Referencing

You must choose a referencing style and stick to it consistently throughout your essay. Use one of the
following:

Chicago Style
In the music department, we have typically preferred Chicago Style. A number of resources are available
on using this style, including www.lib.berkeley.edu/TeachingLib/Guides/Chicago-Turabianstyle.pdf and my
guide below.

APA Style
Designated by ECU at large as the recommended referencing style. There are several online resources to
help you learn to use this style, such as: http://www.ecu.edu.au/CLT/tips/ or
http://www.ecu.edu.au/CLT/pdf/refguide.pdf

Some Research Strategies for the Essay

Books

Search the library catalogue

A number of music history surveys are placed on closed reserve for MUS1111

Reference Materials
Macy, L (ed.). Grove Music Online. <http://www.grovemusic.com>.
The bibliographies at the end of Grove articles usually contain the most important published sources of
information on a particular topic (although they are not exhaustive) and are an ideal place to start.
Randel, Don M. (ed.). The Harvard Dictionary of Music, 4th ed.. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard
University Press, 2003.
A very useful and authoritative one-volume reference (good for answering all those niggling little
questions)

Time-Saving Research Strategies

The bibliography at the back of a book (or the Grove article) can quickly lead you to other key sources
Follow up the footnotes in an article.

Finding Journal Articles

Search through Google Scholar while on campus (with an on campus IP address)

o (Sometimes, it can take you straight to a digital copy, at other times, it will connect you to an index
that lists the reference. You would then need to check whether ECU library has access to the
particular journal in the reference)
Another quick way
o JSTOR (this is a searchable access point to hundreds of journals, including some 30 different
music journalsit will take you straight to an electronic copy of the journal that you can
instantaneously download!)

To find a journal article, the old fashioned way

1. Identify the article you want in an index (such as those listed above) and copy the important information (eg.
2.
3.
4.
5.

author, name of article, Name of Journal (volume and date), page numbers)
Look up the ECU library catalogue to see if we own the journal.
Use the call number of the journal to locate the bound journals on the shelf
Use the information on the article (copied down in step 1) to find the precise article you were looking for
Photocopy the article

The following indexes are used to find relevant journal articles

o RILM Abstracts of Music Literature (useful in that it contains abstractslike summaries)
o International Index to Music Periodicals (some full-text articles are included also)
o Music Index (indexes some journals of a more popular nature not found in RILM)

The Internet
The internet can be a powerful source of information but you must watch out for sites that are not well-researched
or not scholarly in nature. These sites may containing incorrect or misleading information.

On Chicago Style

Why Chicago Style?

Becauseitisoneofthemostwidelyusedstylesinpublishing,withoneofthemostexhaustivestyleguides
(theChicagoManualofStyle)andaneasyreferenceguidebyTurabian.

The Chicago Manual of Style, 14th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993.
Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1996.
An excellent online guide to Chicago-Turabian style can be found on the UC Berkeley library web pages
(www.lib.berkeley.edu/TeachingLib/Guides/Chicago-Turabianstyle.pdf)

Chicago style is flexible enough to be used in one of two ways:

1. Footnotes and bibliography
2. Parenthetical references and reference list

We will be using the first way: footnotes and a bibliography.

The Bibliography in Chicago Style

What to include?
Inabibliography(asopposedtoareferencelist)listeverysignificantworkthatyouconsulted,whetheror
notitisfootnotedinyourarticle
Howtoorganizeit?
Thebibliographymaybebrokendownintosubgroupsaccordingtospecifictopics
Withineachgroup/subgroup,thesourcesshouldbelistedalphabeticallybyauthorslastname
Howtoformatit?
Usehangingindentationforyourbibliography
Followtheformattingshownintheexamplesinthetablebelow(orinoneofthesuggestedsources).
Notethatbibliographiesconsistofseveralsentences.
PublishinginformationisasfollowsPlace:Publisher,Date.

Books one author

McCredie, Andrew D. Australias Music: Themes of a New Society. Melbourne: Sun Books, 1967
Component Part (a Chapter) in a Work Edited by Another
Seares, Margaret. "Australian Music: A Widening Perspective." In Australian Composition in the Twentieth
Century, ed. Frank Callaway and David Tunley, 226-40. Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1978.
Journal Article
Wright, David. "Cry of the Earth." The Musical Times 133 (July 1992): 339-41.
Article in Grove Online
Brown, Howard Mayer and Peter Wallis. Performing Practice: 1600-1750. In Grove Music Online ed. L.
Macy (Accessed [06/09/2005]), <http://www.grovemusic.com>.

Footnotes in Chicago Style

When to reference?
Ingeneral,referenceanyquotation,anydirectparaphraseofanotherauthorswork(particularlywherekey
terminologyisbeingborrowed),anycontentiouspoint,oranyideathatconstitutessomeoneelses
intellectualproperty(beingbasedontheirresearch).

First Citation/Reference/Footnote of a Source (long)

Thefirstfootnotereferringtothesourceshouldbecomplete.
Footnotesmustcontainreferencestospecificpagenumbers!
Notethatfootnotesareconstructedsomewhatdifferentlythanbibliographies.
Notethatfootnotesusuallycompriseonesentence.Additionalsentencesmaybeusedwhennecessaryfor
furthercomment.

Books one author

Andrew McCredie, Australias Music: Themes of a New Society (Melbourne: Sun Books, 1967), 243.

Component Part (a Chapter) in a Work Edited by Another

Margaret Seares, "Australian Music: A Widening Perspective," in Australian Composition in the Twentieth
Century, ed. Frank Callaway and David Tunley (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1978), 229.
Journal Article
David Wright, "Cry of the Earth," The Musical Times 133 (July 1992): 340.
Article in Grove Online
Howard Mayer Brown and Peter Wallis, Performing Practice: 1600-1750, in Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy
(Accessed [06/09/2005]), <http://www.grovemusic.com>.

Second and Subsequent Citations

Thesemaybeshortenedtoonlytheminimuminformationnecessarytopositivelyidentifythesourcefrom
thebibliography.Thisisusuallytheauthorssurname,title(possiblyabbreviated),andthepagenumber.
Whereonlyoneworkbyaparticularauthorisinyoubibliography,thesubsequentreferencesmayomitthe
titleofthework.
Wherereferencestothesamesourceappearindirectsuccession,theLatinabbreviationIbid(meaningin
thesameplace)maybeused.

Books one author

McCredie, Australias Music, 243.

Component Part (a Chapter) in a Work Edited by Another

Seares, "Australian Music," 229.

Journal Article
Wright, "Cry of the Earth," 340.

Article in Grove Online

Brown and Wallis, Performing Practice.

Successive References to the Same Source

5
David Wright, "Cry of the Earth," 340.
6
Ibid.
[meaning in exactly the same place as the previous footnote]
7
Ibid, 37.
[meaning in the same source as the previous footnote but at a different page number]