Chapter 1:- Research Methodology:

An Introduction
Introduction of Research
Research is the investigation of a particular topic using a variety of reliable, scholarly
resources. The three major goals of research are establishing facts, analyzing information,
and reaching new conclusions. The three main acts of doing research are searching for,
reviewing, and evaluating information.
Proper research is essential to carry out any project, but selecting the right methodology
for the particular project is absolutely indispensable.
Types of Research
What are the Objectives of Research?
The prime objectives of research are
(1) to discover new facts
(2) to verify and test important facts
(3) to analyse an event or process or phenomenon to identify the cause and effect
relationship
(4) to develop new scientific tools, concepts and theories to solve and understand
scientific and nonscientific problems
(5) to find solutions to scientific, nonscientific and social problems and
(6) to overcome or solve the problems occurring in our every day life.
Importance of Research
1. It is the fountain of knowledge and provide guidelines for solving problems.
2. Research provides basis for many government policies. For example,
research on the needs and desires of the people and on the availability of
revenues to meet the needs.
3. It helps a government to prepare a budget.
4. It is important in industry and business for higher gain and productivity and
to improve the quality of products.
5. Mathematical and logical research on business and industry optimizes the
problems in them.
6. It leads to the identification and characterization of new materials, new living
things, new stars, etc.
7. Only through research inventions can be made; for example, new and novel
phenomena and processes such as superconductivity and cloning have been
discovered only through research.
8. Social research helps find answers to social problems. They explain social
phenomena and seek solution to social problems.
9. Research leads to a new style of life and makes it delightful and glorious

Chapter 2:- Defining Research Problem

Defining a research problem is the fuel that drives the scientific process, and is the
foundation of any research method and experimental design, from true experiment
to case study.

The problem is stated in a general way, the ambiguities are resolved, thinking an
rethinking process results in a more specific formulation of the problem so that it may be
a realistic one in terms of the available data and resources and is also analytically
meaningful. All this results in a well defined research problem that is not only meaningful
from an operational point of view, but is equally capable of paving the way for the
development of working hypotheses and for means of solving the problem itself.
Chapter 3:- Research Design
Research Design
The research problem having been formulated in clear terms, the researcher will be
required to prepare a research design, i.e. he will have to state the conceptual structure
within which research would be conducted. Research Design is a plan, structure and
strategy of investigation conceived so as to obtain answers to research questions and to
control variants. 2 types of research design used in this project are:
Exploratory Research
Exploratory research is often conducted because a problem has not been clearly defined
as yet, or its real scope is as yet unclear. It allows the researcher to familiarize him/herself
with the problem or concept to be studied

Descriptive Research
Descriptive research, is used to describe characteristics of a population or phenomenon
being studied. Mostly. Questionnaires are used to conduct it.
Data Collection Method
The research design has a wide variety of methods to consider either singly or in
combination. They can be grouped first according to whether they use secondary or
primary sources of data.
Secondary data are already available, because they were collected for some purpose
other than solving the present problem.
Primary data are collected especially to address a specific research objective. A
variety of methods, ranging from qualitative research to surveys to experiments, may be
employed.

There are several research designs and the researcher must decide in advance of
collection and analysis of data as to which design would prove to be more appropriate for
his research project. He must give due weight to various points such as the type of
universe and its nature, the objective of his study, the resource list or the sampling frame,
desired standard of accuracy and the like when taking a decision in respect of the design
for his research project.

Chapter 4:- Sampling Design

Sampling is a method of studying from a few selected items, instead of the entire big
number of units. The small selection is called sample. The large number of items of units
of particular characteristic is called population. Example: We check a sample of rice to
see whether the rice well boiled or not. We check a small sample of solution to decide
how much a given solution is concentrated. Thus with the sample we infer about a
population.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD SAMPLE DESIGN
From what has been stated above, we can list down the characteristics of a good sample
design as under:
(a) Sample design must result in a truly representative sample.
(b) Sample design must be such which results in a small sampling error.
(c) Sample design must be viable in the context of funds available for the research study.
(d) Sample design must be such so that systematic bias can be controlled in a better way.
(e) Sample should be such that the results of the sample study can be applied, in general,
for the universe with a reasonable level of confidence.
Some of the types of sampling are (1) simple random sampling. Mostly used for the type
of population which is homogeneous.(2) Stratified sampling. Strat as help us classify the
population when the population is heterogeneous and take simple random samples from
each classes. (3) Sequential sampling is don by selection of the samples sequentially at
regular intervals. The purpose of all the sampling techniques is to give the equal chance
of any item to be selected without bias.
Chapter:- 5 Measurement and Scaling
Techniques
Measurement
Measurement is the foundation of scientific inquiry. In order to test our hypotheses,
we must observe our theoretical concepts at the operational level. In simple words,
we must measure what we have defined. But there are different levels of
measurement, which provide differing amounts of information about the theoretical
construct. There are also some basic issues about the adequacy of measurement
which we must address.
Scales of Measurement
There are also different scales used to characterize measurements.
Nominal scale: used when data are classified into one of two or more categories
Ordinal scale: used when data are classified into an order or rank of magnitude
Interval scale: used when data are classified on a scale that assumes equal distance
between numbers
Ratio scale: used when data are classified on a scale that assumes equal distance and a
true zero value

Chapter:- 6 Methods of Data Collection

There are two sources of data. Primary data collection uses surveys, experiments or direct
observations. Secondary data collection may be conducted by collecting information
from a diverse source of documents or electronically stored information. U.S. census and
market studies are examples of a common source of secondary data. This is also referred
to as "data mining."
PLEASE REFER MATERIAL
Chapter:- 7 Processing and Analysis of Data
Chapter:- 8 Sampling Fundamental
Chapter:- 9 Testing of Hypotheses-I (Parametric or Standard Tests of Hypotheses)
Chapter:-10 Chi-square Test
Chapter:-11 Analysis of Variance and Covariance
Chapter:-12 Testing of Hypotheses-II (Nonparametric or Distribution-free Tests)
Chapter:-13 Multivariate Analysis Techniques
Chapter:-14 Interpretation and Report Writing
Chapter:-15 The Computer: Its Role in Research