HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY SCIENCE

A. Background
Today the philosophy of science has become teaching materials for each university,
various studies about the nature of life. How is life? And for what this life?, Humans
have a set of knowledge that can distinguish between right and wrong, good and bad.
Other people who are able to judge objectively and thoroughly as well as other parties
to assess and give meaning is called the philosophy of knowledge. Philosophy of
science is divided into two words of Philosophy and Science, Philosophy and Science
are two words that go together well and historical substantially. The birth of a science
can not be separated from the role of philosophy, on the other hand strengthen the
development of science philosophy of existence.
Science or Science is the largest component of which is taught in all educational
strata. Despite years of studying science, scientific knowledge is not used as a
reference in everyday life. Regarded as rote science course, not as the knowledge that
describe, explain, predict natural phenomena for the welfare and comfort of life. Now
science has been uprooted from the high values of science, namely for the welfare of
mankind. Not even impossible, science and technology to be a disaster for human
life, such as global warming and dehumanization. Science and technology have lost
his spirit is fundamental, because the science has been to reduce or even eliminate the
role of humans, and even unwitting humans have become slaves of science and
technology
Therefore, the philosophy of science trying to restore the noble spirit and values of
science, that science does not become a boomerang for human life. Philosophy of
science will ensure that science and technology is instrumental in achieving
prosperity is not the goal. Philosophy of science is given as the knowledge for people
who want to explore the nature of science and its relationship to other knowledge.
Material provided is not intended to be a philosopher. In a religious society, science is
seen as an integral part of the divine values, because the ultimate source of
knowledge is God. Human beings think, given the power by God, and with this he
thought the man discovered the scientific theories and technologies. The influence of
religion is rigid and dogmatic sometimes hinder the development of science.
Therefore intelligence and carefulness is needed in understanding the scientific truth
in the value system of religion, so they are not contradictory. In the philosophy of
science, science will be explained philosophically and academically so that science
and technology are not deprived of religious values, humanity and the environment.
Thus the philosophy of science will provide value and a clear orientation for each
science.
 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A. HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY SCIENCE
B. Philosophy and science are known to the western world today comes from ancient
Greece. At the age of philosophy and science were interwoven into one and having
people not separated as two different things. Both belong to the sense of episteme.
Philisophia word is a synonym of the word episteme. According to the conception of
the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle, episteme is "an organized collection of
rational knowledge itself with the right object." Thus, philosophy and science
considered as rational knowledge, ie knowledge derived from human thought or ratio.
In the next Aristotle, episteme or rational knowledge that can be divided into three
sections called:
1. Praktike (practical knowledge)
2. Poietike (productive knowledge)
3. Theoreitike (theoretical knowledge) heoritike or theoretical knowledge by Aristotle
also distinguished into three groups with the title:
1. Mathematike (mathematical knowledge)
2. Physike (knowledge of physics)
3. Philosophia protein (First philosophy)
The first philosophy is the knowledge that civilization examine the eternal,
unchanging, and apart from the material. Aristotle defined as the science of first
principles or known as metaphysics. Mathematics, physics, and metaphysics have
been sufficiently developed at the time of Aristotle. About two hundred years earlier
had been born thinker who study these fields. The first thinker known as the Father of
Philosophy of Thales. Some scholars also later acknowledged as the world's first
scientist. The Greeks said that he was one of the seven wise men of Greece. Thales
developed a cosmology of natural philosophy who question the origin, nature,
composition and structure of the universe. According to all come from the water as
the basis for the cosmic matter. As scientist he studied magnetism and electricity that
is the subject matter of physics. He also tried to develop astronomy and mathematics
with, among others expressed the opinion that the moon was shining because of
reflected sunlight, counting the occurrence of solar eclipses, and proving geometry
theorems. One of the theorem is proved that the second point of the base of an
isosceles triangle are equal. Thus, it is a Greek mathematician of the first and by a
writer who is now declared as the father of deductive reasoning. Next comes the
Pythagorean. Mathematical thinkers and figures suggest a metaphysical doctrine that
the numbers are the essence of all things and the main basis of the properties of
objects. The evidence says, "numbers rule the universe is" According to Pythagoras,
the true wisdom that is owned solely by God. Therefore, he did not want to be called
a wise man as well as Thales, but considered himself only a philosophia which
literally translated is the love of wisdom. Therefore, until now a simple brief
etymology and philosophy is still defined as love of wisdom. Pythagoras believed
that mathematics is a means or tool for the knowledge of philosophy. This opinion
was subsequently obtained confirmation from Plato. He asserted that the philosopher
is the lover of view of truth, is a philosophy that is perekaan search of the entire truth.
