Angle Modulations

OpenCourseWare
Digital Communications
Telecommunications Engineering
Chapter 3
Angle modulations
Marcelino Lazaro
Departamento de Teora de la Senal y Comunicaciones
Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
Creative Commons License

1 / 51
Index of contents
Phase modulations (linear)
I
I
I
I
Phase shift keying (PSK) modulations

Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation
Offset quadrature phase shift keying (OQPSK) modulation
Differential PSK modulations
Non-linear modulations
I
I
I
Frequency shift keying (FSK) modulation

Minimum shift keying (MSK) modulation
Continuous phase modulation (CPM)
c Marcelino Lazaro, 2013
Nonlinear modulations 2 / 51
Phase modulations
Phase shift keying (PSK) modulation

I
I
Linear modulation
Constellations: Constant modulus - Information in the phase
p
A[n] = Es ej [n]
(
X
p
x(t) = 2Es Re
g(t nT) ej(!c t+
=
2Es
[n])
g(t
nT) cos(!c t + [n])
Constant envelope modulation can be achieved by using

1
g(t) = p wT (t),
T
wT (t) =
1,
0,
0t<T
other case
Drawback: high bandwith (phase shifts at t = nT)
2 !T
Ss (j!) = Es sinc
2
QPSK Modulation - PSK for M = 4 - Constellation

Im{A[n]}
s
315o
s
225o
45o
s
Re{A[n]}
135o
[n] = 45o : A[n] = +1 + j

[n] = 135o : A[n] = +1 j
[n] = 225o : A[n] = 1 j
[n] = 315o : A[n] = 1 + j
Phase shifts in a QPSK modulation

PSK signal
p
p
x(t) = 2 sI (t) cos(!c t)
2 sQ (t) sin(!c t)
X
p
= 2Es
g(t nT) cos(!c t + [n])
n
with
sI (t) =
X
n
sQ (t) =
X
n
Re{A[n]} g(t
nT)
Im{A[n]} g(t
nT)
Phase shifts
I
I
90o : a change in sI (t) or in sQ (t)

180o : simultaneous change in both sI (t) and sQ (t)
Waveforms for QPSK modulation

......................................
.......................................
...
...
...
...
..
..
.
...
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
..
.....................................
...........................................................................
sI (t)
1 .....................................
0
sQ (t)
-1
0
1
1 ......................................
0
-1
0
2.
t/T
...........................................................................
...
...
...
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...........................................................................
....................................
t/T
x(t)
...
... ...
...
...
...
... ...
...
...
... ...
... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... ..... .... .... .... .... . .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .
... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... .. ... ... ... ... ..... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ...
.
.
. . . . . . . .
0 .... ... ..... ... ....... .... ... .... ... .... .... .... ........ .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....... .... .... .... ....
... ... .. ... .... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. ... ..
... .. ... ..
... .. ... .. . .... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... ... .... ... .... ...
.
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...
...
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-2
0
t/T
Offset QPSK modulation (OQPSK)

Goal: to avoid 180o phase shifts
I
Avoidance of simultaneous transitions of sI (t) and sQ (t)
OQPSK signal
I
I
I
Quadrature component is delayed T/2 seconds

Phase shifts are limited to 90o
Phase shifts happen often (can occur each T/2 seconds)
x(t) =
2 sI (t) cos(!c t)
2 sQ (t) sin(!c t)
X
sI (t) =
Re{A[n]} g(t nT)
sQ (t) =
X
n
Im{A[n]} g(t
nT
T/2)
Waveforms for QPSK modulation

......................................
.......................................
...
...
...
...
..
..
.
...
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
..
.....................................
...........................................................................
sI (t)
1 .....................................
0
sQ (t)
-1
0
1
1 ......................................
0
-1
0
2.
t/T
...........................................................................
...
...
...
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...........................................................................
....................................
t/T
x(t)
...
... ...
...
...
...
... ...
...
...
... ...
... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... ..... .... .... .... .... . .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .
... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... .. ... ... ... ... ..... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ...
.
.
. . . . . . . .
0 .... ... ..... ... ....... .... ... .... ... .... .... .... ........ .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....... .... .... .... ....
... ... .. ... .... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. ... ..
... .. ... ..
... .. ... .. . .... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... ... .... ... .... ...
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...
...
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-2
0
t/T
Waveforms for OQPSK - Delay of sQ (t)

