Bangladesh Nutrition and

Health Progress by
Potatoes and Sweet
Potatoes
4/20/2014
Main body: 3,426
Total Report: 4,238

REPORT ON
Bangladesh Nutrition and Health Progress by Potatoes
and Sweet Potatoes

Prepared for:
Dr. Harunur Rashid
Accredited Lecturer, University of Derby

Prepared by:
Md. Ariful Islam
Id# 100346206
University of Derby
Module: Delivering Winning Projects

2 | Page

Date of submission: 20th April, 2014

April 20, 2014

Dr. Harunur Rashid

Module Leader, BACB
University of Derby

Dear Sir,
Submission of report

With great pleasure I am submitting the Delivering Winning Projects report on Bangladesh
nutrition and health progress by potatoes and sweet potatoes
I have put in my best efforts to make this report a success. However, I am sure that this report
could have been better, if it had not been my first time to conduct such a study. However this has
obviously been a great source of learning for me to conduct similar types of studies in future.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to you for your kind guidance and suggestions in
preparing the report. I shall be happy to provide any further explanation regarding this report if
required.
Yours faithfully,

Md. Ariful Islam

Id# 100346206
3 | Page

Acknowledgement
First of all I like to express my deepest gratitude to Almighty for his endless grace that has made
me possible in preparation and timely completion of this report on Bangladesh nutrition and
health progress by potatoes and sweet potatoes. My heartiest gratitude also goes to my
University of Derby (UoD) for giving me the opportunity to prepare this report.

I express my sincere gratitude to my course instructor Dr. Harunur Rashid for selecting and
approving this topic. My course instructor Nikhil Chandra Shil guided me with his valuable
advice to develop this report and complete it in the given time.

I sincerely thank my family members for extending all the valuable support and creating a proper
environment at home during the preparation period of this report. Finally I very much appreciate
all those persons who directly and indirectly have given me necessary cooperation in completion
of this report in the allotted time.

4 | Page

Executive Summary
Health and Nutrition sector addressing the challenges, the ministry of health and Family welfare
(MOHFW), Government of Bangladesh (GOB), has been implementing the Health and Nutrition
sector at the very beginning. The health and nutrition sector is third wide sector program for
overall improvement of health, nutrition. The main concern of this program is to improve the
health and nutrition service in order to reduce mortality and improve the nutrition status
especially women and children.
In section 1, explained the overall project context which includes the basic needs of the project
with its aim and objectives. Background and current situation analysis regarding the nutrition and
health condition of Bangladesh and initial strategy and design from management through
government
In section 2, it is s all about project planning and strategy where include project proposal with its
fixed budget. The key outcomes of this report are the stakeholders, limited timeframe, target
group and area and management of resources with the strategy. Scope of the project,
methodology, major activities related with data collection and duration of the study also
identified.
In section 3, mentioned the overall process from management which includes the project life
cycle, 4-D model, roles and responsibility clearly discussed. Based on the overall project lastly
indemnified the Risk management and how to overcome those risk from management level.
At last overall conclusion has been explained and some recommendations have been provided
for this project which they can apply for their further improvement.

5 | Page

Table of Contents
Acknowledgement..........................................................................................................................4
Executive Summary.......................................................................................................................5
Chapter 1........................................................................................................................................7
Introduction of the study...............................................................................................................7
1.0. Introduction:.........................................................................................................................8
1.1 Purpose of the study.............................................................................................................11
1.3 Method of survey:.................................................................................................................11
Project Initiative Document (PID):............................................................................................12
Chapter 2......................................................................................................................................13
Analysis and Findings..................................................................................................................13
2.0 Project relevant Crops...........................................................................................................14
2.1 Agriculture: Food Production, use of land and security of food:........................................15
2.3 Estimated budget for 2 years...............................................................................................18
2.4 Project Management:...........................................................................................................19
2.4.1. The 4-d Model (Maylor 2010):........................................................................................20
2.4.2 Benefits of 4-d Models.......................................................................................................21
2.5 Risk Associated with the implementation of the project plan:.............................................22
2.6 Advantages of Risk Management:........................................................................................22
2.7 Possible Risk:.......................................................................................................................23
Chapter 3......................................................................................................................................25
Recommendation & Conclusion.................................................................................................25
3.0 The Need for change............................................................................................................26
3.1 Recommendation..................................................................................................................26
6 | Page

