UNIVERSITY OF NICOSIA

Consumer Behavior Theories - A Thomson Reuters Perspective

Consumer Behaviour - MBA 713

Thomson Reuters
Wassim Antar
8/30/2014
4,953 words (Without Outline and References)

Consumer Behavior Theories - A Thomson Reuters Perspective

Outline
I-

Introduction
A- Definition of Consumer Behavior
B- Thomson Reuters in a Nutshell
i)
ii)
iii)

II -

Perception
ABCD-

III -

Stimulus
Attention
Interpretation and Response
The Self

Motivation
ABCDE-

IV -

TR services and my role

TR products
TR competitors

Motivational Direction
Motivational Strengths (Expectancy Theory vs Drive Theory)
Motivational Conflicts
Maslo s Hierarchy of Needs & Freuds Psycho analytical perspecti e on Hidden Moti es
Values

Learning and Attitudes

A- Behavioral and Cognitive Theories
B- Attitudes

V-

Individual Decision Making

ABCD-

VI -

Problem Recognition
Perceived Risks
Information search & Economics of Information
Evaluation of Alternatives & product choice

Conclusion

Consumer Behavior Theories - A Thomson Reuters Perspective

The simple definition of Marketing states that it is a process which aims at identifying and satisfying
consumers needs. This process is not always a simple one. Sometimes consumers dont know what they
need or want. They might know what they want but are not able to express this need. This is where
understanding Consumer Behaviors is rendered essential for companies and marketers. Consumer
behavior is the study of the processes involved when individuals or groups select, purchase, use or
dispose products, services ideas or experiences to satisfy needs and desires. (Solomon, Bamossy,
Askegaard and Hog, 2010:6)
In this assignment, I will shed the light on whether Thomson Reuters (TR) was able to identify its
clients or potential clients needs, and whether it was successful in addressing these needs after
understanding their behaviors. I will be discussing the consumer behavior from different angles;
Perception, Motivation, Learning, Decision making and Culture.
I - Thomson Reuters in a Nutshell
What is Thomson Reuters?
It is essential to briefly define Thomson Reuters, understand the products and services that it offers
and to highlight its competitors in the Middle East, Gulf and Africa region.
Thomson Reuters website (2014) defines TR Corporation as a multinational media and
information firm based in New York City. It was created by the Thomson Corporation's purchase of
British-based Reuters Group on 17 April 2008. It is a source of intelligent information for businesses
and professionals. It combines industry expertise with innovative technology to deliver critical
information to leading decision makers in the financial and risk, legal, tax and accounting, intellectual
property and science and media markets, powered by the world's most trusted news organization.
TR Services and My Role:
My most recent role in TR entailed promoting a specific TR service (League Tables) as well as
creating sales leads for various products. The service that I was responsible for promoting was mainly
about persuading potential clients (Investment banks and Law firms) to share the financial transactions
(Debt Capital Markets, Equity Capital Markets, Syndicated loans and Mergers & Acquisitions
transactions) that they advised on with Thomson Reuters. In return, TR was including these firms in
Thomson Reuters quarterly League Tables (quarterly statistics which ranks these Legal and financial
advisors based on the number of transactions and the value of these transactions that they advise on in
a specific region or country). TR league tables are viewed as an excellent way for Investment and Law
firms to promote their advisory services to potential clients since they help these firms in gaining
visibility and in creating sales pitches in their sales and marketing strategies.

Consumer Behavior Theories - A Thomson Reuters Perspective

TR products:
Since TR League Tables are available on various Thomson Reuters products which also include
other financial content, I was also responsible for demoing some of TR products to existing and
potential clients (mainly via arranging Webex sessions), hence creating sales leads. Some of these
products are ThomsonONE.com (T1), Thomson Reuters Advanced Analytics (TRAA which is the
excel version of T1), SDC Platinum and Eikon which is the most recently released product aiming
combining all TR data in one product.

TR Competitors:
There are several companies which compete with TR in the release of quarterly League Tables.
The main ones are Bloomberg, MergerMarket, Fact Set and Capital IQ.