.......................................
......................................
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
.
....................................
.........................................................................
sI (t)
1 ......................................
0
sQ (t)
-1
0
1
1 ........................................................
0
-1
0
2.
t/T
...........................................................................
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
...
...
...
...
...
....................
......................................................................
t/T
x(t)
.
.
.
..
.. .. .. ..
.. .
..
..
........ ......... ......... .. .... ........ .
... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... . .... .....
.
... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... .... ... .... ... .... ....... ... .... ...
.
0 .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ............ .... .... .... .... .... .... ........ .... .... .... ....
... ..
... .. ... .. .. .. ..... ... .. ... .. ... .. .... ... .. ... .. ... .. .. ... ..
... ...
... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... . ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
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..
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-2
0
t/T
Modulation waveforms - QPSK vs OQPSK
..
.. .. . .. ..
..
...
...
... .. .. ..
... ...
......... ......... .................. ......... ......... .........
............... ........ ........ ........ ......... .................
... .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ...
... .. .. .... ...
... ... ... ... .. ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . .... ....... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... ..... ..... .... .... ..... .
... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ......... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ......... ... ... ... ... ...
0 ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ......... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... .. ... .. ..... .. ... ... .. .. .. ... .. ... ....... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... .. ..... ... ... .. .. ... ..
... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... .... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ...... ... ... ...
... ... .. ... ..
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... .. ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ...
............ ......
..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .......... ..... .....
.
.
-2
............... QPSK
............... OQPSK
5
0
3
6
1
2
4
t/T
x(t)
Spectrum of OQPSK modulation

Definitions
xI (t) =
2 sI (t) cos(!c t), xQ (t) =
2 sQ (t) sin(!c t)
Spectrum for each component (sk , k 2 {I, Q})

Sxk (j!) =
SsI (j!) =
1
Ss (j!
2 k
j!c ) + Ssk ( j!
j!c )
E{Re{A[n]}}
E{Im{A[n]}}
|G(j!)|2 , SsQ (j!) =
|G(j!)|2
T
T
Spectrum of OQPSK modulation

Es h
Sx (j!) =
|G(j!
2T
j!c )| + |G( j!
j!c )|
Receivers for PSK modulations

y(t)
v(t)
- @n 6
e j!c t
q R
2 (n+1)T
T
nT
dt
q[n]
A[n]
-
Detector
cos(!c t)
y(t)
?
- @n - @n 6
sin(!c t)
q R
2 (n+1)T
dt
q R
2 (n+1)T
dt
nT
nT
Re{q[n]}
q[n]
- Detector
Im{q[n]}
-
A[n]
-
Receiver for OQPSK

The T/2 delay in the quadrature component is taken into
account (delay in the correlator)
cos(!c t)
y(t)
?
- @n -
q R
2 (n+1)T
T
- @n 6
sin(!c t)
nT
dt
q R
2 (n+1)T+T/2
T
nT+T/2
Re{q[n]}
q[n]
dt
- Detector
Im{q[n]}
-
Effect of non-coherent receiver in PSK modulations

In a non-coherent receiver, phase of carriers used at
receiver to demodulate is different from phase of carriers
used at the transmitter to modulate
I
Difference of radians
The effect of this phase difference is that received

constellation is rotated radians
a...1............................................................. a
.....s 0
..
..
....s
....
....
...
..
...
..
...
...
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.
...
...
...
.
..
...
...
....
.
.
.
.....
.....
.......
.......
.........
...........................................
a2
I
I
Rs
a3
a...1.............s................................................... a
.....c 0
...
......
....
....c
...
...
.... .........
..... ....
...s
.. .
..... ..
..
...
..... ..
..
.
..... ..
..
.......
..
...
R ........
..
.
s
...
.
...
..
..
...
.. .
...
.
....
...
......
......
........
.......
.
.
.
............
.
.
.
.
.
...........................
a2
c
s a3
This effect can seriously affect performance