3.2 Conclusion:..........................................................................................................................28
References.....................................................................................................................................29

Chapter 1

Introduction of the study

7 | Page

1.0. Introduction:
Bangladesh is developing country. In 2012, the total population in Bangladesh is more than 154
million, changing 209 percent during the last 50 years. The male population is greater than
female population. In 2012 Bangladesh was ranked in 177th position with 1,074 people per
square km.
Bangladesh has not been able to reach stabilisation between energy requirement and energy
supplies, even though impressive gains in food production.
Despite a difficult starts after 1971 War of Independence its recent issue, the influential journal
says Bangladesh made enormous health advances.
A workable information system is one of the essential programmatic needs for the Health and
Nutrition important sector program in Bangladesh. At present, Ministry of Health and family
welfare is maintaining hierarchical reporting System called Management Information System
(MIS) for assessing, evaluating and monitoring health and nutrition sector program. It has
undergone several changes and modification over the last three decades since its inception in
1975. Nutrition indicators have improved over 20 year period, but not enough to reach
acceptable level or targets. Millennium Development Goals (MDG) shows that moderate
malnutrition among children aged 6-59 months has come down from 66% in 1990 to about 50%
in 2007. Nutrition status in a country responds to many factors outside the living standards like
food security, education, gender, relation etc.

8 | Page

(Bangladesh-america.com, 2014)
Situation Analysis:
Nutrition status of Bangladesh adapted from green vegetables and potatoes. Current nutrition
status of Bangladesh which is overall diet is highly imbalanced lack of vitamins and minerals,
rice and cereal contribute 80% of the diet vegetables contribute only 3% of the diet. Downward
in the intake of cereal, pulses, vegetables, fruit, fishes, meat, milk and oil among the people of
Bangladesh. Increase in the amount of energy-dense and poor quality diet chips, soft juice, icecream, chocolate, burger especially among the rich and urban. Bangladesh has made significant
cross in boosting its economy and rising incomes in the past decade. Yet more than 43 percent of
preschool are stunned and 56 percent are underweight. Bangladeshi children are suffering from
high rates of micro nutrient deficiencies, particularly vitamin A, iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn). Some
60% of children less than 5 year thought to be at risk Vitamin A which can be night blindness.

9 | Page

Nutrition

% of the population

Malnutrition, in children (birth to 59 months)

Wasting (weight-for-height)

17.42

Stunting (height-for-age)

43.22

Underweight (weight-for-age)

412

Low birth-weight

361

Exclusive breastfeeding (birth to 6 months)

432

Anemia, in children (6 - 23 months)

643

Chronic energy deficiency, in mothers

325

Night blindness (Vitamin A deficiency), in

0.045

children (18-59 months)

Iodine deficiency, in children (6-12 years)

33.86

1 Statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2004

2 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey, 2007
3 Helen Keller International / Institute of Public Health and Nutrition, 2002
4 Child and Mother Nutrition Survey of Bangladesh, 2005
5 Nutrition Surveillance Programme; Helen Keller International / Institute of Public Health and
Nutrition, 2005
6 Bangladesh Iodine Deficiency Disorder / Universal Salt Iodization Survey, 2005

10 | P a g e

1.1 Purpose of the study

The purpose of the study is to ensure quality and equitable health care for all citizens in
Bangladesh by improving access to and utilization of health and nutrition service. Another
purpose of this project is to improve health and nutritional security of households living in
the targeted districts in the southern region.

1.2 Objectives of the project:

The main objective of this project is to improve the health and nutrition in Bangladesh through
potato, sweet potato, and vegetables.
Select adapted varieties to be incorporated into local farming and food system
Develop a strategies to ensure supply of clean
Improve crop productivity through system level innovation
Achieve nutrition benefits at scale through food system and institutional initiative
Innovative cool storage for potatoes rapidly impacts the livelihoods of families, as well as
establishes strategies for longer-term transformations in poverty levels and nutritional
security
1.3 Method of survey:
Area Covers by the project: This multi-year initiative will maintain its geographical reach in at
least six target districts of southwest, south central and southeast Bangladesh.
1. Joshor District
2. Borishal District
3. Foridpur District
4. Chittagong District &
5. Potukhali District
11 | P a g e

Project Initiative Document (PID): Its one kind of document that brings the key
information of overall project. It helps to create a contact between the project manager and
project board. It helps to achieve.
The project aim
The Importance of project
Overall involvement and responsibilities

1. Name of the Project

: The Importance of Nutrition and Health

2. Name of the Project Holder

: Md. Ariful Islam

3. Target Area

: 1. Joshor District
2. Borishal District
3. Foridpur District
4. Chittagong District &
5. Potukhali District

4. Target groups

: Rural area people

5. Stakeholders

: The key stakeholder of this project is government and

non-government oragnisation and some part of NGO.

