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ABSTRACT
A review of the American Petroleum Institute
Standard 650 and Appendixes points out the advantages of
using high strength steel and the variable point design
method (Appendix K) to obtain reasonably uniform shell
stresses.
The requirements
A THESIS
OF
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
AT
APPROVAL OF THESIS
ABOVEGROUND FUEL OIL STORAGE TANKS
BY
LAWRENCE GEORGE PALMER
FOR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
NEWARK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
BY
FACULTY COMMITTEE
APPROVED:
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract
Table of Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
ii
iii
iv
Introduction
Tank
High
Tank
Tank
Shell
Strength Steels
Bottom
Roof
Floating Roof
Appendix H, API-650
Roof Sinkings
Evaporation Losses
Tank Costs
4
11
16
19
21
22
24
25
29
Storage Tank
Site Preparation
Foundations
Floating Roof
29
Government Regulation
35
30
30
31
35
40
41
Conclusion
43
References
45
Bibliography
49
iii
LIST OF FIGURES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
iv
LIST OF TABLES
1.
2.
INTRODUCTION
The explosion of the Liquified Natural Gas (LNG)
Tank in Staten Island has increased public concern over
the construction of all new storage facilities for
hazardous materials.
the following:
1.
Petroleum Institute.
2.
construction.
Public concern over construction of aboveground
storage tanks is not new.
Numerous tank
The
650
l~-inch
The maximum
he
11 th'lC k ness ~S:
. 3
'
compu t a t lon
af s
t
2.6D
(H-I)G
SE
(I)
Where:
t
Appendixes D and
The alternatives
Min.. Tensile
Strength in
psi
API-650
API-D
API-G
55,000
58,000
70,000
Min. Yield
Strength in
psi
30,000
32,000
50,000
Design Stress
in psi
17,850
23,000
28,000 1st course
30,000 upper course
The introduction of
It was found
Although stress
tl
1.06 [
(2.6HDG)
-SE
(2)
SE
(3)
Where:
hi
Then:
t2
1.375;
Or:
t2
Or;
t a + (t -t 2 a)
2
1
[ 2.1 -
2.625;
2.625,
hi
1.25 (rt ) ~ _
l
(4 )
Where:
t2
course, in inches
t a = thickness of second course, in
2
inches, as calculated for an
upper shell course
The theoretical thickness of an upper shell course
The elastic
. . t 9
th e ]ol.n
For designs where the thickness of each course is
express~ons:
10
10
Xl = 0.61 Crt u )
~
2
+ 0.32 (Ch u )
X = Ch
2
u
X3 = 1.22 Crt u )
~
2
Where:
t
joint, in inches
(K)
(K-I)
I + K (K)
k:
2
tL
tu
Height from bottom of course
under consideration to the
top angle or to the bottom
of the overflow on floating
roof tanks, in inches
The
ll
11
(6)
SE
~n
.
12
succeSS10n.
Standard API
The API
12
The design
l~
Tensile
t ec h nlques.
14
Notch toughness.
Notch
13
Appendix G, on the
l6
This is a dynamic
thickness,
'
17
stress,an d rate 0 f 1 oa d 1ng.
Ch arpy t es t 'lng h as
18
Other tests
14
15
The rate of
20
High residual
Appendix D and G
to be
21
Nozzle openings.
Use of compensating
16
22
23
The bottom
24
This
A high
17
25
The tank
The greatest
26
Sumps should
If the
18
Tolerable Distortion
12 inches
Max tilt
About 1 foot
in 30-ft. from
a tilted planar position
~-in.
and
2-in. in 30-ft.
19
The roof
27
28
Recently a tank
20
The roof-to-top
d 29
Vents.
As the
Breathing
The most
21
FLOATING ROOF
A floating roof, in direct contact with the
surface of the liquid,
Tests have
However, on a standard
The fixed
22
The weathermaster
Penetration seals
All
Usually there is an
23
. settl
'1ts supports dur1ng
"
.
34
1t
es on
W1t hd rawa 1 operat1ons.
The API-650 requires vents located in the shell
above the highest level of the seal of the floating roof
when the tank is full.
35
(Figure 7)
24
'
t h ~s
vent. 36
fuel as the seal rises past the vents, thus stopping the
vertical assent of the floating roof.
The elevation of the overflow vents is a function
of the length of roof supports extending above the
floating roof.
25
38
The sinking
An
The diffuser is
The
26
l~~O
42
(14~7-P)O. 68
(D) 1. 73
Where:
= breathing
Ly
p
= true
(Fp)]
(7)
27
Working losses.
43
3 PV kt
10,000
(8)
Where:
F = working losses, in barrels
liquid temperature
V = voll.llTe of liquid p1.1Itped
into tank, in barrels
kt = turnover factor
A turnover factor of one may be used for tanks with
turnovers per year equal or less than 36.
Turnover per
44
28
9 and 10.