However, non-coherent receivers have a lower cost
F
Differential PSK modulation allows the use of non-coherent

receivers
A[n]
-
Differential phase modulations

They do not require a coherent demodulation
PSK with differential phase enconding
1] +
[n] = [n
Bb [`]
-
- m
A[n]
[n] - p
- g(t)
Es ej()
[n]
Encoder
[n]
x(t)
..
- .........h
..
6
s(t)
2 ej!c t
Encoder for M-ary modulation
2
2(M 1)
[n] 2 0,
, ,
M
M
Bit assignment is performed through
[n]
0
2
Example: 4-PSK
Bits
00
10
[n]
11
3
2
01
(Gray encoding)
Initialization: selection of an arbitrary (known) value for [ 1]

I
No error propagation because of initialization

Differential PSK demodulators

y(t) v(t) p
-@
2f (t)
@
6
e j!c t
q[n] q0 [n]
-@
@
6
e j
q(t)
q[n]
?
t = nT
A[n]
- Phase
PSK
Det.
-z
[n]
Coherent Receiver
q[n]
-z
- ()
- @ - Phase
@
6
q [n 1]
- Detector
[n]
Non-coherent Receiver
Non-coherent DPSK demodulator

Observation
q [n
Multiplier
q[n] q [n
Detector
p
q[n] = Es ej( [n]+) + z[n]
p
1] = Es e j( [n 1]+) + z [n
j( [n]
1] =Es e
p
+ Es e
[n 1])
p
+ Es ej(
j( [n 1]+)
[n]+)
z [n
z[n] + z[n] z [n
[n] = \{q[n] q [n
1]
1]
1]
1]}
Probability of error for DPSK

Probability of error using coherent receivers
Pe 2 PPSK
e
affects two increments
An erroneous decided symbol A[n]
[n] and
[n + 1]
Probability of error with non-coherent receivers

I
Statistic used for detection

q[n] q [n 1] p
p
= Es ej(
Es
+ ej(
+e
[n]+)
[n 1])
z [n
j( [n 1]+)
1]
z[n] z [n
p
z[n] +
Es
1]
Three terms of noise

F
F
[n]
Last one can be negligible for high Es / z2

The other two terms: independent, circularly symmetric
Signal to noise ratio: 3 dB loss (double noise power)

F
F
Signal: Es
Noise: 2 z2
Frequency shift keying (FSK) modulation

Information: discrete frequency changes in the frequency of a carrier
Definition: M pulses (to map M symbols)
gi (t) = sin(!i t) wT (t),
i = 0, 1, , M
Encoder: defines index of transmitted pulse at discrete time n

A[n] 2 {i = 0, 1, , M
1}
FSK signal in the time domain

X
x(t) = K
gA[n] (t
nT)
Continuous phase FSK (CPFSK)

I
Phase continuity: pulses with an integer number of periods in T seconds

Frequencies: !i =
2
Ni ,
T
Ni 2 Z,
i = 0, , M
Minimum bandwidth: consecutive Ni (spectrum of gi (t) is centered at !i )

CPFSK waveforms - Example for M = 4

CPFSK pulses for M = 4 (just one example)
g0 (t) - !0 = 2
T
6 ...
... ....
T
.. .. .......
.... ...-t
.........
g1 (t) - !1 = 4
T
6.
.....
......
... .... .... .... .T... .. ... ..
.....
..... t
Waveform for data sequence

x(t)
6
............
.
.
...
..b
..
0
g2 (t) - !2 = 6
T
g3 (t) - !3 = 8
T
6
.
6
.
.... .... .....

... ..... ..... .... .... .... T.... ... .... .. ... .. t
.. ... ....
n
A[n]
0
0
1
3
2
1
.... .... .... ....

... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... T.... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. t
... ... ... ...
3
2
4
1
5
3
.. .. .. .. ....
.. .. .. ..
... .. .. ....
....
....
...b...... ......... ......... ......... .b... .... ..... .... ...b.. .... .... ..... ..... ..... .b... .... ..... .... ....b...... ......... ......... ......... -b
.... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ... .... ... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... ... .... ... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....
......... .. .. .. ..
....
.... ... ... ...
....
.... .. .. .. ..
T
2T
3T
4T
5T
6T
Orthogonality of CPFSK
Inner product of two pulses
hgi (t), g` (t)i =
1
=
2
=
sin(!i t) sin(!` t) dt
T
0
cos((!i !` ) t) dt
| {z }
(Ni N` ) 2
T
T
[i
2
1
2
T
0
`]
cos((!i + !` ) t) dt
| {z }
(Ni +N` ) 2
T
Pulses of CPFSK are orthogonal