6. Management strategy

: I implement the 4-D model to operate potato seeds

technology.

5. Propose of the Project

: Ensure health and nutrition specially in rural area

6. Duration

: 2 years. (2015-2017)

7. Required Amount

: Tk.100, 000,000.

12 | P a g e

Chapter 2

Analysis and Findings

13 | P a g e

2.0 Project relevant Crops

Potato & Sweet potatoes:
Globally Potato is known as a staple food. One of the leading vegetable In Bangladesh is
Potatoes which has a production of 7.9 million MT in 2010, compared to other fresh vegetables.
China has per capita consumption of 32 kg which is greater than Bangladeshs consumption of
23 kg. Global potato production is processed by 10 per cent as consumer products. Potatoes are
processed and then manufactured into French fries, crisps and other prefried potato products
which globally provide us 62% of processed potatoes.
While India or China follow a clear strategy for supporting the potato sector in the areas of
potato seed and infrastructure, the government of Bangladesh still does not have any
standardised strategy.

(Research.cip.cgiar.org, 2014)

14 | P a g e

2.1 Agriculture: Food Production, use of land and security of food:

Agriculture is one of the important sectors in Bangladesh economy. It is a vital source of

livelihood from more than 65% of the population and contributes approximately one-third of the
GDP (FAO 1996). On average GDP agriculture grew at approximately 2% over the last 15 years,
although there was wide fluctuation during this period (WB 1998). The growth rate has been
lower, just above one percent, since the mid-1990s, due to largely poor performance in the crop
sub sector. The growth that has been observed in the crops sub-sector associated largely with
shift from local to high yielding varieties of vegetables especially potato.
Approximately 67% of total land area is cultivated, of which 70% is high land and medium high
land where sallow flooding occurs. In this land space, farmers can grow two to three years crops
yearly. Rice and potato are dominating crop which approximately occupies 75% of the currently
land. The Majority of financial and human resources (program, extension and research) are
directed at gain production, particularly potato production. Recently it refers that, resources have
been directed at non-grain crops and agriculture diversification.
Food security is linked to land ownership in rural areas. Due to rural area expansion occupational
patters are changing. Food security depends on the income level urban and rural areas, food
distribution, storage system and marketing system.
2.2 Potato Seed Technology:
A potato farmer decides whether to use his own seed tuber or to buy a recommended improved
seed. The recommended seeds are expensive. In addition, the improved seeds is, on average,
larger in size then the farmer own seeds. Thus, use of improved seed increase both the seed price
and the seed quantity.
Seed rate:
The farmer own seed rate is 1500 kg compared with a recommended seed rate of 2000 kg
improved seed. Standardisation of the seed rate to 2000 kg that would have modified the farmers
own seed technology. So the trail in fact evaluates a simple technological package made up seed
quality and seed rate.
15 | P a g e

Seed price:
The farmer own seed does not have a direct cost to him in money, but it still valuable, since he
could have consumed it or sold it. In this case, the farmer estimates that he could have sold these
potatoes for 0.10 per kg. At 0.15 kg, the improved seeds considerably more expensive.
Seed Cost:
Seed cost is the result of the seed rate price. Because of the increase seed rate and price, seed
cost of the recommended seed technology is twice than the farmers technology.
Land preparation:
It is assumed that the ground planted to the potato is coming out rotation of another crop. It is
also assumed that 80% of the acreage will need the proceeding crop residue chop to start ground
preparation in the fall before planting. A heavy disc is then used to start incorporating residue
into the soil and performs the operation 1.5 times on the field.
Irrigation:
Irrigation begins with of 2.0 acre-inches of water sprinkled on 30% of the acres in potato field.
Growers will place a potable pump with diesel engine and fuel tank along a canal. With the pump
situated in the canal a solid set of sprinkle pipes is placed in the furrows and only put up on the
beds to plant and cultivate once during the growing session.
Fertilisation:
Potato seeds are cut, treated with a pesticide, and hauled to the grower. Potatoes are planted in 36
inch beds at the rate 18cwt per acre by the grower.
Pest Management:
After planting all the potatoes farmer use pesticide. During the irrigation some pesticides and
fertilisers are mixed and applied together. Most pesticide is applied to a portion of the potato
acreage.
Transportation and storage:
16 | P a g e

