International Journal of Economy, Management and Social Sciences, 2(11) November 2013, Pages: 939-944

TI Journals

International Journal of Economy, Management and Social Sciences

ISSN
2306-7276

www.tijournals.com

Health and Wellness Lifestyles of Nigerian Women League

Football Players
Moses, Monday Omoniyi 1, Oladapo, Rukayat Yetunde 2
1,2

Department of Sports and Recreation Management, Faculty of Education, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria.

AR TIC LE INF O

AB S TR AC T

Keywords:

The uninteresting performance and observed incidence of health risk behaviours of female athletes has
raised great fears about health and wellness lifestyles of Nigerian women league football players.

Women footballers
Lifestyles
Diet and nutrition
Stress
Exercise and weight control
Smoking
Alcohol and drug use
Health and safety

The study adopted a descriptive-exploratory research design method. One hundred and fifty footballers
registered in the 2012/2013 Nigerian women league season in six conveniently selected clubs from six
states were respondents in the study. A self-structured and validated Health and Wellness Lifestyles
Questionnaire (HWLQ) with six sub-scales (Diet and Nutrition, Stress, Exercise and Weight Control,
Smoking, Alcohol and Drug Use, and Health and Safety) and varied responses was used to collect data.
Results show that majority 60(40.0%) of the players aged 18-21 years, 120(80.0%) of the 150 were
single and 94(62.7%) of them had senior secondary school certificate. Chi-square (X2) analysis value
obtained showed that Nigerian women football league players significantly practice positive diet and
nutrition (X2 = 416.36, df =18, p < .05), stress free (X2 = 158.71, df=10, p < .05), exercise and weight
control (X2 = 505.28, df=12, p < .05), smoking (X2 = 7.73, df=3, p <.05), alcohol and drug use (X2 =
26.87, df = 9, p <.05), and health and safety (X2-Cal = 394.779, df=6, p < .05) lifestyles.
The implication of the results is that Nigerian women league football players practice positive diet and
nutrition, stress, exercise and weight control, smoking, alcohol and drug use and health and safety
lifestyles. Few female athletes practice smoking, alcohol and drug use lifestyles. It is recommended that
awareness campaigns on comprehensive positive health and wellness lifestyles among women league
football players should be implemented by all club owners and federal government of Nigeria. It is also
recommended that clinical health assessment of all women league football players should be carried out.
2013 Int. j. econ. manag. soc. sci. All rights reserved for TI Journals.

1.

Introduction

Women football (soccer) has been played for many decades as charity games and for physical exercise in the past before the breakthrough
of organized women's association football came in the 1970s. The involvement of women in well-organized physical activity (now football
competitions) calls for women players optimal level of fitness for efficient performance [1]. Optimal level of fitness is an invention of
absolute health and wellness lifestyles which female footballers should particularly embrace [1]. Practicing adequate diet and nutrition [23]; effective stress, exercise and weight control management techniques [4]; avoidance of smoking, alcohol and drug use [5]; and inevitably
engaging in health and safety ways of life contributory factors that can improve performance of female footballers at optimal level.
Optimizing training through provision of well-timed nutrients and/or use of various effective nutritional guides can help optimize
performance and/or training adaptations [6]. Studies reiterate that involvement of female athletes in adequate nutritional is characterised
with good alertness, excellent natured personality, a well-developed body, with normal weight for height [7], well developed and firm
muscles, healthy skin, reddish pink colour of eyelids [8] and membranes of mouth, good layer of subcutaneous fat, clear eyes, smooth [9]
and glossy hair, good appetite [10] and excellent general health [11]. Female athletes are a group particularly at risk for developing eating
disorders or engaging in unhealthy behaviours to control their weight [12].
Smoking, alcohol and drug use are few of the major factors that can lessen any physiological reimbursement female athletes might have
stored for optimal performance. Not only does alcohol dependence diminish protein synthesis resulting in a decrease in muscle build-up,
but also short-time use can slow down reaction time efficiency [13]. Cigarette smoking also is a putative risk factor based on the complex
interplay between tobacco and marijuana use in young adults [14-17]. Smoking decreases alertness, lowers reaction time, and impairs
memory [18-19]. It accelerates muscle fatigue and thereby reducing exercise duration and efficiency [20]. Changes in appetite and food
cravings because of drug use can undermine nutrition and affect body mass [21-22]. Thus, smoking has detrimental effects on athletic
performance, and these negative effects should dissuade athletes from engaging in unhealthy smoking lifestyles.
Studies have called for the needs to educate female athletes about nutrition [23], healthy weight management [24], energy levels [25], rest
and recovery [26], bone health and general wellness lifestyles [27-29] to prevent pervasive health conditions that are becoming rampant
among female athletes.
Despite these calls, anonymous responses from female football league players interviewed reveal that majority of Nigerian female league
footballers are deficient in information on drugs and narcotics usage, sexual hygiene, medical care, disease prevention, social and mental
* Corresponding author.
Email address: moniy152002@yahoo.com, yvollar@yahoo.com