Definition of an orthonormal base of dimension M
r
2
sin(!i t) wT (t), i = 0, 1, , M
i (t) =
T
CPFKS signal as an expansion in the orthonormal base

X
p
x(t) = Es
nT)
A[n] (t
n
FSK spectrum
Mean of the signal is periodic
Discrete spectrum (spectrum of the periodic mean)
2
M
X1
X
2Es 1
SXd (j!) =
Gi (j!)
!
T (MT)2
i=0
2k
T
Continuous spectrum (spectrum of the signal without the mean)

8
9
2
M
1
M
1
<
=
X
2Es 1
1 X
2
SXc (j!) =
|Gi (j!)|
Gi (j!)
;
T MT :
M
i=0
i=0
FSK - Power spectral density
SX (j!) = SXc (j!) + SXd (j!)

Receivers for FSK modulation

Coherent receiver with matched filters or correlators
r
Es
Pe = Q
N0
Efect of phase error - Example: n = 0, A[n] = i, phase error
r
2Es
y(t) =
sin(!i t + ) wT (t)
T
q` [0] =
T
0
y(t)
Z
` (t)
dt =
Es
[cos((!i
T 0
p
= Es cos() [i
=
T
0
2Es
sin(!i t + )
T
2
sin(!` t) dt
T
cos(!i + !` )t + )] dt
!` )t + )
`]
Atenuation term: cos()

Coherent receiver for binary FSK

-
q0 [n]
0 ( t)
y(t)
-
1(
q1 [n]
t)
Maximum
B[n]
?
t = nT
Coherent Receiver
- h0 (t)
y(t)
- h1 (t)
q0 [n]
- Envelope
detector
- Envelope
detector
q1 [n]
Maximum
B[n]
t = nT
Non-coherent Receiver
Non-coherent (quadratic law) receiver for FSK

cos(!0 t)
y(t)
-
-@
@
- R (n+1)T dt - ()2
nT
? r0 [n]
-@
- R (n+1)T dt - ()2
@
nT
6
sin(!0 t)
cos(!1 t)
-@
@
- R (n+1)T dt - ()2
nT
? r1 [n]
-@
- R (n+1)T dt - ()2
@
nT
6
sin(!1 t)
FSK seem as frequency shift from a central frequency

Definition of central frequency
!c =
I
I
!0 + !M
2
C, C 2 Z, C odd
T
odd integer
T
Frecuencies of the pulse for symbol of discrete index n
!c + I[n]
T
Value of central frequency: !c =
Encoder
I[n] 2 {1, 3, , (M
1)}
FSK analytic expression as shift from !c

r
2Es X
t
x(t) =
sin !c t + I[n]
wT (t
T
T
n
nT)
Minimum shift keying (MSK) modulation

Information: discrete frequency changes in the frequency of a carrier
Orthogonality of carriers with minimum frequency separation
Inner product of pulses gi (t)
hgi , g` i =
T
0
sin(!i t) sin(!` t) dt
Z
1 T
1
=
cos[(!i !` ) t] dt
cos[(!i + !` ) t] dt
2 0
2
1 sin[(!i !` ) T] 1 sin[(!i + !` ) T]
=
2
(!i !` )
2
(!i + !` )
Minimum required frequency separation (in narrow band systems)

I
Assumption:
!i
sin[(!i +!` )T]

(!i +!` )
!` =
can be neglected (high denominator)
Ni,` ,
T
i, j = 0, 1, , M
1,
i 6= `
Minimum shift keying (MSK) modulation (II)

Key differences with CPFSK modulation
I
Separation between consecutive frequencies is half for MSK

F
F
MSK: ! = !i !i 1 = T
CPFSK: ! = !i !i 1 =
2
T
Values for !i are not constrained to be integer multiples of

CPFSK (neither integer multiples of T )
F
F
2
T
as in
Frequency selection does not automatically provides phase continuity