After collecting all the crops (potato) put all potatoes into the trucks. Once the trucks are loaded
they, are taped before they are driven to the storage shed. Hauling potatoes form field to the
storage sheds is assumed to be 15 miles round-trip. Once at the sheds trucks are unload by the
conveyer belt running the length of the truck bed into a large holding tub. Most of the potatoes
are stored in the sheds for only four months. During storage the potatoes are treated to prevent
sprouting.
Average Potato yield and price
Potatoes (Fresh
Market) Year
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
5 Year Average (Total)

Acres
4,535
3,600
3,890
2,936
3,483
3,689

Yields
550
450
520
475
500
499

Price (BDT)
584
445.6
414.4
693.6
652.8
558.4

Training and fieldwork:

The questionnaires are set for 100 household rural areas in five districts. Some revision and
modification based on observation and feedback from the field visit made by the teams.
Interviews, data quality, control officer and supervisor will be selected based on the educational
background, experience. Training program will be conduct by the team leader. Training included
and demonstration how to ask question to the rural people. Field practice will also exercise.

Data Management and processing:

After field level checking the entire questionnaire then return to Dhaka for data processing at
USAID. The data processing will start shortly after completing the overall field work. It
consisted of office editing, food coding, and data entry by the computer program. Finally the data
analysis and tables will be generate by Microsoft office, excel, project.

17 | P a g e

2.3 Estimated budget for 2 years

Activities
Land Improvements

Estimated Budget ( BDT)

2 years
62,05,000

Land

Per acre 3,70,000 so for 10 acre = 74,00,000

Leasehold Improvements
Labour wages
Equipment
Bank Fees
Interest Expense
Legal and Professional Expense
Water
Maintenance Expense
Meals and Entertainment Expense
Office Expense
Repair and Maintenance Expense, Office
Repair and Maintenance Expense, Vehicle
Supplies Expense, Office
Telephone Expense
Training Expense
Travel Expense
Salaries Expense, Officers
Wages Expense
Utilities Expense
Cleaning material
Stationeries and supplies
Accumulated Depreciation, Vehicles
Packaging
Fuel vehicles fuel, repair & maintenance
Electricity/Gas
Total

60,00,000
15,00,000 (150 per day 5000 farmer)
10,00,000
50,00,000
74,00,000
5,50,000
80,80,000
90,80,000
20,00,000
50,50,000
60,00,000
9,27,000
55,00,000
7,100,0000
6,45,000
20,35,000
80,00,000
5,55,000
60,00,000
8,00,000
60,50,000
60,00,000
80,40,000
300,0000
16,183,000
Approximately 2,000,00,000

18 | P a g e

2.4 Project Management:

Project management typically involves a one-time project rather than an ongoing activity, and
resources managed include both human and financial capital. A project manager will help define
the goals and objectives of the project, determine when the various project components are to be
completed and by whom, and create quality control checks to ensure that completed components
meet a certain standard. (Investopedia, 2010)

2.4.1. The 4-d Model (Maylor 2010): The project management model is useful for any project,
but ideal when project management is based on the core join of project.

19 | P a g e

(Source: Google.com.bd, 2014)

Define it:
It defines background of the study. A project may begin with many ways. It helps to follow up
the necessity of the project and basic need. This starts with the interviews of stakeholders to
figure out the basic problem of this project. In this project problems that identified are nutrition
and health problem in Bangladesh. The basic aim of this project is to fulfil the nutrition rate in an
average rate compare to the total population. There is a certain time scale to complete this project
with proper budget.
Design it:
The overall project estimate a fixed time within two years. There is a fix timescale of this project
which identified in table content. The action would be to manage some training or field visit to
accomplish this project. By using method of potato seed technology it helps to design the overall
project. It includes cost of potato, rate of potato, transportation and storage to the firms. It also
helps to identified constraints and dependencies of this project.
20 | P a g e

