LITERATURE SURVEY

Diesel engines are widely used for transport and power generation applications because of
their high thermal efficiency, and their easy adoption for power generation applications as
well. Increased impetus on improving diesel engine performance, with lower noise and
vibration levels and lower emissions several techniques involving fuel/engine modifications
are essential. Increased energy demand, diminishing fossil fuel reserves in the earth crust and
harmful exhaust gases from engine tailpipe have focused major attention on the use of
renewable and alternative fuels. To overcome and meet these requirements, use of renewable
fuels such as biodiesels and bio-fuels for diesel engines has gained greater momentum. Hence
implementing new methods that improve the efficiency of diesel engine for both transport
and power generation applications are the need of hour. Renewable energy sources can
supply sustainable energy for longer periods of time than their counterparts fossil fuels and
have many advantages as well (Goldemberg and Coelhobn, 2004). Liquid biodiesels in
particular are more suitable for diesel engine applications as their properties are closer to
diesel. A number of vegetable oils have been used for biodiesel production and their
respective biodiesels are used as alternative fuels in diesel engines. Biodiesels derived from
jatropha, honge (karanja), honne, palm, rubber seed, rape seed, mahua, and neem seed oils
were used in diesel engine applications (Banapurmath et al. 2008; Banapurmath et al. 2009;
Bari et al. 2002; GajendraBabu et al. 2006; Karnwal 2010; Onga et al. 2011; Ramadhas et al.
2005, 2005; Raheman and Phadatare 2004; Sahoo et al. 2007, 2009; Venkanna and Reddy,
2011; Sundraapandian and Devaradjane 2010). Slightly reduced engine performance with
increased emissions and poor combustion patterns were reported for biodiesels engine
operation by several researchers (Banapurmath, et al. 2008; Banapurmath et al. 2009;
Nwafor, 2000, 2003; Ramadas, et al. 2005; Scholl and Sorenson, 1993). Effect of various
engine parameters such as compression ratio (CR), injection timing (IT), injection pressure
and engine loading on the performance and exhaust emissions of a single cylinder diesel
engine operated on biodiesel and their blends with diesel were reported in the literature
(GajendraBabu 2007). Varying injection timings affect the position of the piston and thereby
cylinder pressure and temperature at the injection provided. Retarded injection timings
showed significant reduction in diesel NOx and biodiesel NOx (Hountalas et al. 2001; Tao et
al. 2005). Cylinder pressures and temperatures gradually decreased when injection timings
were retarded (Roy 2009). Experiments on CI engine using different vegetable oils and their
esters at different injection pressures have been reported. Better performance, higher peak
cylinder pressure and temperature were reported at increased injection pressures (Bari et al.
2004; Puhan et al. 2009; Rosli, et al. 2008; Roy 2009). Kruczynski et al. 2013 obtained
results of engine tests using camelinasativa oil and reported relatively good engine
performance and stressed the need to change the calibration parameters of the engine fuel
system that cater to the use of the reported fuel. The high content of Linolenic acid of the oil
results in combustion process different to that of diesel. Tompkins et al. 2012 highlighted the
parameters influencing the gross indicated fuel conversion efficiency of biodiesel derived
from palmolein and its B20 blend when compared with diesel oil. Biodiesels inherently
shorter combustion durations and inherently lower air-fuel ratios, resulted into lower brake

thermal efficiency and this could be linked to its bound oxygen component. Biodiesel with
lower heating value requires a longer injector opening to deliver roughly the same amount of
energy to produce same torque as obtained with diesel. Varuvel et al. 2012 studied feasibility
of biodiesel derived from waste fish fat and reported higher NOx emissions for biodiesel.
NOx could be reduced by blending biodiesel with diesel and reported lowered brake thermal
efficiency and increased particulate matter for the blends studied. Vedaraman et al. 2012 used
methyl ester of sal oil (SOME) in diesel engine and reported reduced CO, HC and NOx
emissions with comparable brake thermal efficiency. They concluded that SOME can be a
potential substitute for diesel fuel.
2013-2014 (Biodiesels)
Mohsin, and Majid 2014, investigated experimentation on the integration of compressed
natural gas (CNG) in diesel engine operated in diesel dual fuel (DDF) system using biodiesel
blends which offered better exhaust emission and provides an attractive option for reducing
the pollutants emitted from transportation eets. The horse power and torque of biodiesel
(B20-DDF) was found to be high compared to diesel.
Mohsin R. and Majid J. 2014
1. T. Korakianitis, A.M. Namasivayam, R.J. Crookes, Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI)
and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions, Progress in Energy
and Combustion Science 37 (2011), 89-112, 2011.