II- Perception
It is very critical to understand how TR is perceived by its clients and the wider audience. In their
book Consumer Behavior: A European Perspective, Solomon, Bamossy, Askegaard and Hogg (2010)
defined perception as the process by which physical sensations (Sight, sound, smells, tastes and textures)
are selected, organized and interpreted. The stimuli which are picked by our senses such as sight, smell,
texture, sound and taste might or might not catch the consumers attention. Attending to any of these
stimuli depends on how strong the threshold of perception is and how ready the consumer continues to
notice any of these stimuli over time (adaptation). Once Consumers attention is secured, then they are
ready to interpret the attended-to-stimuli thus completing the process of perception.
Stimuli:
TR succeeded in shaping the perception of the wider audience in the Middle East region as an
editorial and financial data provider with extreme focus on fastness, accuracy, reliability and timely
delivery of data. The external stimuli which are picked by our senses tend to play a significant role in how
consumers perceive TR. The audience in the Middle East region often tends to hear the phrase ..as
reported by Reuters... They tend to watch Market Indices graphs during the financial news segment on
TV channels which have the Thomson Reuters Brand on it (Example: Al Arabiya TV channel). It is
evident that TR managed to build a relationship with its customers which reflect a success of its branding
strategy. The frequent exposure of consumers to TR services via news channels, newswires and
newspapers helped in building this relationship.
I believe that TR succeeded in understanding its clients who perceive the company as a provider
who offers accurate, timely and credible data. Clients of TR are those who are seeking the best
information in the quickest time possible and who are aiming at making the right decision on where and
how to invest their money. These are defined as the utilitarian consumers who tend to emphasize the
objective and tangible attributes of the product like those of TRAA. Additionally, some of those
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Consumer Behavior Theories - A Thomson Reuters Perspective

consumers are identified as Hedonic consumers since they stress the subjective and experiential aspects of
the product. For instance, by subscribing to IFR magazine (Financial magazine which TR publishes),
junior bankers are labeling themselves as sophisticated successful bankers with high self esteem and a
significant financial background.
Attention:
The question which imposes itself here is how does TR compete for the attention of the audience
with all these marketing messages that this audience is receiving on daily basis (advertising clutter)? For
instance, Bloomberg has its own TV channel which it utilizes to promote its data and financial services.
From my perspective as an Ex Contributor Relations Executive in TR, establishing relationships
with potential clients is key factor. Presenting the sales pitches to these potential clients and explaining
whats there for you in it acts as stimulus with high level of intensity which in turns helps the potential
clients to focus their attention on the importance of contributing their financial data to TR so that they are
included in TR League Tables.
The Threshold of perception by potential clients plays a key role here. Referring to the same
book, Consumer Behavior: A European Perspective, the authors referred to psychophysicist, Ernest
Weber who concluded that: the amount of change that is necessary to be noticed is related to the original
intensity of the stimulus. The stronger the initial stimulus, the greater the change must be for it to be
noticed. This relationship is known as Webers Law.
In this case, TR provided me with all the necessary material which acted as an intense stimulus
and highlighted:
1)
2)
3)
4)

5)
6)

The advantage of using TR products (TR is widely regarded as the benchmark in the financial
industry for transactional information, market share reporting, and volume analysis),
the Content coverage that it provides (Example over 843,000 global Mergers and Acquisitions
transactions),
The sources that it uses ( Example; direct deals submission form global banking and legal
contributors)
The Value Add resulting from using TR products: it leads the market in producing league tables
that reflect the market place. These League tables are published in major publications such as the
Financial times and New York Times.
The Quality: More than 2,500 preproduct quality control validations occur at the point of data
entry.
The Timeliness: Mergers & acquisitions, Bonds, Equity, Syndicated Loans and Public Financing
content is updated hourly.

Through contacting and arranging Webex meetings with potential clients to walk them through the
League Tables presentation and to provide them with product demo, we managed to influence their
perceptual selection by enhancing their exposure to TR services and via stimulating the degree of their
attention. Throughout the process, we were always aware of the fact that potential clients are more
responsive to stimuli that relate to their current needs.
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Consumer Behavior Theories - A Thomson Reuters Perspective