In addition
29
TANK COSTS
45
30
Site Preparation
Figure 14 neast of site preparation U graphs tank
capacity versus dollars for several estimated depths of
fill.
Construction of tanks
u.s.
by
47
31
32
calculated.
Given:
Tank diameter
Height
TOtal outage
Color of paint
Average daily temperature change
Annual throughput
.Annual average
temperature
= 110 ft.
= 48 ft.
= 30 ft.
= White
= 16 degrees
= 1,000,000 bbls
o
= 52.3 F.
33
Figure 11.
Armual Losses
Cone Roof
500
470
970
845
(Figure 9)
(Figure 10)
125
bbls/year
Cost to Install:
From Figure 10 =
$33,500
Return on Investrrent:
Approximate net savings 735 bbls. @$4.89
$4,100
Years to Payout:
$33,500/$4,100 =
8 years
The
34
A cone
35
GOVERNMENT REGULATION
36
These concen-
51
37
Boil-
53
38
54
A tank storing a
55
~nter~or
wa 11 56
39
57
58
59
The
40
Plot plan.
2.
hydrants, fire lanes, dike stairway details, explosionproof lighting and foam storage facilities, if needed.
3.
4.
41
Since fuel
Information
42
43
CONCLUSION
Notch toughness
The
44
3.
45
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Ibid, p. 143.
7.
8.
Ibid.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
L. P.
46
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
..
25.
26.
Ibid.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
Hubbert L. O'Brien, Petroleum Tankage and Transmission, Grave Tank and Manufacturing Company, Inc.,
(East Chicago, Indiana, 1951), p. 15.
47
32.
33.
34.
35.
Ibid, p. 95.
36.
Ibid.
37.
38.
Ibid, p. 161.
39.
40.
41.
42.
Ibid, p. 13.
43.
Ibid, p. 19.
44.
Ibid, p. 23.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
48
50.
51.
52.
Ibid, p. 17.
53.
Ibid, p. 12.
54.
55.
56.
Ibid, p. 36.
57.
Ibid, p. 35.
58.
Ibid.
59.
Ibid, p. 29.
60.
61.
62.
63.
Ibid, p. 1139.
64.
65.
66.
Ibid, Figure I, p. 8.
67.
68.
49
BIBLIOGRAPHY
American Iron and Steel Institute, Steel Tanks for Liquid
Storage, New York.
American Petroleum Institute, Welded Steel Tanks for Oil
Storage, 4th Edition, Standard 650, Washington,
June, 1970.
American Petroleum Institute, Evaporation from FloatingRoof Tanks, Bulletin 2517, February, 1962.
American Petroleum Institute, Use of Internal Floating
Covers for Fixed-Roof Tanks to Reduce Evaporation
Loss, Bulletin 2519, November, 1962.
American Petroleum Institute, Evaporation Loss From FixedRoof Tanks, Bulletin No. 2518, Washington, D.C.,
June, 1962.
American Petroleum Institute, Report on Records of Oil
Tank Fires in the United States, 19l5~1925,
New York, 1925.
Ashley, C. C., Evaporation Losses of Petroleum Oils From
Steel Tanks, The Oil and Gas Journal, Volume 37,
No. 26, November 10, 1938, pp. 170, 172-173 and 177.
Bodley, R. W., When Covered Floaters are Used, Hydrocarbon
Processing, Volume 50, September, 1971, p. 159.
Flammable and Combustible Liquids, State of New Jersey
Department of Labor and Industry, N.J.A.C., 12:133,
Section 3.
Chicago Bridge and Iron Company, Horton Floating Roofs,
Bulletin No. 3200, Oak Brook, Illinois, 1971.
Chicago Bridge and Iron Company, oil Storage Tanks with
Fixed-Roofs, Bulletin No. 3310, Oak Brook,
Illinois, 1971.
Chicago Bridge and Iron Company, Tables - Formulas,
Bulletin 594, Oak Brook, Illinois, 1971.
50
51
Industrial
...... 36-in.
Circulation Vents
dia. manhole
o
OVerflew Vents
-------.~.-,-,-'
36-in. dia.
Floating
Roof
Seal
..
---L-- ___ J
110 FT. DIAMETER
FIGURE 1
IJ
0.32 (Chul
X3
0.61
Xl
Min. Height of X2
When
tu
Initial Location
I /
Maximum
~Ir-------~~.'-----------------~
Deflection
/
1
FIGURE 2
C=0=X
2
of Tank Shell
h)
u
./Girth Joint
~~
unrestrained
Radial GrCMth
62
Basic
API-6S0
,Appendix D
~I
t=:;::-=
Top Course
Appendix G
~I
/8
6th
16
Course
-;L
"./ .,/
116
5th
Course
24 I
<
",E
124
_ .... ~
4th
32 I Course
40 I Course
II//, I
;;"
:;;'
1 32
f
~
140
3rd
API-GSO
Y 1 / L,
7/
~
2nd
48 I Course
API-65 O-K
'(I
Botton Course
".