S.M. Ashrafur Rahman ,2014; conducted performance of a diesel engine operated with
Jatropha and Palm biodiesel blends at high idling conditions. The results obtained from
experiment elucidate that, at all idling modes HC and CO emissions of both blends decreases,
however, NO emissions increases compared to pure diesel fuel at both idling conditions,
Jatropha blends emitted higher CO and HC compared to Palm biodiesels. Compared to diesel
fuel, at high idling conditions brake specic fuel consumption increased for all Palm and
Jatropha biodiesel diesel blends.
Sakthivel G. * 2014 ; studied the feasibility of using sh oil derived biodiesel in diesel
engines. Experimental tests were carried out to evaluate the performance, emission and
combustion characteristics of a single cylinder, constant speed, direct injection diesel engine
using biodieseldiesel blends, under variable load conditions. It was found that there was a
reduction in NOx, HC and CO emission along with a marginal increase of CO and smoke
emissions with the increase in biodiesel proportion in the fuel. The brake thermal efficiency
was found to be higher compared to diesel for the entire load. The ignition delay, maximum
heat release rate and combustion duration were lower for biodieseldiesel blends compared to
diesel.

Gkhan Tccar* 2014 ; investigated experimentation on diesel engine fuelled with Citrus
sinensis biodiesel blended with conventional diesel fuel in varying volumetric ratios . Fuel
properties of blends and pure citrus sinensis biodiesel were found out and performance
characteristics and exhaust emissions of the engine fueled with blends were analyzed The

engine performance experiments indicated that citrus sinensis biodiesel cause a slight
reduction in torque and brake power values. Exhaust emission tests revealed that while CO
emission values decrease, NO emission values increase with citrus sinensis biodiesel usage.
Combustion chamber:
The combustion chamber of an engine plays a major role during the combustion of wide
variety of fuels used. In this context, many researchers performed both experimental and
simulation studies on the use of various combustion chambers (Arturo et al. 2003; Matsumoto
et al. 1997). In re-entrant combustion chamber intensification of swirl and turbulence were
reported to be higher when compared to cylindrical chambers which lead to more efficient
combustion causing higher NOx emissions and lesser soot and HC emissions (Saito et al.
1986). Montajir et al. 2000 studied the effect of combustion chamber geometry on fuel spray
behavior and found that a re-entrant type combustion chamber with round lip and round
bottom corners provides better air and fuel distribution than a simple cylindrical combustion
chamber. Experimental study to optimize the combination of injection timing and combustion
chamber geometry to achieve higher performance and lower emissions from biodiesel fueled
diesel engine has been reported. Toroidal re-entrant combustion chamber and retarded
injection timing has been found to improve brake thermal efficiency and reduced brake
specific fuel consumption (Jaichander and Annamalai 2012). Improvement in air entrainment
with increased swirl and injection pressure were reported (Bharathi and Prasanthi, 2011; Mc
Cracken and Abraham, 2001). Prasad et al. 2011 studied in-cylinder air motion in a number
of combustion chamber geometries and identified a geometry which produced the highest incylinder swirl and turbulence kinetic energy around the compression top dead centre (TDC).
Three dimensional CFD simulations involving flow and combustion chemistry were used to
study effect of swirl induced by re-entrant piston bowl geometries on pollutant emissions of a
single cylinder diesel engine fitted with a hemispherical piston bowl and an injector with
finite sac volume. The optimal geometry of the re-entrant piston bowl geometry was
confirmed by the detailed combustion simulations and emission predictions used. Optimum
combustion chamber geometry of the engine showed better performance and emission levels.
Suitable combustion geometry of bowl shape helps to increase squish area and proper mixing
of gaseous fuel with air (Arturo, 2003; Shinde, 2012). Designing the combustion chamber
with narrow and deep and with a shallow reentrance had a low protuberance on the cylinder
axis and the spray oriented towards the bowl entrance reduced the NOx emission levels to the
maximum extent (Jaichander, S., Annamalai, 2012, 2013; Matsumoto et al. 1997). Influence
of combustion chamber geometry on pongamia oil methyl ester and its blend (B20) fuelled
diesel engine were investigated (Jaichander, S., Annamalai, 2012) in which toroidal reentrant and shallow depth re-entrant combustion chambers were used. Toroidalreentrant
combustion chamber resulted into higher brake thermal efficiency, higher NOx and reduced
emissions of particulates, CO, UBHC. Lower ignition delay, higher peak pressure with B20
were also obtained when compared to baseline hemispherical and shallow depth reentrant
combustion chambers (Jaichander, S., Annamalai, 2012) .
Injection Strategies:
The behavior of fuel once it is injected in the combustion chamber and its interaction with air
is important. It is well known that nozzle geometry and cavitations strongly affect
evaporation and atomization processes of fuel. Suitable changes in the in-cylinder flow field
resulted in differing combustion. The performance and emission characteristics of