There is always the risk that potential clients get so much used to a stimulus that they stop noticing it
over time. To what extent will TV watchers or newspapers readers continue to actively notice the word
as reported by Reuters? One of the ways that Thomson Reuters responded to consumers adaptation is
by actively engaging in regional events. For instance, in October 2013, TR, along with Dubai Chamber,
organized the Global Islamic Economy Summit in Dubai in which Dubai was declared as the Capital of
Islamic Economy. Active Cultural Engagement and the visibility that TR sought through working with
the Dubai Local Government minimized the impact of consumer adaptation on the TR brand.
Interpretation and response:
Its likely to believe that potential clients were tempted to cooperate with TR based on their
previous experiences and perception that TR is a renounced information company which will help them
promote their visibility in the financial market. This cooperation stems from the fact that the stimuli, to
which the potential clients were exposed to, were viewed from the angel of the principle of Closure. This
principle is one of the 3 principles identified in Gestalt psychology and implied that the consumer tends
to perceive an incomplete picture as complete. I.e We tend to fill in the blanks based on our prior
experience. The Gestalt psychology is a school of thought which suggests that our brains tend to relate
incoming sensations to others already existing in our memory based on some organized principles.
People derive meaning from the totality of a set of stimuli, rather than from an individual stimulus
(Pearson Prentice Hall, 2010).

The Self
I believe that TR succeeded in its marketing communication strategy where it managed to
influence the consumers level of self esteem. If clients want to be viewed as timely, accurate, and having
a strong market share in terms of their financial or legal advisory services as well as able to provide
reports to their respective clients in a robust and accurate way, then they should be users of TR products.

III- Motivation
Motivation occurs when a need is aroused that the consumer wishes to satisfy. Once a need has
been activated, a state of tension exists that drives the consumer to attempt to eliminate or reduce the
need. This need can be utilitarian or hedonic. What motivates consumers to purchase TR products or
contribute their financial transactions for League Tables inclusion to TR? It is quite evident that TR and
any other companies exert a great effort to satisfy customer needs. However, this effort doesnt always
entail positive results. Consumers intentions to purchase a product or a service tend to vary widely.

Motivational Direction
The marketing material used to convince potential customers to contribute their financial
transactions to TR and to consider purchasing TR products, includes information which intends to
convince these consumers that TR provides the best alternative for them to attain their goals
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Consumer Behavior Theories - A Thomson Reuters Perspective

(Motivational Direction). However, the potential clients decision remains subject to their learning
experience, unique history and cultural environment. For instance, potential clients in the Middle East
were ready to accept a meeting invite easily after understanding that there is a potential future cooperation
with TR mainly because of their familiarity with Reuters and the acceptance that this brand gets in the
region. On the other hand, although TR is widely reputable in South Africa and Turkey, there were
instances were potential clients were not motivated to cooperate with TR and preferred Dealmakers and
Merger Market. Potential clients in the Middle East are more familiar with TR rather than with Merger
Market and Dealmakers due to the history that TR has in the region which became part of the learning
experience of those potential clients.
Motivational Strengths Expectancy Theory vs Drive Theory:
The potential clients in the Middle East seemed to be willing to expend energy to cooperate with
TR in order to gain visibility via the League Tables. This motivational strength to attain this goal is a
learned goal which is based on the Expectancy theory. This theory suggests that behavior is largely
governed by expectations of achieving desirable outcomes. Unlike the Drive Theory which purely
focuses on a biological need that produces an unpleasant state of arousal such as hunger, the Expectancy
Theory is based on positive incentives i.e we tend to choose one product over another because we expect
this choice to have more positive consequence for us. TR potential clients anticipate the results that they
will get from contributing their financial transactions. These results include gaining visibility to
international investors who are already subscribers to TR products. It gives them prestige and status since
the name of their companies which will appear in the league tables will be published in international
publications like The Financial Times, Les Echo, Gulf News, IFR Magazine and many more.
Motivational Conflicts:
Most of the clients of TR with whom I dealt were seeking a positively valued goal and avoiding a
negative goal at the same time. A positively valued goal is one towards which consumers direct their
behavior. They are motivated to approach a goal and will seek out products which will help them reach it.
On the other hand, some consumers might be motivated to avoid a negative outcome. They will structure
their purchase in a way to reduce the chances of attaining this negative outcome. Some Clients are
positively motivated to seek accurate real time data to be able to make a quick but rational buying or
selling decision. Some other clients such as junior bankers who have to respond to the their Senior
bankers requests in creating reports in a short period of time, are eager to avoid products where exporting
enormous amounts of financial data to excel sheets might run the risk of being time consuming and might
lead to the corruption of the excel sheets. To avoid this negative result, junior bankers tend to consider
purchasing TRAA which offers a linking functionality where users can create charts, tables and text in
documents by linking it to excel by using one click. They are keen to purchase this product because TR
also has a global team of support consultants who previously worked as investment banking analysts,
portfolio managers or other quant roles and hence are able to truly understand the junior bankers
workflow and the time pressure that goes with it. I intended to say tend to consider purchasing to ensure
that I am not eliminating the role of the competition in the region where Fact Set and Capital IQ offer the
same product functionality but not necessarily with the level of sophistication that TR does.
In this case, some clients may choose between two desirable alternatives (Approach to
Approach conflict); either TRAA which has a linking functionality providing clients the ability to view
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Consumer Behavior Theories - A Thomson Reuters Perspective