Do it:
After design the overall project it should be carry on according to the activities. It may require
significant behavioural and cultural change which needs strong support from the whole
management team. The overall data that has been provided which implement to the project
appraisal. Time to time feedback would help to work accordingly to accomplish the project
aspect. Accordingly to the plan the project must be progress to fulfil the aim.
Develop it:
The development phase includes all activity to prepare for development in the wider
organisation. It helps to measure the outcomes of the project activities. It builds a strong position
of the project to peruse it objective through to the people. It has some lesson of this project after
gather those information and knowledge try to implement and practices in practical life. The
development needed varies greatly with projects; it delivers a significant development for the
project.

2.4.2 Benefits of 4-d Models

Improve design documents quality by testing the design against construction sequencing
and thereby eliminating or reducing difficult sequence issues.
Improve Site by doing Planning and coordination with on-going operation
Improve lead time identification which can reduce the total construction duration
Improve constructability and safety issues identification
Greatly this model improves ability to monitor actual progress and thereby identify and
resolves issue more quickly and reduce claims.
2.5 Risk Associated with the implementation of the project plan:
A structured and systematic way to identify and evaluate the risk in order to reduce risk to a
tolerable level by prioritizing. Risk management is about things is going wrong. It is important
because there is always a chance where things might go wrong.
The effective management is critical for any major corporation. The whole project entirely
21 | P a g e

depends on the service it offers. It should be able to identify and manage its risk effectively.
There is a general perception that risk is very low in organisation. It should be noted that while
control of physical risk is important with respect services provided should not be overlooked.
Considering large numbers of employees and staff are from overseas, there is an urgent need to
look from all criteria and adequate measures need to be taken. (Cholmandalam MS Risk
service, pg-7)

2.6 Advantages of Risk Management:

Supporting Effective use and resources: Proper risk management helps to ensure
effective support for resources and helps to implement in proper time.
Quick continuous improvement: If company can maintain proper risk management,
they can bring the changes in a very quick time.

Effective coordination and compliance matter: Risk management helps to coordinate

all the matters effectively and solve the critical issues regarding the activities.

Gather new opportunities: Proper risk management provide opportunities for the
organisation which will help to increase market share.

2.7 Possible Risk:

Over population:
Bangladesh is populated country. The population of Bangladesh is increasing year by year. Over
population has a big impact on this project. Since potatoes are a staple food in Bangladesh and if

22 | P a g e

population keeps increasing exponentially, it will create a problem to the suppler who has
already estimated lower requirement.
Less attention on prevention:
Most of the time farmers are more concern with quantity rather than quality. Due to this lack of a
concern towards quality around 47% of the potatoes get infected by pests.
Corruption:
The estimated budget of this project is 20 billion and being such a large amount there will always
be a chance of corruption. Once there is corruption in the project there will not be enough funds
to carry out the project till the very end.
Risk Identification:
Lack of appropriate level of research and supervisor will be potential threat to capture quality of
primary data which may impact the overall result of exercise.
Technical risk:
Team leader need to use the updated technology to run their business. Like seeds plantation,
fertilization should be an updated technology to accomplish the project successfully
Cost Risk:
Due to lack of proper cost estimation project can failed in many ways. So before going to
implement the cost, it needs to coordinate in a proper way.
Team Member Risk:
Team member should be responsible and to have enough knowledge to run this project also it
needs proper commitments, skill, and avoiding personal issue.
Political Risk:
Political barriers like strike, blocked and some other violent activity that occur by political party
in many times which can affect the time-line of this project.
23 | P a g e

Scheduling Risk
The project can fail due to lack of operation, miss-management, and proper daily time schedule.
Risk Prevention and Reduction:
People with proper skill and knowledge will be recruited and the money will be provided by
Government and in some case USAID. It is an investment of funds to reduce the risk on a
project. A project manager may hire an expert to review the technical plants and help to run the
project. Expatriate mangers can easily: ( Maylor, H. (1996). Project management. 1st ed.
London: Pitman). Identify the high risk of the project in very quick time by using some method
implement it.