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Inter nat ional Journal of Economy, Manage ment and Social Scie nces , 2(11) Nove mber 2013

hygiene, nutrition and exercise that are germane to health and wellness lifestyles. Conducting a descriptive-exploratory study on the health
and wellness lifestyles of Nigerian women league football players that form the main components of the national team tagged Superfalcon with the inclusion of few foreign based ones, when Nigeria is preparing for international competition, though without a substantial
head coach, is timely and will help in taming the menace of unhealthy behaviours as the Nigerian women league football players aim at
optimal performance.

2.

Methodology

In order to assess and describe the health and wellness lifestyles of Nigerian women league football players in the second group zoning, the
study adopted a descriptive-exploratory research design method. One hundred and fifty (150) women footballers registered in the
2012/2013 league season in six conveniently selected clubs out of ten from six states of Oyo (Tewo Queens), Nasarawa (Nasarawa
Amasons), Ondo (Sunshine Queens), Lagos (F.C. Robo), Abuja (FTC Queens) and Akwa-Ibom (Ibom Angels) in Nigeria were sample for
the study. Each of the clubs had thirty (30) female players with at least a year experience with the club.
A self-structured and validated Health and Wellness Lifestyles Questionnaire (HWLQ) with six sub-scales (Diet and Nutrition, Stress,
Exercise and Weight Control, Smoking, Alcohol and Drug Use, and Health and Safety) with varied responses was used to collect data.
HWLQ also has section for the age, marital status, religion and educational level of the respondents. Body mass index (BMI) measured in
terms weight in kilogram divided by the square of height in centimeter [30] of the respondents was also obtained. Diet and Nutrition has ten
items with frequently (almost every day), sometimes (every few days) and rarely (once a week or less) responses. Stress has six items
with responses of often (three or more times a week), occasionally (a few times a week) and rarely (less than once a week); the responses
of Exercise and Weight Control that has four items were excellent, good, average, fair and poor. Smoking has two items with responses of
I never smoke, I smoke one or two per day, I smoke three to twelve per day and I smoke more than 12 per day. Alcohol and Drug Use
has four items with None, 1 to 5, 6 to 10, and 11 to 14 as responses. The last sub-scale of Health and Safety has four items with responses
as always, sometimes (about half of the time) and hardly ever. The content validity of the sub-scales was investigated while the reliability
of HWLQ was calculated to be = 0.88 using Cronbach alpha formula. Obtained data were subjected to Statistical Package for Social
Sciences (SPSS) of descriptive statistics including frequency counts, percentages, mean, standard deviation and inferential statistics of chisquare (X2) and correlation matrix analyses. Significance levels were set at 0.05 and 0.01.

3.

Results

The result of the study shows that 40(26.7%) of the respondents aged less than 18 years. 60(40.0%) of them aged 18-21 years, 42(28.0%) of
them aged 21-25 years, while 8(5.3%) of them Aged above 26 years. It shows that 120(80.0%) of the respondents were single, 28(18.7%)
of them were married, while 2(1.3%) of them were divorced. It also indicates that 81(54.0%) of the respondent were Christians, 68(45.3%)
of them were Muslims, while 1(0.7%) was traditional worshiper. The obtained results that 20(13.3%) of the respondents had Primary
School Certificates, 94(62.7%) of them had Secondary School Certificates, 26(17.3%) of them had OND/NCE while 10(6.7%) of them had
B.Sc./HND. The Body Mass Index (BMI) of the respondents was measured in terms of body weight divided by the square of the height
and has mean of 22.42 3.07. The BMI mean-value obtained is in the normal range (19kg/m2and 25kg/m2) of standard Body Mass Index
[30]. Therefore, the Body Mass Index of the respondents is normal.
Table 1. Chi-square Analysis on Nigerian Women League Football Players Diet and Nutrition Lifestyle
Diet and Nutrition
Question Items

Frequently
(almost every day)

Sometimes (every
few days)

Rarely
(once a week or less)

Total

How often do you consciously limit both your salt and sodium intake
by not adding salt to prepared food?
How often do you eat a well balance nutrition breakfasts?