and refresh directly in Excel headlines or FactSet whose linking functionality is at par with TRAA except
that it doesnt offer a news refreshing functionality. Resolving this conflict by purchasing one of the 2
desirable products is guided by the process of Cognitive Dissonance Reduction where clients are
motivated to reduce inconsistency in their lives and in their work environment and thus are keen to
eliminate unpleasant tension. The process cognitive Dissonance Reduction is a direct result of the Theory
of Cognitive Dissonance which implies that people have a need for order and consistency in their lives
and that a state of tension is created when their beliefs or behaviors conflict with each other.
Other clients might resort to choosing between 2 undesirable alternatives; either to continue using
a simple product with the normal export functionality to prepare their reports (thus suffering from delays)
or purchase TRAA, Cap IQ or Factset which might be undesirable in terms of the entailed costs of a
license. This type of motivational conflict is referred to as Avoidance Avoidance conflict.
A third type of motivational conflict is the Approach Avoidance Conflict where consumers tend
to desire a product which has a negative consequence. From my humble experience, I havent witnessed
such a case among the accounts that I have managed in TR.

Maslows Hierarchy of Needs & Freuds Psycho analytical perspective on Hidden Motives:
The theory of Maslows Hierarchy of needs indicates that one must satisfy basic needs before
climbing the ladder. The basic needs being physiological needs (the need for water, food and sleep) is
followed by the need for safety (security and shelter) then by belongingness needs (Love and Friendship),
then by Ego Needs and finally Self actualization (Self Fulfillment and enriching experience). TR clients
are mainly clients who are looking to achieve higher goals which will offer them prestige and status. They
generally believe that purchasing the products of TR will pave the way for their financial advancement
and will give them a higher social status due to their exposure to the money markets.
Additionally, its worth shedding the light on the Freudian theory when trying to understand the
behavior of TR potential clients from the League Tables angel. Some Financial firms who were initially
inclined to share with TR confidential financial transactions that they advised on (ID), but expressed their
reservations to the contribution process because this will affect the confidentiality agreement with their
respective client (Super Ego). The interesting part was when these financial advisors were able to balance
between these 2 opposing forces by getting the green light from their clients to partially share with TR
thee financial transactions (Eg: in a mergers and acquisition deal, the advisor was sharing the names of
the target and the acquirer but not the deal value after agreeing with his client).

Values:
TR contributors tend to contribute their financial transactions for League Tables inclusion
because it will help them in promoting their advisory services. Although they are performing the same
behavior, it seems that the drive for this behavior is based on different values. A specific product takes on
meaning because they are seen as being instrumental in helping the person to achieve some goal that is
linked to a value. For instance, some of these contributors were aiming at being well respected by the
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Consumer Behavior Theories - A Thomson Reuters Perspective