Plato's philosophy is called speculative philosophy. Plato's opinion, the geometry of
the rational knowledge based on pure reason to be a key towards filasafati knowledge
and truth and for understanding the nature of the final reality. Geometry is a science
with pure reason proves abstract positions on matters of abstract rectilinear perfect,
perfect circle or a perfect triangle. One of the students of the most brilliant plateau of
learning in the academies is Aristotle. These thinkers figure up his conception of the
division of rational knowledge as described above. About its role in philosophy of
science related to Aristotle was a philosopher of science first. He created the branch
of knowledge that by analyzing the specific problems that arise in connection with
scientific explanations. A glimpse of the development of philosophy and science were
described since ancient Greece actually developed not just two but four areas of
knowledge, philosophy, science, mathematics and logic. Each then evolved towards a
more widely. 1. Philosophy Philosophy begins with Thales as the philosophy that the
universe evolved further toward cosmology. This philosophy then leads to the
speculative philosophy of Plato and Aristotle's metaphysics on. After the start switch
into ancient Rome, the thinkers seeking harmony between man and the universe.
Harmony can be achieved when people live according to nature in the sense of reason
to follow the instructions (as the highest principle of human nature) and follow the
natural law of the Logos (as the universe of reason). In the Middle Ages, philosophy
is considered as the highest knowledge. But his position and his role is as a servant of
theology. Truth is received by faith belief by revelation can not be challenged by the
truths of philosophy derived from the human mind. Philosophy is a means to establish
the truth about God kebenran that can be achieved by human reason. In later centuries
philosophy developed into two lines of natural philosophy and moral philosophy.
Continued development of philosophy along with the development of new science.
After entering the twentieth century philosophy in outline divided into two kinds,
namely the philosophy of critical and speculative philosophy. It's critical philosophy
and then by some philosophers called analytic philosophy. Variety discussing analytic
philosophy questions about the meaning (meaning) of terms used in philosophy. In
other words, analytic philosophy primarily focuses on a careful analysis of the
meaning diuperbincangkan understanding in philosophy such as substance, existence,
moral, etc. reality. Meanwhile, speculative philosophy is actually another name of
metaphysics. 2. Science
In ancient Greek episteme or knowledge of rational philosophy and science covers.
There are no major problems or needs important to distinguish the two types of
knowledge. Thales as a philosopher also studied astronomy, and topics including
knowledge of physics. Physics is a learned theoretical knowledge of nature. This
knowledge is then more natural philosophy. However, at the Renaissance XIV
century until the sixteenth century, new developments occur. Reformer figures and
thinkers such as Galileo Galilei, Francis Bacon and in the next century, Rene
Descartes, and Isaac Newton introduced the mathematical methods and experimental
methods for studying nature. Hence. Understanding the philosophy of Nature have a
special meaning as a "systematic explanation of nature through the use of the
methods introduced by the reformers of the Renaissance and early seventeenth
century. Thus, since the seventeenth century natural philosophy philosophy really is
not knowledge, but knowledge which is now known as the Natural Sciences. The
development of science is to reach the top of glory in the hands of Newton. British
scientists, among others, formulate a theory of gravity and the rules of mechanics in
the paper entitled Philosophiae Naturalis Principa (mechanical principles of Natural
Philosophy), published in 1687. In subsequent developments in the eighteenth
century, naturalists philosophia broke away from philosophy and the experts call it
back with the name of physics. Other branches included in the definition of modern
science is also growing rapidly thanks to the application of empirical methods are
more accurate, the use of a more comprehensive scientific, and communication
between scientists who constantly increasing. James Conat states that modern science
reached the stage of walking and talking in the year 1700 and began entering the
stage of maturity in about the year 1780. After each adult and then separation of
science from philosophy as well as physics. Separation carried out by biologists in the
early nineteenth century and by psychology at about the middle of the century.
Branches of other sciences such as sociology, anthropology, economics and political
science and also strictly separated from philosophy. Onwards according to the
observations of Henry Aiken, in the twentieth century gave birth to the philosophy of
science that seems also free of Formal Logic, Linguistics, and the theory of signs. In
the middle of this century could also witnessed the birth of a series of inter-discipline
science such as behavioral science that combines psychology with various branches
of social sciences such as sociology and anthropology to study human behavior. So in
modern times became necessary to separate clearly the modern sciences of
philosophy because of differences in characteristics very striking. Philosophy was
patterned mostly speculative, while modern science has established methods of
empirical, experimental, and inductive. Now surely all branches of science expressed
as empirical sciences. This empirical properties that make up the general
characteristics of the modern science and which distinguish it from philosophy. 3.