12
8.0%
5
3.3%
37
24.7%
33
22.0%
21
14.0%
93
62.0%
26
17.3%
29
19.3%
46
30.7%

31
20.7%
117
78.0%
53
35.3%
62
41.3%
95
63.3%
57
38.0%
72
48.0%
98
65.3%
52
34.7%

107
71.3%
28
18.7%
60
40.0%
55
36.7%
34
22.7%
52
34.7%
23
15.3%
52
34.7%

150
100.0%
150
100.0%
150
100.0%
150
100.0%
150
100.0%
150
100.0%
150
100.0%
150
100.0%
150
100.0%

14
9.3%
316
21.1%

78
52.0%
715
47.6%

58
38.7%
469
31.3%

150
100.0%
1500
100.0%

As a player, how often do you go longer than 5 hours without eating

something nutritious?
How often do you drink at least 8-0 2 glasses of water?
How often do you eat at fast food restaurants?
Foods that are usually high in fat include, cheese, chips, maize, fried
foods, butter and nuts. How often will you describe your fat intake?
Foods that usually high in simple sugar include candy, cakes, pastries,
and ice cream. How would you describe your intake of simple sugars?
Caffeine is contained in coffee, tea, and many soft drinks. How
would you describe your intake of such?
How often do you eat a well balanced diet that includes at least two
servings from each of the following food groups: milk of dairy
products, fruit, vegetables, bread, or grains and meat substitutes?
How often do you eat many servings of vegetables and grain
products
Total

X2 -crit=28.8, X2 = 416.36, df =18, p < .05

.000

Health and Wellness Lifestyles of Nigerian Women League Football Players

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Internat ional Jour nal of Economy, Mana ge ment and Social Sciences , 2(11) November 2013

The result in table 1 showed that 47. 6% players in the Nigerian women football league sometimes, 31.3% rarely and 21.1% frequently
practice positive diet and nutrition lifestyle. When the data was subjected to chi-square (X2) analysis, the value obtained of X2 = 416.36 was
higher than X2 table value of 28.8 at degree of freedom 18 and at 0.05 level of significance. Therefore the players in the Nigerian women
football league significantly practice positive diet and nutrition lifestyle.
Table 2. Chi-square Analysis on Nigerian Women League Football Players Stress lifestyle
Stress
Question Items

Often
(three or more times
a week)

Occasionally
(a few times a week)

Rarely
(less than once a
week)

Total

25
16.7%

52
34.7%

73
48.7%

150
100.0%

30
20.0%

86
57.3%

34
22.7%

150
100.0%

97
64.7%

53
35.3%

150
100.0%

50
33.3%

61
40.7%

39
26.0%

150
100.0%

43
28.7%
41
27.3%
286
31.8%

73
48.7%
57
38.0%
382
42.4%

34
22.7%
52
34.7%
232
25.8%

150
100.0%
150
100.0%
900
100.0%

How frequently do you experience one or more of the

symptoms of excess stress such as tension, migraine,
headaches, or pain in the neck or shoulders?
How frequently do you find it difficult to concentrate on what
you are doing because of either deadlines or other task that also
completed?
Do you become irritable when you have to wait in a line or at a
traffic light?
In response to stress and tension, how frequently do you eat,
drink, smoke or take tranquilizers in an attempt to reduce the
stress or tension?
How often do you worry your work and for other decade lines
at night or at weekends?
How often do you wake up in the night thinking about all the
things you must do the nest day?
Total

.000

X2 -crit=18.3, X2 = 158.71, df=10, p < .05

The table 2 showed that 42.4% of players in the Nigerian women football league often, 31.8% occasionally and 25.8% rarely have positive
stress lifestyle. Chi-square (X 2) analysis value obtained of X2 = 158.71 was higher than X2 table value of 18.3 at degree of freedom 10 and
at 0.05 level of significance. Hence the players in the Nigerian women football league significantly practice stress free lifestyle.
Table 3 Chi-square Analysis on Nigerian Women League Football Players Exercise and Weight Control Lifestyle
Exercise and Weight Control
Question Items

Excellent

How would you rate your present level of aerobic compared with other
people of your age and sex?
How would you rate the times per week that you participate continuously
for at least 20 minutes in any form of organized aerobic activity such as
walking, swimming, bicycling, or jogging?
How would you rate the often times you spent warming up and stretching
before and or after participating in your exercise programme or sports?
How would you best describe your present weight?
Total