24 | P a g e

Chapter 3

Recommendation & Conclusion

3.0 The Need for change

The only possible option for rapid expansion of nutrition sector of the country is to provide
proper health services. The first step would be to make nutrition an integral part of Health and
Nutrition rather than a stand-alone component. This would be possible only if there is a close
link between the communitys approaches and health service.
Nutrition is not the sole component of the health sector. There are several sectors that have the
25 | P a g e

responsibility of malnutrition. There are ample opportunities for coordination between health
sector and other sectors. Some essential points are given:
1) The World Food Program (WFP) and other food donors support the governments Vulnerable
Group Development (VGD) which provides monthly rations to poor woman, particularly
pregnant and lactating mothers.
2) The Department of Agriculture Assistance implements a number of projects with FAO
assistance, in which increased family food security is an important component.
3) The Helen Keller program used on the cutting edge of nutrition activities, but they are not
involved in this discussion anymore.

3.1 Recommendation

Healthy balanced diets need to maintain:

People of Bangladesh need to maintain a healthy balanced diet which contains adequate
micronutrients. Government should create advertisement on the balanced food so that all the
people can easily watch and learn about healthy balanced diet food.

Family planning:
Proper family planning will help to improve the health and nutrition of Bangladesh. Government
or NGO needs to provide free training to the people especially illiterate people about the
procedure and advantages of family planning.
Involvement of non-governmental organisations:
26 | P a g e

It is quite difficult for the Bangladesh government to improve all the critical issues alone due to
have huge population. If non-governmental organisations will conduct various training, develop
project for the welfare of the population it will reduce the burden on the government and will
improve the economy of Bangladesh.
Campaigns of health awareness:
Bangladeshi government and other non-governmental organisations need to arrange more
campaigns for health awareness. In these campaigns people will be informed about the various
issues for improving their health.
Training of farmers:
Government and non government organisation need to arrange some training for the farmers.
Farmers should train up about the modern farming system, use of advanced machines and system
protection from pests.
Risk Monitoring:
Proper monitoring helps a project to become successful. The project manager should be highly
qualified so that he cans accesses, control and monitor overall Project.

3.2 Conclusion:

Bangladesh is a developing country where more than 50% of the population has low income
level. Initially this project was made keeping in mind that potatoes are staple food and it is very

27 | P a g e

necessary for those low income people. Instead of having rice they can have potatoes which will
provide them same level of nutrition.

References
IRINnews, (2014). BANGLADESH: Children and women suffer severe malnutrition.
[online] Available at: http://www.irinnews.org/Report/81544/BANGLADESH-Childrenand-women-suffer-severe-malnutrition [Accessed 12 May. 2014].

28 | P a g e

 Isixsigma.com, (2014). Cost of Poor Quality COPQ. [online] Available at:

http://www.isixsigma.com/dictionary/cost-of-poor-quality-copq/ [Accessed 11 May.
2014].
Khabar south asia, (2013). Bangladesh's food production is global role model. [online]
Available
http://khabarsouthasia.com/en_GB/articles/apwi/articles/features/2013/12/12/feature-03
[Accessed 11 May. 2014].
Planningplanet.com, (2014). Applications / Advantages of 4D Modeling | Project
Controls - planning, scheduling, cost management and forensic claims | Planning Planet.
[online] Available at: http://www.planningplanet.com/content/applications-advantages4d-modeling [Accessed 12 May. 2014].
Pm4id.org, (2014). 11.2 Risk Management Process. [online] Available at:
http://pm4id.org/11/2/ [Accessed 12 May. 2014].
Research.cip.cgiar.org, (2014). [online] Available at:
https://research.cip.cgiar.org/confluence/download/attachments/4953/BAN%20PT
%20PROD%20080915.jpg?version=1&modificationDate=1221761041000&api=v2
[Accessed 12 May. 2014].
Anon, (2014). [online] Available at: .
http://www.banglapedia.org/httpdocs/HT/M_0112.HTM [Accessed 12 May. 2014].
Changingminds.org, (2014). 4D Framework Overview. [online] Available at:
http://changingminds.org/disciplines/change_management/4d_change_project/4d_overvie
w.htm [Accessed 12 May. 2014].
Maylor, H. (1996). Project management. 1st ed. London: Pitman.
Bangladesh-america.com, (2014). [online] Available at: http://www.bangladeshamerica.com/bangladesh/images/birth.gif [Accessed 12 May. 2014].

29 | P a g e