Mathematics
The third area of knowledge as philosophy and science developed since the days of
ancient Greece is the math. Therefore grove belonging to the same theoretical
knowledge, of course, mathematics has a fairly close relationship with both spheres
of knowledge that earlier. Mathematics from earliest times to drive the development
of philosophy. J.B. Burnet example states that the development of Greek philosophy
depends on the progress of scientific discovery, especially mathematics more than
anything about astronomy lainnya.3 A famous scientist who talked about connection
with the philosophy of mathematics is Galileo. Tekenal words which read thus,
"written in the book filasafat this great universe lay continuously open to our
observation. But, book can not be understood if one does not first learn to understand
and read the cover letters used in preparing it. The book was written in the language
of mathematics .... "From the beginning until today metematika philosophy and
influence each other continuously. Philosophy encourages the development of
mathematics and mathematics opposite philosophy also spur growth. Paradox
conversations expressed by the philosopher Zeno example has led to the birth of
mathematics concepts. Since ancient times until the twentieth century, the philosophy
and mathematics developed continuously through the thought leaders who once was a
mathematician, philosopher, too, such as Descartes, Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibinz,
Auguste Comte, Whitehead and Bertrand Russell. Close connection between
mathematics with modern sciences would be undisputed. In the XVII century
metematik a pioneer of the most important part of the natural sciences. Newton out
about nature by using mathematics. In today many mathematicians and natural
scientists claim that mathematics is the language of science.
4. Logic
Logic is the study of knowledge of all principles, rules and procedures of the correct
reasoning. Reasoning is a human thought process to arrive at a new statement that is
coherent continuation of the other statements are known. Another statement that is
known is called the base of thought (premise), whereas the new statement called the
conclusion derived. Although not mentioned as a rational knowledge included in the
episteme, the logic is totally a kind of rational knowledge. According to Aristotle
pioneered this fourth type of knowledge, logic (then still called the analytika) is a
science instrument (the instrument of science) outside epistemi which was necessary
to study the set of rational knowledge. In the Middle Ages, Aristotle recognized
authority in such a logic high so that the knowledge made compulsory subjects in the
education for free citizens. The priests and teachers to teach philosophy as the highest
knowledge together with the logic of Aristotle. Logic developed by Aristotle and later
furnished by experts in medieval logic and the next period later known as the
traditional logic. Until the nineteenth century the traditional logic is the only
knowledge about the true reason for the study and education. However, starting the
second half of the nineteenth century that later developed logic classified as a modern
logic by mathematical experts such as George Boole, Auguste De Morgan, and
Gottlob Frege. In today's field of logic has become a very broad knowledge and no
longer be senata-filasafati eyes, but also sounding very technical and scientific. The
more modern logic has grown so rapidly and so diverse that urged traditional logic
aside and become a small part of the less significant. Modern logic which was
originally included only the logic of metaphor now include logic duty, dual-value
logic, logic intusionistik, and various systems of logic standard procedures. In
addition to close ties with philosophy and mathematics, today's logic also has
developed a variety of logical methods that many use in the sciences. Now in addition
to deduction and induction which is the subject methods, also known a variety of
other methods such as logical analysis, abstraction, analogy, and logical division and
classification. For example, the first general method used by science is something
logical classification. Sciences that many use graphics in explanation basically set
analogy method. In addition, modern logic (especially the logic of the metaphor) with
various terms carefully, abstract symbols, and formalized rules for correct reasoning
that not only can handle conversations in a complex field of science, but it has also
application example in the preparation computer programs and settings tiadak
electricity had ties with the argument. Thus the growth of four types of rational
knowledge that has been described briefly above in that ultimately led to today's a
complex area of knowledge called philosophy of science.

CHAPTER III
PENUTUP
A. Conclusion
That the development of philosophy of science can not be separated from the
influence of ancient Greek civilization who created a method for understanding the
true nature of life. The development philosophy of science is rapidly starting from
Aristotle's pupil plateau, but the person who first philosophy that is currently Thales
give the title of father of philosophy. Forming an intricate knowledge of the
Philosophy of Science. Not only philosophy and science are just forming a thing but
Logic and Mathematics in Philosophy and combine it with science to create such
thing as Philosophy of Science. Learning about the philosophy of science began when
people started thinking and discussing the situation of nature, the world, and the
environment around them and not rely to another religion to seek answers to
questions about the meaning of life. In the first element, the philosophy is divided
into two, namely analytic philosophy and speculative philosophy. Analytic
philosophy primarily focuses on a careful analysis of the meaning diuperbincangkan
understanding in philosophy such as substance, existence, moral, etc. reality.
Meanwhile, speculative philosophy is actually another name of metaphysics. Then
Sciences set of empirical methods, experimental, and inductive. Mathematics is the
language of science. Then the logic is totally a kind of rational knowledge. So that
these four will be combined to form the name the Philosophy of Science.
B. Advice
In this work the author feels this work is still not perfect for the make useful reading
materials. Thus the authors intend to invite the reader to be able to give criticism and
advice so that this work can be useful as reading material. Then the authors apologize
to readers if there are problems with writing and other mistakes. Thank you.