'.11
148
30
'56
34
___ rr6'!'_
56
18
23
FIGURE 3
63
bolt
Floating Roof Pinned at
Maintenance Level
Floating Roof at
Minimum Operating
Level
6-ft.
+ 3-ft.
-4-- Tank
FIGURE 5
Bottom ~=-----1.====:L.---l
__
. Minimum I-inch.
IO-inCh
Diameter~
I
I
I
11-..1!:::==t1
I
I
~
ll-_--Il!::::===
I
______
FIGURE 6
~~r:J=====.Li--------~Tank
Bottom
o
o
o
o
CO
~
~
~
I
~
~
tl
I:J0
~
f3
p::
I
iii
co
Ii<
Tank Color
White
15
20
t.f~~(-.A
t.l
1.00
1.33
Light Grey
Medium Grey
40
~o6
::::ture 30~~
~~
i.O
1.46
30
80 100
4 2> 152&"40
\'5~
Paint Factor
150 200
Change in
.$
0-t-
____ _
Dp ..
10
.,
&
./J
!/d
4-
6
8
I
I
Fuel oil
Cr:ude oil
10
100
T
'0
100
FIGURE 9
J.O
1000
,oJOO
1000
---~-_~_~
10000
64
15
00
til
S 10
M
.r-!
Ul ' .
......
.r-I' .......
U)
1+-1
P.!
.~
Ul
~
4
6
8
10
U)
",
H
A.I
H
& -,-
:}-
- -
--- ,
......
..-
\.
5~e'2_ - -
.......
.......
ffi
~
~
~
........
.~
", ,
---
i
,
,02
" ,
-5
0-36
2
..........
60
80
100
0.8
200
.......
.......
" '&6
,~
.r-!
CQ
r-I
r-I
B5
Pivot
<l)
,
....-f
15 rn
rn
10
20
400 0 6
0.8
0.6
.......
.......
0 .. 4
0.2
0.15
0.2
0 .. 15
0.1
Note:
120
0.4
0.6
0.8
100
1
~en
80 -
rn
ro
.r-!
til
P-I
.~
til
Ul
Of.t..!
-~
:>
60
ro
-..-{
10
E-i
Pol
H
~
:>
40
6
20
8
10
20
2
3.5
2 .. 5
15
FIGURE 11
..iJ
300
250
200
1965
1970
YEAR
1000
,;
/'
/'
,~>-
/'
!--
7
V
..
1-.
I-
100
~
5
f-
~V
~V
1/
I-
~~
.......
f--
"""'- I--
-- -
------------- --
10
FIGURE 13
100
Capacity in Thousands of Barrels
COST OF ERECTED FUEL OIL STORAGE TANK WITH INTERNAL
FLOATING ROOF
N
r-I
r-I
r-I
.r-!
4-l
&
4-l
:S
roat
II
::r:
q.
0
0
r-I
r-I
:x:
til
rl
rl
.~
-J-l
til
I
r::4
tQ
~
E-!
8
q.
r-I
~
H
I":t!
r-I
--------------~------------~------------+-----------~~
(V')
tr.I
r-i
r-i
4-1
0
[J)
fZ
I
t=:t!
8~
.~
+I
tr.I
0
CJ
t.f)
r-i
~
H
r-l
L{)
o
o
r-l
LJ)
D=llO'
100
75 I
D=150'
II
D==200'
U)
fS
H
P-I
50
".
Ji,<
;/
;
25 I
..
jf
:/"
D = Diameter of Tank
500
250
750
----~------~------------~----------~----------~o
o::;Sf
~
U)
~
8
r-I
4-1
]
~
~
.~
..jJ
[J)
0
N
~
~
~
f:1
E-!
8
rr-I
~
H
J::r.i
o
o
r-I
L()
Type of Tank
Floating
Roof
Protection
Atmospheric Tanks
Storing Flammable
or Combustible
Liquids.
Diked
or
Drained
Diameter of Tank
but Need Not Exceed
175 Feet.
Approved
Foam or
Inerting
System on
The Tank
Diked
or
Drained
2 Times Diameter of
Tank but Need Not
Exceed 350 Feet
None
Cone
Roof
Tank
None
TABLE 1
67
Min.
Flash
Point
Deg. F.
Ignition
Temp.
Deg. F.
Boiling
Point
Deg. F.
100
410
304-574
100
130
130
Fuel Oil-No. 6
150
765
85
450
28
450
N aptha V ~-M.
Naptha V. M.
P.,
&
&
P.,
Suggested
Hazard
Identification
ReacFlammaability
Health
tivity
494
505
280-350
212-320
-----T-- --
--
TABLE 2
Sheet 1 of 2
HEALTH
FLMJI'..MABILITY
REACTIVITY (Stability)
TABLE 2
68
Sheet 2 of 2