compression ignition engines are largely governed by fuel atomization and spray processes
which in turn are strongly influenced by the flow dynamics inside injector nozzle. Modern
diesel engines use micro-orifices having various orifice designs and affect engine
performance to a great extent. Effects of dynamic factors on injector flow, spray combustion
and emissions have been investigated by various researchers (Mulemane et al. 2004; Som et
al. 2010). Experimental studies involving the effects of nozzle orifice geometry on global
injection and spray behavior has been reported (Pyari et al. 2008; Benajes et al. 2004; Hans et
al. 2002).
Payri et al (2009) have studied effect of nozzle geometry on the combustion. They have used,
three 6-hole sac nozzles, with different orifices degree of conicity. They had studied liquid
phase penetration and stabilized liquid length in real engine conditions has been done. In the
present work, CH and OH chemiluminescence techniques are used to thoroughly examine
combustion process.
Jonas Galle et al (2012) have conducted experiments on diesel operated on residue of a fatty
acid distillation. This bio-oil was heated to 110 to decrease the viscosity to 8 mPa s. the
injectors working with the bio-oil failed prematurely with operation times ranging from 50 to
1500 h. The injectors and the fuel were investigated in order to know the reasons of the
failure and to improve the operation of engine. The investigations reveled different causes,
including plastic deformation and clogging of the injectors passages, as well as micro cracks,
erosion and cavitations damage. The failed injectors were compared with non affected ones
from the same engine injectors from fossils diesel fuelled engines. It was found that the
chemical and physical composition of the fuel enforced the failure of the injections.
Salvador et al (2011) have compared the internal nozzle flow of a standard diesel with a
biodiesel fuel (soybean oil) at cavitating and non cavitating conditions using a homogeneous
equileribum model. The takes into account the compressibility of both phases and use a
barotropic equation of state which relates pressure and density to calculate the growth of
cavitation. Furthermore, turbulence effects have been introduced using a RNG- model. The
compression of both fuels in real diesel injectors nozzle has been performed in terms of mass
flow, momentum flux, and effective velocity at the outlet and cavitations appearance. The
decrease of injection velocity and cavitations intensity for the biodiesel notced by numerical
simulation at different injection conditions, predict a worse air fuel mixing process.