Memory must be introduced to provide phase continuity
MSK signal using central frequency notation

x(t) =
I
I
2Es X
t
sin !c t + I[n]
+ [n] wT (t
T
2T
n
nT)
Encoder: I[n] 2 {1, 3, , (M 1)}

Phase continuity is achieved by introducing memory term [n]
n
[n] = [n 1] +
(I[n 1] I[n]) ,
mod 2
2
Recursive estimation of accumulated phase at the end of symbol intervals
MSK waveforms - Example for M = 4

Pulses for M = 4 (just one example)
g0 (t) - !0 = 2
T
6 ...
.... .....
T
.. . ......
.... ....-t
..........
g1 (t) - !1 = 3
T
g2 (t) - !2 = 4
T
6..
........
... ....
... .... .... ...T.... ..
t
......
n
2T
... ...
...
3T
6
.
...... ...... ......

... .... .... ..... .... ...T... .. .. ..
t
.... ....
.....
......
.... ..... .... .... T.... ... ... ... t
.....
....
0
Waveform for data sequence A[n] 0 3 1 2

x(t).
... ... ... ......
...... .... .... ......
........
6
.
..b .. ....... ...b.. ..... .... ..... .... .....b.. ..... ..... ....b.. .... ..... .... ...b.. .....
. .
.
.
.
..... .... ... .. ... ..

.....
.. ..
g3 (t) - !3 = 5
T
6.
... ..
..
... ..
..
4T
4
1
5
3
...... ... ... .....

.... ....b.. ..... .... ..... .... . .. ... ..b
... ....
.
.
.
.
... ...
...
5T
6T
Without memory, phase shifts can happen at multiples of T (when symbols change)
... ... ...

.... .... ......
.....
...... ... ...
..b.. ..... .... ..... .... .....b .... ..... ..b.. .... .... .... ..b.. ..... .... .....b .... ..... .... ..... ..... ..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ....b
....
.....
....
..
..
.. .. ....
.. .. ..
6
.........
..b.. .......
.
x(t)
3T
2T
5T
4T
6T
Idenfification of phase at the end of each symbol interval ([n]) allows phase continuity
MSK waveforms - Example for M = 4 (II)

Another example with frequencies not being integer multiples of
g0 (t) - !0 = 2,3
T
6..
.. ...
...T.. .. ......
.
... ...
..........
t
g2 (t) - !2 = 4,3
T
g1 (t) - !1 = 3,3
T
6..
g3 (t) - !3 = 5,3
T
6
.
....
....
.... .... ..... ..... T... .. ...
.......
. t
6
.
.... .
...
.... ..... ..... .... ....T... .. ... ..
..... ...... t
0
... ... ...

.... .... .... .... ..... .....T... ... ... .. ..
...... ..... .. t
5
Waveform for data sequence A[n] 0 3 1 2 1 3

x(t)
..
... ..
...
... .. . ..
....
.. . .. ...
6
..b... ....... .......bb. ..... .......... .... ..... .b... ..... ..... ..... ..b... ..... ..... ..... .....bb... ..... ..... ..... ..b. ..... .......... .... ...... .. ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. .. .. ... .. ... ... .. ... .. .....b
.........
.b ... ... b
.b .... .....
......
... ... b ......
T
2T
3T
4T
5T
6T
....
.... ... ...
... ... ... ....
...b ... ...
... ....b.... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... .....b .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... .... .... .... ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ...b .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .b
.......... .... ... ...b.
...... ... .... ...
......
.... .... .....
Without memory, phase shifts can happen at multiples of T (when symbols change)
....
6
.... .....
x(t)
..
0
2T
3T
4T
5T
6T
Idenfification of phase at the end of each symbol interval ([n]) allows phase continuity
MSK spectrum
Alternative expression for MSK

X
p
x(t) = 2Es cos(!c t)
I[n] cos([n])( 1)n/2 g(t
nT)
even n
X
p
+ 2Es sin(!c t)
cos([n])( 1)n/2 g(t
nT + T)
even n
Similar to OQPSK
I
I
Modified symbols
Pulse:
r
2
t
1
cos(!T)
g(t) =
sin
w2T (t), |G(j!)|2 = 16T 2
T
2T
2 4! 2 T 2
MSK spectrum
2
cos[(!
!
)T]
cos[(!
+
!
)T]
c
c
SX (j!) = 8Es 2
+ 8Es 2
2
2
2
4(! !c ) T
2 4(! + !c )2 T 2
Receiver for MSK modulation

