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EXPERIMENT E1.03
RCL CIRCUITS
GROUP E12
GROUP MEMBER
YAP WAI MING
YAP CHIH HSIUNG
PRESENTED BY
YAP CHIH HSIUNG
OBJECTIVES
To understand and explain the operating principles of RCL series and parallel
connections in a.c. circuits.
THEORY
AC Through Pure Ohmic Resistance Alone
Figure 1
The circuit is shown in Figure 1. Let the applied voltage be given by the equation
v = Vm sin t
Let
Vm
sin t
R
i = Im sin t
i=
The alternating voltage and current are in phase with each other as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2
Figure 3
Whenever an alternating voltage is applied to a purely inductive coil, a back e.m.f. is
produced due to the self-inductance of the coil. The back e.m.f. at every step opposes
the rise or fall of current through the coil. As there is no ohmic voltage drop, the
applied voltage has to overcome this self-induced e.m.f. only.
So at every step
v=L
di
dt
v = Vm sin t
Vm sin t = L
di
dt
di =
Vm
sin t dt
L
Vm
sin t dt
L
V
m cos t
L
V
m cos t
L
V
m sin t
L
2
Vm
sin t
XL
2
Hence i = Im sin (t -
)
2
The current lags behind the applied voltage by a quarter cycle (Figure 4) or the phase
difference between the two is
It is seen that Im =
Vm Vm
L X L
Here L plays the part of resistance. It is called the (inductive) reactance XL of the
coil and is given in ohms if L is in henry and is in radian/second.
Now, XL = L = 2fL ohm. It is seen that XL depends directly on frequency of the
voltage. Higher the value of f, greater the reactance offered and vice versa.
Figure 4
Figure 5
When an alternating voltage is applied to the plates of a capacitor, the capacitor is
charged first in one direction and then discharged in the opposite direction. With
reference to Figure 5, let
v = potential difference developed between plates at any instant
q = charge on plates at that instant
q = Cv
= CVm sin t
Current i is given by the rate of flow of charge.
dq d
CVm sin t CVm cos t
dt dt
Vm
Vm
i
cos t
sin t
1 / C
1 / C
2
Vm
V
Im
m
1 / C X C
i
i I m sin t
The denominator XC =
1
is known as capacitive reactance and is in ohm if C is in
C
Figure 6
Figure 7
Impedances in series can be combined into a single impedance by simply adding the
individual impedances. The circuit shown in Figure 7 defines the problem in general
terms. The impedances Z1, Z2,....., Zn are connected in series between terminals ab.
When impedances are in series they carry the same phasor current I. The voltage drop
across each impedance is Z1I, Z2I,....., ZnI, and from Kirchhoffs voltage law,
Vab = Z1I + Z2I +.....+ ZnI
= (Z1 + Z2 +.....+ Zn)I
The equivalent impedance between terminals ab is
Vab
= Z1 + Z2 +.....+ Zn
I
Impedances connected in parallel may be reduced to a single equivalent impedance by
the reciprocal relationship
Zab =
1
1
1
1
.....
Z ab
Z1 Z 2
Zn
Figure 8
Figure 8 depicts the parallel connection of impedances. Note that when impedances are
in parallel, they have the same voltage across their terminals. From Figure 8,
I = I1 + I2 +.....+ In
V
V
V
V
.....
Z ab
Z1 Z 2
Zn
.....
Z ab
Z1 Z 2
Zn
Experiment
RCL Series Circuit
Circuit
Procedure
1.
2.
3.
Results
1.
1
2
3
4
R1
C1, R1
L1, R1
Li, C1, R1
Ue (V)
4.243
4.243
4.243
4.243
U1 (V)
2.88
3.85
Table 1
U2 (V)
2.96
2.91
U3 (V)
4.06
2.74
2.0
2.68
I (mA)
27.07
18.27
13.33
17.87
2.
XL = 2fL
= 2(1103)(3310-3)
= 207.3
XC =
=
1
2fC
1
2 (1 10 )(1 10 6 )
3
= 159.2
3.
From row 3:
XL =
U1
I
2.88
13.33 10 3
= 216.1
From row 2:
XC =
U2
I
2.96
18.27 10 3
= 162.0
From row 4:
XL =
U1
I
3.85
17.87 10 3
= 215.4
U
XC = 2
I
2.91
=
17.87 10 3
= 162.8
XL (average) =
216.1 215.4
2
= 215.75
XC (average) =
162.0 162.8
2
= 162.4
4.
Utotal1 = 4.06 V
Utotal2 = 2.96 + 2.74 = 5.7 V
Utotal3 = 2.88 + 2.0 = 4.88 V
Utotal4 = 3.85 + 2.91 + 2.68 = 9.44 V
5.
The arithmetically summed values are not in agreement with the total voltage
applied except for row 1.
This is because phase difference exists between the input voltage and the
voltage across the components in row 2, 3 and 4. The phase is not taken into
account when the voltages are summed arithmetically. This results in the
difference between the summed values and the total voltage applied.
6.
7.
Theoretically,
Impedance Z =
R 2 (X L X C ) 2
8.
Ue
I
4.243
17.87 10 3
= 237.4
The characteristic features of the RCL series circuit are shown below.
Value of Impedance
R (X L X C )
2
10
Power Factor
between 0 and unity, lag
or lead
Procedure
1.
2.
3.
Results
1.
Circuit
Combinations
1
R2
2
L2
3
C2
4
R2, C2
5
R2, L2
6
L2, C2
7 L2, C2, R2
IR2
(mA)
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
IL2
(mA)
20.5
20.5
20.5
20.5
Table 2
2.
XL = 2fL
= 2(1103)(3310-3)
= 207.3
XC =
=
1
2fC
1
2 (1 10 )(1 10 6 )
3
= 159.2
3.
XL =
U4
I L2
4
20.5 10 3
= 195.1
XC =
U4
I C2
11
IC2
(mA)
33
33
33
33
Itotal
(mA)
0.35
18.9
25.8
25.8
18.3
9.95
10.19
U4 (V)
4.1
4.0
4.08
4.06
4.03
4.03
4.02
U5
(mV)
3.5
189.0
258
258
183
99.5
101.9
4.08
33 10 3
= 123.6
4.
5.
The arithmetically summed values are not in agreement with the measured total
current.
This is because phase difference exists between the total current and the current
through the components. The phase is not taken into account when the currents
are summed arithmetically. This results in the difference between the summed
values and the measured total current.
6.
7.
Combination 4:
Impedance Z =
U4
4.06
157.4
I total 258
. 10 3
Combination 5:
Impedance Z =
U4
4.03
220.2
I total 18.3 10 3
Combination 6:
Impedance Z =
U4
4.03
405.0
I total 9.95 10 3
Combination 7:
Impedance Z =
U4
4.02
394.5
I total 1019
. 10 3
12
8.
Z2
R 2 1 / 2 fC 2 fL
1
1
1
= 2 + 2 fC
2
2 fL
Z
R
1
Z
1
1
+ 2 fC
2
2 fL
R
8.
13
References
1.
2.
14
Contents
Objectives
Theory
1
2
4
5
Experiment
RCL Series Circuit
7
7
Circuit
Procedure
Results
7
7
7
10
References
14
Circuit
Procedure
Results
15
10
11
11