Producer Gas-Diesel/Biodiesel operated Engines:

2013-2014
Turbocharged single/Dual Fuel Engines:
Single Fuel:
Charles l. Peterson * et al. 1995 ; presented a case study on Dodge Cummins
turbocharged and intercooled diesel engine fuelled with ethyl ester of rape seed oil powered

test vehicle. Emissions tests with this vehicle showed a reduction in HC and NO but increase
in CO and PM compared to diesel operation.
N. Usta* et al. 2005; conducted experimental study on the performance and exhaust
emissions of a turbocharged indirect injection diesel engine fuelled with tobacco seed oil
methyl ester was performed at full and partial loads. The results showed that the addition of
tobacco seed oil methyl ester (TSOME) to the diesel fuel reduced CO and SO emissions
while causing slightly higher NOx emissions. It was found that the power and the eciency
increased slightly with the addition of tobacco seed oil methyl ester. (Effect of
Turbocharging)
Murat Karabektas* et al. 2008 ; investigated the effects of turbocharger on the
performance of a diesel engine using diesel and rapeseed oil methyl ester in terms of brake
power, torque, brake specic consumption and thermal efficiency, as well as CO and NOx
emissions at full load conditions with varying speeds between 1200 and 2400 rpm in intervals
of 200 rpm. The evaluation of experimental data showed that the brake thermal efficiency of
biodiesel was slightly higher than that of diesel fuel in both naturally aspirated and
turbocharged conditions. Use of biodiesel improved the performance parameters and
decreased CO emissions of the turbocharged engine compared to natural aspirated diesel fuel.
Mustafa Canakci*et al. 2006; studied the combustion characteristics and emissions of
two dierent petroleum diesel fuels (No. 1 &No. 2) and (biodiesel-soybean oil were
compared). The tests were performed at steady state conditions in a four-cylinder
turbocharged DI diesel engine at full load at 1400-rpm engine speed. The experimental
results compared with No. 2 diesel fuel and biodiesel provided signicant reductions in PM,
CO. Biodiesel with No. 1 diesel fuel had a increase in brake-specic fuel consumption gave
better emission results, NOx and brake-specic fuel consumption reduced.
Chao He,Yunshan Ge *,2010 ; Characterized the PAHs emissions of diesel engine fueled
with diesel, biodiesel (B100) and its blend (B20), an experimental study has been carried out
on a direct-injection turbocharged diesel engine, using B100 and B20 which showed
significant reduction in the total PAHs emissions of diesel engine. The Benzo[a]Pyrene (BaP)
equivalent of PAHs emissions were also decreased with the use of B100.

Cooling and Cleaning Systems:

A.G. Bhave* et al ,2007; described a wet packed bed scrubber-based producer gas coolingcleaning system. The producer gas coolingcleaning unit developed is a compact unit, in
which the gas cooling and cleaning take place effectively in one vertical tower, unlike other
systems which have several chambers for these tasks. They stated that, it is easy to operate,
and has a low pressure drop. The unit will give a clean gas with tar + dust content below the
limit of 150 mg/nm as long as the inlet gas tar + dust content is below about 600 mg/nm.
D.S Mandwe, S.R Gadge,2006; designed 20 kW cooling and cleaning system for wood chip
gasifier consists of water ,wet and dry filters used to clean producer gas which is suitable for
engine application gave tar content is in the range of 24 to 53.52 mg/m3.
Patak

Effect of hydrogen addition:

Radu Chiriac* 2013, present study continued the investigation on B20, 20% biodiesel
(rapeseed methyl esters) blend effects and was also extended on B20 enriched with hydrogen.
It was conducted on a conventional tractor diesel engine running alternatively with B20 and
petroleum diesel at various speeds and full load .It was found that compared with petroleum
diesel, the engine fueled with addition of hydrogen to B20 by aspiration into the intake air
ow led to an increase of NOx emission and to lower smoke and CO emissions.
H. An, W.M. Yang*,2013; With the hydrogen assisted biodiesel combustion, the peak
cylinder pressure and heat release rate increase at high engine loads due to the high burning
velocity and fast ame propagation speed of hydrogen. However, a reduced performance
is seen at light load conditions. A general decreased trend is seen for CO and soot emissions
at all the engine speeds and loads.
Bika et al*(2013); A supplement of hydrogen to B20 by aspiration in the intake air flow at
60% load leads to an increase of NOx emission at high speeds; a similar effect has the
petroleum diesel enrichment with hydrogen. Smoke and CO emissions are lowered by
hydrogen addition to B20.CO emission was reduced and THC emissions are generally low at
60% load .