competitors and by potential clients who might seek their services; others were targeting a sense of
accomplishment where they can show higher rankings in the League Tables. TR succeeded in providing a
service which addresses the different values of the client.
IV - Learning and Attitudes
Learning is defined as the process which entails a change in ones behavior that is caused by an
experience. It can happen either through a simple association between stimulus (Reuters Logo) and
response (consumers realize that its offering financial data in a fast and accurate way) or through a
complex series of cognitive activities (for example new starters in Thomson Reuters who are keen to
study what Thomson Reuters is all about in terms of products, services and history). A learner can learn
vicariously by observing events that affect others or without even really trying (by merely observing
Reuters brand name on a financial news segment on TV for instance). This last experience is referred to
as incidental learning which is defined as the unintentional acquisition of knowledge.
Behavioral & Cognitive Theories
How do consumers learn about TR? How do the Behavioral and Cognitive Theories contribute to
this learning process? Do the consumers learn about TR products via the repetition of advertisements
(stimuli) or via stimulus generalization or discrimination? Do these consumers observe and then learn
about TR services and products? Are TR consumers rewarded or punished for their purchase decisions?
The learning process has been defined via various theories; mainly through the Behavioral
Theory which assumes that the learning process occurs as a result of responses to external events and
through the Cognitive Theory which stresses the mental processes like creativity and insight.
The behavioral Theory treats the mind as a black box and emphasizes the observable aspects of
the behavior. The black box symbolizes the consumers brain and the observable aspects are the stimuli or
events perceived from the outside world as well as the responses or reactions that come out of the box.
This theory is broken down to classical conditioning and Operant Conditioning (Instrumental).
The Classical conditioning implies that the learner or the consumer learns via the repetition of an
unconditioned stimuli (which is naturally capable of causing a response) and conditioned stimuli which
initially didnt cause the natural response but still made the consumers respond to it without the presence
of the initial unconditioned stimulus. The transfer of a brand meaning from an unconditioned stimulus to
a conditioned stimulus explains for example how TR clients know that the indices graphs that are
explained on Alarabiya news Channel are the work of TR without really needing to be told to. Learning
what TR is all about became an innate reflex for those investors. Additionally, TR potential clients can
respond to other stimuli which would be more than enough to make a purchase decision of one of TR
products. This Stimulus generalization concept was obvious when I was trying to promote new TR
financial products such TRAA. Clients were perfectly comfortable and happy with using TR product;
ThomsonOne. After demoing TRAA to clients, they tended to relate this new product to Thomson One
and were more eager to try this product line extension. In some other cases though, I needed to resort to
the concept of stimulus discrimination through highlighting the distinctive and unique attributes of TRAA
up against the competitors product. This is when I was highlighting the distinctive linking functionality
that TRAA with the clients.
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Consumer Behavior Theories - A Thomson Reuters Perspective

The Operant Conditioning which is associated with B.F. Skinner occurs when a consumer learns
to perform a behavior that produces a positive outcome and avoid those that result in a negative outcome.
This process was evident when promoting TR League Tables to TRs clients. Clients learned that the
more financial transactions they were sharing with TR, the higher their ranking was getting in the League
Tables and the more exposure and visibility to other TR clients and followers. This Positive reinforcement
Learning concept was also combined with a negative reinforcement concept where clients also learned
that if they contribute their transactions to companies other than TR, they will not get the significant
visibility that TR offers since TR is able to publish these League Tables in international and prestigious
publications.
The Cognitive theory, which stresses the fact that learning is a mental process, will help us
explain TR clients behavior via its Observational Learning concept. This concept states that learning
occurs when people observe the actions of others, retain a specific behavior in their memory and then
convert this observation into action provided that they have enough motivation to do so. My clients often
asked me which other firms are also contributing the financial and legal transactions on which they
advised to TR? To quench their thirst, I have created a slide which included the logos of all the
contributors to TR. This slide was very powerful since clients were more willing to contribute to TR since
the others are doing so. They simply didnt want to stay outside the herd.
Attitudes:
Attitudes are a lasting general evaluation of people, objects, advertisements or issues. The
Functional Theory of Attitude which was developed by Psychologist Daniel Katz explained how attitudes
facilitate social behavior. According to this pragmatic approach, attitudes exist because they serve some
function for the person i.e they are determined by a persons motives. What type of attitude do TR clients
have? Did TR manage to understand these attitudes and offer them the products and services which match
these attitudes? I believe that TR clients are after TR products because they have an attitude toward
having access to comprehensive financial data in a fast and timely manner. If they buy TR products then
they will be rewarded by having access to a set of accurate, credible and timely financial data (Utilitarian
function). TR managed to understand these attitudes and developed strategies which are based on its vast
ability of producing accurate and credible information faster than most of the competitors in the same
industry. Additionally, TR managed to understand that clients want products which express their central
values and concepts (Value Expressive Function). They feel that if they select TR products, then they are
perceived by their clients as a professional firm who is seeking accurate and fast data to be able to make
quick and righteous investment decisions. Clients are also after TR products because they want to have
information which no body has or which others only partially have (Knowledge function).TR offered
them products which makes them market leaders (positive attitude) and provided them with the necessary
knowledge to make right investment decisions.
Its worth noting that some contributors felt that contributing their financial data will not benefit
them. However, after presenting to them the benefits, their feelings changed into a behavior which helped
in changing their attitudes since they started believing in the power of league tables after they engaged in
the process. This Experiential Hierarchy explains that the response of the clients is usually an emotional
response where the 3 components of three ABC model (Affect, Behavior and Cognition) are ordered in a
way where feeling leads to behavior which in turn generates beliefs.
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Consumer Behavior Theories - A Thomson Reuters Perspective