Demodulator based on the ML receiver for FSK
Demodulator based on the ML receiver for OQPSK
Probability of error
r
Es
Pe = 2 Q
N0
I
I
Memory is not taken into account at the receiver

Optimum receiver has a higher complexity
Receiver for binary MSK

Sub-optimal MSK binary receiver based on a FSK receiver
where the absolute value evaluation for each possible
frequency is introduced to consider different possible initial
phases
-
q0 [n]
0 ( t)
- abs()
y(t)
-
1(
t)
q1 [n]
?
Maximum
B[n]
-
- abs()
t = nT
Continuous phase (CPM) modulations

Family of modulations including CPFSK and MSK modulations
Basic characteristics
I
I
I
Constant envelope
Phase continuity
Bandwith reduction: smoothing the evolution of the instantaneous
phase
CPM signal: analytic expression in the time domain

r
2Es
x(t) =
sin [!c t + 0 + (t, I)]
T
I
I
I
I
I: Sequence of transmitted symbols

!c : nominal carrier frequency
0 : initial carrier phase
Es : mean energy transmitted in a symbol period
Generation of the CPM signal

Encoder: I[n] 2 {1, 3, , (M
Base band PAM signal
s(t) =
X
n
1)}
I[n] g(t
nT)
Pulse g(t) is causal, of length T, and normalized

Normalization:
g(t) dt =
1
2
CPM signal: instantaneous frequency !c + 2 !d T s(t)

Instantaneous phase is obtained by integrating this frequency
Z t
(t, I) = 2 !d T
s( ) d
1
!d : peak frequency deviation

Time domain expression

for CPM
2
x(t) =
z
6
Z
6
2Es
6
sin 6!c t + 0 + 2 !d T
6
T
4
(t,I)
t
1
}|
X
I[n] g(
|
{z
s( )
{7
7
7
nT) d 7
7
5
}
Phase value (t, I) inside interval [nT, (n + 1)T] (symbol interval for I[n])
Z t
(t, I) = 2 !d T
s( ) d = [n] + (t, n)
1
[n]: phase that has been accumulated up to t = nT:

F
Due to previous transmitted symbols (up to I[n
[n] = !d T
I
n 1
X
1])
I[m]
m= 1
(t, n): incremental phase starting from t = nT:

F
Due only to current symbol I[n]
(t, n) = 2 !d T I[n] qg (t
nT), being qg (t) =
g( ) d
1
Time domain expression for CPM - Modulation index

Alternative time domain expression introducing a different
parameter (replacing peak frequency deviation)
Definition of modulation index h:
h = !d
Phase value in the symbol interval associated to I[n]:

I
[n]: accumulated phase up to t = nT:

[n] = h
n 1
X
I[m]
m= 1
(t, n): incremental phase from t = nT:

(t, n) = 2 h I[n] qg (t
nT)
Identification of binary CPFSK modulation as a CPM

Analytic expression for a CPFSK modulation
r
2Es X
t
x(t) =
sin !c t + I[n]
wT (t
T
T
n
Binary CPFSK as a CPM: !d =
,
T
nT)
h=1
Considering [0] = 0
(t, I) =
n 1
X
m=0
I
I[m] + 2 I[n]
n 1
X
nT)
=
I[m]
2T
m=0
n I[n] +
t
I[n]
T
Taking into account that
n 1
X
I[m]
m=0
I
(t
n I[n] = K 2,
K2Z
Phase (t, I) is, 2 modulus

(t, I) =
t
t
I[n] =
T
T
Identification of MSK modulation as a CPM

MSK signal in the time domain
r
2Es X
t
x(t) =
sin !c t + I[n]
+ [n] wT (t
T n
2T
nT)
Parameters identifying MSK as a CPM

!d =
,
2T
h=
1
2
Phase trees in CPM modulations

Drawing of possible phase evolution in time starting from an initial phase
Transitions in a symbol interval
I
Phase increment in each symbol interval