Good

Average

Fair

Poor

Total

3
2.0%
72
48.0%

4
2.7%
51
34.0%

12
8.0%
27
18.0%

53
35.3%
-

78
52.0%
-

150
100.0%
150
100.0%

76
50.7%
5
3.3%
156
26.0%

37
24.7%
1
0.7%
93
15.5%

37
24.7%
6
4.0%
82
13.7%

65
43.3%
118
19.7%

73
48.7%
151
25.2%

150
100.0%
150
100.0%
600
100.0%

.000

X2 -crit=21.0, X2 = 505.28, df=12, p < .05

The results table 3 showed that 26.0% have excellent, 25.2% have poor, 19.7% posses fair, 15.5% have good, and 13.7% of the Players in
the Nigerian woman Football League have average positive exercise and weight control lifestyle. The X2 result however revealed that the
players significantly have positive exercise and weight control lifestyle (X 2-Crit=21.0, X2 = 505.28, df=12, p < .05).
Table 4. Chi-square Analysis on Nigerian Women Football League Players Smoking Lifestyle
Smoking
Question Items
What will you say about yourself with regard to
cigarette and cigar smoking
What will you say about yourself with regard to
smoking while lying on bed
Total

I never smoke

I smoke one or
two per day

I smoke three to
twelve per day

I smoke more than

12 per day

Total

143
95.3%
135
90.0%
278
92.7%

4
2.7%
9
6.0%
13
4.3%

1
.7%
6
4.0%
7
2.3%

2
1.3%

150
100.0%
150
100.0%
300
100.0%

.052

X2-crit=7.81, X2 = 7.73, df=3, p <.05

2
.7%

Moses and Oladapo

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Inter nat ional Journal of Economy, Manage ment and Social Scie nces , 2(11) Nove mber 2013

Table 4 showed that 97.7% of the players in the Nigerian women football league never smoke or smoke while lying on bed, 4.3% smoke
once or twice per day, 2.3% smoke three to twelve times per day while 0.7% smoke more than twelve times per day. Chi-square analysis
showed that the players in the Nigerian women football league do not significantly have positive smoking lifestyle (X 2-Crit=7.81, X2 =
7.73, df=3, p >0.05).
Table 5. Chi-square Analysis on Nigerian Women Football League Players Alcohol and Drug Use lifestyle
Alcohol and drug use
Question Items

None

Occasionally
(1 5)

Frequently
(6 10)

Always
(10 14)

Total

What is the average number of alcoholic drinks (beer,

wine, or hard liquor) that you consume per week?
How often do you take prescription drugs that have been
prescribed for someone else?
How often do you consume drugs other than alcohol, such
as marijuana, uppers, or downers?
How often do you combine alcohol with any other types of
drugs or with medications such as sleeping, pills, pain pills,
or cold pills?
Total

106
70.7%
98
65.3%
116
77.3%
125
83.3%

30
20.0%
43
28.7%
18
12.0%
19
12.7%

13
8.7%
9
6.0%
16
10.7%
6
4.0%

1
0.7%
-

150
100.0%
150
100.0%
150
100.0%
150
100.0%

445
74.2%

110
18.3%

44
7.3%

1
0.2%

.001

600
100.0%

X2-crit=16.9, X2 = 26.87, df = 9, p <.05

Result from the table 5 showed that 74.2% of the players do not consume alcohol and related drugs at all, 18.3% consume such
occasionally, 7.3% consume such frequently and 0.2% always consumes such. Table 5 further showed that Nigerian women league
football players significantly have positive alcohol and drug use lifestyle (X2 -Crit=16.9, X2 -Cal = 26.87, df=9, p <.05).
Table 7. Pair wise Correlation matrix showing the relationship between the variables and Body mass index of Nigerian Women League Football Players
Variables and Body mass index
Body mass Index
Diet and Nutrition
Stress
Exercise and weight control
Smoking
Alcohol and drug use
Health and Safety

Body mass
Index
1
.062
-.066
-.037
.103
.088
-.150

Diet and
Nutrition
1
.145
.237**
-.206*
-.185*
.215**

Stress

1
.291**
.036
-.023
.305**

Exercise and
weight control

1
-.255**
-.073
.274**

Smoking

1
.237**
-.129

Alcohol and
drug use

Health and
Safety

1
.005

** = p < 0.01, * = p < 0.05

The table 7 shows that there was no significant relationship between body mass index and health and wellness lifestyle variables (diet and
nutrition, stress, exercise and weight control, smoking, alcohol and drug use and health and safety). An exhaustive look at table 7 revealed
that there are significant relationships between diet and nutrition and exercise and weight control (r = 0. 237, p<0.01), health and safety (r =
0. 215, p<0.01); stress and exercise and weight control (r = 0. 291, p<0.01), health and safety (r = 0. 305, p<0.01); exercise and weight
control and Smoking (r = -0. 255, p<0.01), health and safety (r = 0. 274, p<0.01); smoking and alcohol and drug use (r = 0. 337, p<0.01);
diet and nutrition and smoking (r = -0.206, p<0.05) and alcohol and drug use (r = -0.185, p<0.05).