In my opinion, changing the attitudes of clients is not an easy task. TR stresses the credibility of
its products and its ability to provide necessary information to valuate competing products (Source
Credibility). For example, presenting the ranking of TR up against the competition in terms of the number
of extra or less transactions that TR has was a must. On the other hand, I believe that TR can put more
effort to ensure that its products are still attractive to clients and potential ones (Source Attractiveness).
With the rise in the competition in the Gulf region, for example, a lot of existing clients were open to
purchase a product from a TR competitor and to use it in parallel to TR products.
V- Individual Decision Making:
How do TRs clients or potential clients decide whether to contribute their financial transactions
or not? Do they follow the economics-of-information approach where in their search process where they
tend to gather as much data as possible to make an informed decision? Are their decisions made as a
result of learned response to environmental cues (Behavioral perspective)? Are their decisions based on
previous experiences which are not necessarily rational (experiential perspective)?
I believe that the decision to contribute is based on the rational perspective more than anything
else. TRs potential clients tend to integrate as much information as possible with what they already know
about a product by weighing the pluses and minuses of each alternative to be able to arrive to a
satisfactory decision. TR potential clients attending my informative presentations regarding the benefits
of contributing, often have a significant amount of information regarding the topic. They are inclined to
perform an extended problem solving process because they feel that the final decision might be risky in a
way since it involves sharing transactions details which relates to their clients.
The question which arises here is how does TR influence their clients or potential clients
decision making process?
Problem Recognition:
My presentations to clients always highlighted the opportunity that lies behind contributing
financial transactions to TR or subscribing to a trial license to one of TRs products. I tend to make them
realize that there is a need for them to take action as a result of a difference between the current state of
affairs (They are not visible in the League Tables) and some desired or ideal state (visibility in League
Tables to increase their opportunity of gaining new clients). By exposing them to a new or better quality
of service, I am directing their attention towards opportunity recognition.
Perceived Risks:
I also tend to manage their perceived risks. The Contribution process is free of charge i,e the
monetary risk is zero. There is not any functional or physical risk since all what they have to do is fill the
transactions details in excel templates after which the League table process is completed by TR
employees.
Information search & Economics of Information:
In this manner, the economics of information seems to be a clear message in TRs marketing
presentation. This presentation serves in reducing the need and the time for extra research by potential
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clients to understand the topic (low cost of searching information) and it provides them with all the
necessary information to make a decision regarding contributing to TR League Tables and gaining more
visibility (high benefit from sharing information).
Evaluation of Alternatives & product choice:
Generally, TR potential contributors are aware of the alternatives to this service which are
prominent in the retail environment (evoked set). After delivering this presentation, they at least tend to
add TR to their consideration set. Their final decision then remains influenced by the determinant
attributes of TR services up against those of the competitor and by our awareness that its difficult to alter
consumers behaviors into more sustainable types of behaviors. Submitting theirs transactions to
Bloomberg for example or purchasing a product from Factset are a result of embedded routines
(Bourdieus practice Theory).

In conclusion, I believe that TR was able to identify, understand and address its clients behaviors and
needs. TR managed to transfer the perceived benefits of its LT service to its clients, which led to an
establishment of a partnership with them. They became strategic clients and not just tactical ones.

References:
1) Solomon, M.R. , Bamossy, G., Askegaard S., Hogg, M.K. ed (2010), Consumer Behaviour a
European Perspective, New Jersey, Pearson Prentice Hall.
2) Thomson Reuters (2014), About Us [Internet].
Available from <http://thomsonreuters.com/about-us/>
[Accessed 2 July 2014]

3) Thomson Reuters (2013), Global Islamic Economy Summit [Internet].

Available from <http://www.globalislamiceconomy.com/events/global-islamic-economy-summit2013/custom-114-e0be952045e349bd9be8a8ac150c4f3e.aspx>
[Accessed 2July 2014]

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