((n + 1)T)
(nT) = [n + 1]
[n] = h I[n]
Shape for moving from the value of phase at the begining of

symbol interval to the value of phase at the end of symbol interval
F Proportional to the integral of pulse g(t), i.e., q (t)
g
(t, n) = 2 h I[n] qg (t
nT)
Phase tree - Example - Squared pulse

Example: squared pulse
g(t) =
1
2T ,
0,
0t<T
, qg (t) =
en otro caso
0.25
0.5
1
t
T
1.5
t<0
0t<T
t T
t
,
2T
>
g(t) dt =
1/2,
..........................................
....
..
....
.
.....
.
0.25
....
..
....
.
.....
...
.
0 .
0
0.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.........................................
qg (t)
g(t) T
0.5 ..........................................
8
>
<0,
0.5
1
t
T
1.5
Example of phase tree - squared pulse - binary

Highlighted sequence: I[0] = +1, I[1] =
1, I[2] = +1, I[3] = +1
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3h
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..
4h
(t)
4h
0.5
1.5
2
t
T
2.5
3.5
Example of phase tree - squared pulse - 4-ary

= +3,de
Modulaciones
CPM I[0]
- Arbol
fases
4-ario
Highlighted sequence:
I[1]
= +1,- I[2]
= 1
10h
(t)
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2h
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4h
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6h
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8h
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...
10h
0
0.5

IT (UC3M)
1.5
2.5
t
T
Nonlinear modulations
43
Modulaciones
no lineales
39/ 51
/ 47
Comunicaciones Digitales
Phase tree - Example - Triangle pulse

Example: triangle pulse
g(t) =
t
,
T2
0,
0t<T
, qg (t) =
en otro caso
.
.........
.. .
.... ....
.. ..
.... ....
...
.
...
0.5
.....
...
..
...
...
...
...
...
....
...
...
.........................................
.
0 .
1
t
T
1.5
qg (t)
g(t) T
0.5
g(t) dt =
t2
,
2T 2
>
:
1/2,
t<0
0t<T
t T
.........................................
.....
..
....
.
.....
.
0.25
.....
.
.....
..
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
0 .......
0.5
8
>
<0,
0.5
1
t
T
1.5
Phase tree - Example - Triangle pulse - binary

1, I[2] = +1, I[3] = +1
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3h
.................
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...
4h
(t)
4h
0.5
1.5
2.5
2
t
T
3.5
Phase tree - Example - smoother pulses

Example: raised cosine pulse (L = 1)
1
g(t) =
1
2T
cos
2t
T
.....
.... ....
. ..
.... .....
. ...
...
....
...
...
...
0.5
....
...
...
...
.
...
....
...
...
...
.
...
....
...........................................
0 .
g(t) T
0.5
1
t
T
1.5
8
>
<0,
1
wT (t), qg (t) = 2T
t
>
:
1/2,
T
2
sin
2t
T
t<0
0t<T
t T
..............................................
.....
.
.....
..
....
..
0.25
....
.
.....
.
.....
...
0 ......
0.5
qg (t)
0.5
1
t
T
1.5
Phase tree - Example - smoother pulses - binary

1, I[2] = +1, I[3] = +1
......................
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3h
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4h
(t)
4h
0.5
1.5
2.5
2
t
T
3.5
Partial response CPM
Duration of pulse g(t) is extended up to L symbol periods (L > 1)

Phase (t, I) in symbol interval [nT, (n + 1)T] is now
(t, I) =2h
n
X
m= 1
I[m] qg (t
mT)
=[n] + (t, n)
[n]: phase that is accumulated up to nT due to finished pulses

[n] = h
n L
X
I[m]
m= 1
I
(t, n): contribution of pulses that have not finished at the begining
of the interval
(t, n) = 2h
n
X
m=n L+1
I[m] qg (t
mT)
Pulses for partial response CPM

Raised cosine pulses
1
g(t) =
1
2LT
I
cos
2t
LT
wLT (t)
Smoothing phase transitions
Gaussian MSK (GMSK)

1
2 (t T/2)
p
g(t) =
Q
2T
ln 2
I
2 (t + T/2)
p
ln 2
Employed in GSM ( = 0,3) and DECT ( = 0,2)

Squared pulse filtered with a Gaussian impulse response
Phase tree - Partial response CPM - Example

