strength of
UNREINFORCED members), can be reduced by means of a
linear decay law:
fck ,t () = kck,t () fck ,t
where
kck ,t () = 1.0
for
20C 100C
100
kck ,t () = 1.0
500
for
100C 600C
Mechanical properties
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Concrete
1.2
fctk, / fctk
1.0
0.8
kck,t()
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
temperature [C]
Mechanical properties
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Reinforcing steel
The behaviour of reinforcing steel can be determined on the
basis of three parameters:
elastic modulus Es,
proportional limit fsp,
maximum stress level fsy,
The decay of the parameters is different depending on
the ductility class (X or N)
the production process (hot rolled or cold worked)
Mechanical properties
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Reinforcing steel
1.2
class N
class X
1.0
hot rolled
fsy, / fyk
0.8
0.6
0.4
cold worked
0.2
0.0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
temperature [C]
Mechanical properties
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Prestressing steel
The behaviour of prestressing steel can be determined on the
basis of five parameters:
elastic modulus Ep,
proportional limit fpp,
peak stress fpy,
deformation at peak stress pt, and at ultimate pu,
The decay of the parameters is different depending on the
production process.
Mechanical properties
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Prestressing steel
1.2
fpy, / (0.9fpk)
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
cold worked
(wires and strands)
0.2
0.0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
temperature [C]
Mechanical properties
23 / 55
Calculation methods
Different calculation methods are allowed by the standard. They
are characterized by an increasing computational effort and thus
by an increasing degree of accuracy:
tabulated data
simplified calculation methods for specific structural
elements
advanced calculation methods, to simulate the behaviour of
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structural elements
parts of the structure
the entire structure
Calculation methods
24 / 55
Tabulated data
The tabulated data have been developed on an empirical basis
confirmed by experience and theoretical evaluation of tests. The
main assumptions are:
standard fire of limited duration (t 240)
concrete density between 2000 and 2600 kg/m3
siliceous aggregate
The tables can be used also for other types of concrete
(calcareous or light-weight); using tabulated data also allows a
proper control of spalling.
Tabulated data
25 / 55
h = 3.00 m
30 x 30 cm
4 bars 16 mm
net cover 30 mm
pinned
Tabulated data
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fck
fsk
= 19 MPa fsd =
= 435 MPa
c
s
Tabulated data
27 / 55
Method A
the axial force in fire conditions is evaluated:
NSd,fi = fi NSd = 0.7 560 = 393 kN
the ratio fi between NSd,fi and NRd is evaluated:
fi = NSd,fi /NRd = 0.22
the minimum dimensions of the structural element are taken
from the tables, or, in our case, the R-class:
fi 0.20, bmin = 300 mm, a = 38 mm
Tabulated data
R 90
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Method A
Tabulated data
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Method B
the load level n in fire condition is evaluated:
n=
NEd,fi
= 0.31
0.7 (fcd Ac + fsd As )
As fsd
= 0.24
Ac fcd
Tabulated data
R 90
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Method B
Standard fi re
resistance
1
Mec hanic al
reinforce ment
ratio
2
3
n = 0 ,3
n = 0,5
5
n = 0,7
6
R 30
0,100
0,500
1,000
150/2 5*
150/2 5*
150/2 5*
150/2 5*
150/2 5*
150/2 5*
R 60
0,100
0,500
1,000
500/2 5*
300/4 0:5 00/25*
250/3 5:3 50/25* 350/4 0:5 50/25*
200/4 0:4 00/25* 300/5 0:6 00/30
R9 0
0,100
0,500
1,000
R 1 20
0,100
0,500
1,000
R 1 80
0,100
0,500
1,000
(1)
600/7 5
(1)
600/7 5
600/7 0
600/6 0
(1)
(1)
(1)
Tabulated data
31 / 55
Other elements
Tabulated data are available for other elements:
load-bearing walls
flat and ribbed slabs (continuous or simply-supported)
beams (continuous or simply-supported)
non load-bearing walls
For the first two elements, which are bidimensional, the tables
specify the REI-class; for beams only the parameter R is
specified, whereas for non load-bearing walls the EI-class is
given.
Tabulated data
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effective section
500C
T
T = T(x=0, y, t)
fc
fc = fc (20C)
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fsy, / fyk
0.8
s,fi > 2%
s,fi < 2%
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
temperature [C]
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Worked-out example
beam in pure bending (no axial force and shear)
three sides exposed to the fire
fcd = fck = 25 MPa, fyd = fyk = 500 MPa
300
450
400
16 mm bars
30
The EN 1992-1-2 standard
240
30
37 / 55
C
x
d2 = d3
d1
MRd
As1
s1
s2
T1
T2
As3
As2
38 / 55
e T =
3
X
fyki Asi
3
X
1
The EN 1992-1-2 standard
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40 / 55
e T =
3
X
fyki Asi
3
X
1
The EN 1992-1-2 standard
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e T =
3
X
fyki Asi
3
X
1
The EN 1992-1-2 standard
43 / 55
Worked-out example
The geometry is modified, by reducing the concrete cover:
300
450
400
100
16 mm bars
75
150
75
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Comparisons
1.2
100%
MRd,t / MRd,0
1.0
80%
87%
0.8
0.6
42%
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
time [min]
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1.2
MRd,t / MRd,0
fym,t / fym,0
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
time [min]
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rectangular beam
T-beam
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temperature [C]
1000
1.2
kc(60)
800
kc(120)
600
1.0
0.8
0.6
400
0.4
T(120)
200
T(60)
0
0.2
0.0
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
cm
The EN 1992-1-2 standard
51 / 55
kcm
(1 0.2/n) X
=
kc (i )
n
i=1
52 / 55
Reduced section
The reduced width, as a function of time, can be plotted:
35
30
25
zone method
20
15
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
time [min]
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