4.

Discussion

This study examined health and wellness lifestyles of Nigerian women league football players. Findings showed that only 21.1% players in
the Nigerian women football league used in the study frequently practice positive diet and nutrition lifestyle as against 31.3% and 47.6%
that rarely and sometimes respectively practice positive diet and nutrition lifestyle. This indicates that about 78.9% of the female footballers
in the study were at risk of unhealthy eating that is far above the 14.3% reported on eating disorder of college female athletes [31].
Practicing poor eating habits will lead to nutritional deficiencies which will in turn impair the health and physical performance of the
athletes.
The poor diet and nutrition lifestyles obtained in the study may necessitate the 74.2% of the athletes that often and occasionally experience
stress. In addition, regular participation of women in sports has been shown to reduce stress, enhance coping mechanisms, reduce anxiety,
depression, hostility, hypochondria (thinking of being sick when actually not sick) and improve self-concept [32-33]. Food nutrients are the
most important antioxidants that provide effective protective networks against oxidative stress athletes exposed to that can cause cell
damage and death together with other antioxidants [34-35]. Protection against degenerative diseases including psychologically induced
stress cannot be attributed to a single dietary factors but rather a wide range of environmental, dietary and lifestyle factors that are
vulnerable to such diseases [36].

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Internat ional Jour nal of Economy, Mana ge ment and Social Sciences , 2(11) November 2013

The study reveal that as much as 44.9% of the female athletes fairly and poorly exhibit positive exercise and weight control lifestyle. This
lifestyle degree is very high of professional athletes of their kind. Successful weight management requires a lifestyle approach that
integrates physical activity into professional hobby to reduce incidence of cardiovascular diseases and intra-abdominal visceral fat [37].
Sustained exercise and weight control lifestyle approach by female athletes improves the efficiency of their heart and increases the amount
of oxygen the body can process in a given period of time [33]. Conservation of lean tissues instead of fat tissues, possession of healthier
quality and quantity of fat in the blood, improvement in joint mobility and pain control, reduction in the risk of colon cancer, increase in
bone mass, lengthening of life as well as improvement in the quality of life as compensations for female athletes lifestyle in exercise and
weight control [33].
Even though, the study revealed that a very high percentage (97.7%) of the players in the Nigerian women football league never smoke and
only 4.3% smoke once or twice per day, it is pertinent to realize that 2.3% smoke three to twelve times per day and 0.7% smoke more than
twelve times per day. Also 7.5% of the players in the Nigerian women football league frequently and always consume alcohol and drugs.
These revelations imply that more than five of every one hundred and fifty players in the Nigerian women football league smoke and
consume alcohol and drugs. The result was consistent to other study that female athletes and non-athletes from federal and state owned
secondary school behave differently with regard to cigarette smoking and consume alcohol and drugs [38]. Though smoking and consume
alcohol and drugs are prevalence among Nigerian irrespectively of religion, sex, academic discipline, age and locality, but the lifestyles
ought not to transpire at all among female athletes who value their health and look forward to greater achievement in football.
The most commending outcome in the study is that 83.8% of the athletes do practice health and safety lifestyles as expected. The positive
attitude of the athletes toward health and safety lifestyle might not be unconnected with their safe living attitude for fear of accident that
may have negative consequence on their football career. Safe living allied to avoidance of hazards in order to function at optimal level [39].
The study also revealed that players in the Nigerian women football league have normal body mass index. A cross-factor correlation
analysis in the study revealed existence of significant relationships among the factors indicating collective responsibility issues for attaining
complete health and wellness.

5.

Conclusion

The results of this study demonstrate that greater part of the Nigerian women league football players practice positive diet and nutrition,
stress, exercise and weight control, smoking, alcohol and drug use and health and safety lifestyles. It is however important to note that
smoking, alcohol and drug use attitudes are present among few of them. The multiplication of the anti-excellent sport performance attitudes
of the few can ruin the entire lives of the players and clubs if not tamed. Awareness campaigns on comprehensive positive health and
wellness lifestyles among women league football players should be implemented by all club owners and federal government of Nigeria. It
is also recommended that clinical health assessment of all women league football players should be carried out.

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