Example: raised cosine pulse (L = 2)
1
g(t) =
1
4T
cos
2t
2T
............
.
.
...
.
...
.....
...
.
...
....
...
...
.....
...
0.25
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
.....
...
.
.
...
.
.
.......
.
.
.
0 ...
g(t) T
0.5
0.5
1
t
T
1.5
8
>
<0,
1
w2T (t), qg (t) = 4T
t
>
:
1/2,
2T
2
sin
2t
2T
t<0
0t<T
t T
...............
.
.
.
.
...
.
.
..
.
.
..
.
.
..
.
.
0.25
.
....
..
.
.
..
.
.
...
.
.
.
....
0 .............
0.5
qg (t)
0.5
1
t
T
1.5
Phase tree - Partial response CPM - Example - Binary

1, I[2] = +1, I[3] = +1
4h
(t)
..........
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
3h
.................................................
.
.
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.
..
..............
.
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.
.
2h
.........................................
........
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
...............
......
.
.
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.
..............
.
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..
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..
..
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..
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.
h
...................................................
...................................................
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.
.................
.............
..............
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..
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..
..
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..
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..
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..
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..
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..
.
.
..
.
.
.... ..................
0 ..
..................................................
...............
.
.
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.
.
.................
................ ...................
........
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..
..
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..
..
..
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..
..
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.
..............
h
.................................................
..............
.
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.
.....
..............
...............
.
...................
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..
.
.
.
.
..
..............
2h
..............
................
..........
.
.
.
.
...............
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
..
..............
3h
..............
..
4h
0
0.5
1.5
2
t
T
2.5
3.5

Angle Modulations

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Angle Modulations

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Phase shift keying (PSK) modulations

Frequency shift keying (FSK) modulation

c Marcelino Lazaro, 2013

Phase shift keying (PSK) modulation

nT) cos(!c t + [n])

Constant envelope modulation can be achieved by using

Drawback: high bandwith (phase shifts at t = nT)

QPSK Modulation - PSK for M = 4 - Constellation

[n] = 45o : A[n] = +1 + j

Phase shifts in a QPSK modulation

90o : a change in sI (t) or in sQ (t)

c Marcelino Lazaro, 2013

Waveforms for QPSK modulation

c Marcelino Lazaro, 2013

Offset QPSK modulation (OQPSK)

Avoidance of simultaneous transitions of sI (t) and sQ (t)

Quadrature component is delayed T/2 seconds

c Marcelino Lazaro, 2013

Waveforms for QPSK modulation

c Marcelino Lazaro, 2013

Waveforms for OQPSK - Delay of sQ (t)

c Marcelino Lazaro, 2013

Modulation waveforms - QPSK vs OQPSK

c Marcelino Lazaro, 2013

Spectrum of OQPSK modulation

2 sI (t) cos(!c t), xQ (t) =

Spectrum for each component (sk , k 2 {I, Q})

Spectrum of OQPSK modulation

c Marcelino Lazaro, 2013

Receivers for PSK modulations

c Marcelino Lazaro, 2013

Receiver for OQPSK

c Marcelino Lazaro, 2013

Effect of non-coherent receiver in PSK modulations

The effect of this phase difference is that received

This effect can seriously affect performance

Differential PSK modulation allows the use of non-coherent

c Marcelino Lazaro, 2013

Differential phase modulations

Encoder for M-ary modulation

Initialization: selection of an arbitrary (known) value for [ 1]

No error propagation because of initialization

Differential PSK demodulators

Non-coherent DPSK demodulator

c Marcelino Lazaro, 2013

Probability of error for DPSK

Probability of error with non-coherent receivers

Statistic used for detection

Three terms of noise

Last one can be negligible for high Es / z2

Signal to noise ratio: 3 dB loss (double noise power)

c Marcelino Lazaro, 2013

Frequency shift keying (FSK) modulation

Encoder: defines index of transmitted pulse at discrete time n

FSK signal in the time domain

Continuous phase FSK (CPFSK)

Phase continuity: pulses with an integer number of periods in T seconds

Minimum bandwidth: consecutive Ni (spectrum of gi (t) is centered at !i )

CPFSK waveforms - Example for M = 4

Waveform for data sequence

.... .... .....