1.

new abstract after correction

Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) have recently emerged as a

promising method for gathering data from underwater environments. UWSNs
consist of several energy-limited underwater nodes that communicate with each
other via acoustic links. The energy consumption for transmission and receiving in
UWSN is much more than that of terrestrial wireless sensor networks. One of the
most challenging problems associated with UWSNs is routing data packets with
minimum energy consumption and satisfactory packet delivery ratio. Due to
unique characteristics of UWSNs such as dynamic topology, high propagation
delay, higher energy consumption, and high path loss, opportunistic routing
approach is considered as the most promising routing method that is applicable
to these networks. An energy-efficient opportunistic routing algorithm should
handle efficiently three main issues, including forwarding set selection and
ranking, communication void, and duplicate forwarding suppression. Therefore,
first, to deal with the forwarding set selection and ranking, an energy efficient
pressure-based routing (EEPR) algorithm is introduced to select the forwarding
set using pressure information and rank the nodes in forwarding set based on
multi-criteria using analytic hierarchy process. Then, the EEPR algorithm is
enhanced to tackle with communication void. To this end, the void avoidance
energy efficient pressure-based routing (VAEEPR) algorithm is presented to detect
the void nodes in a heuristic way and avoid these nodes in packet forwarding
process. Finally, The VAEEPR algorithm is modified to deal with packet forwarding
suppression. Thus, the traffic control energy efficient pressure-based routing
(TCEEPR) algorithm is proposed to enhance the efficiency of overhear and
suppression algorithm. Several simulations are conducted to evaluate the
performance of the proposed algorithms and the obtained results are compared
to those of other algorithms. The results indicate that the introduced algorithms
outperform others in terms of metrics such as total energy consumption (2842\%) and packet delivery ratio (2-15\%).

2. old abstract before correction

Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) have recently emerged as a promising method for
gathering data from underwater environments. UWSNs consist of several energy-limited underwater
nodes that communicate with each other via acoustic links. The energy consumption for transmission
and receiving in UWSN is much more than that of terrestrial wireless sensor networks. One of the most
challenging problems associated with UWSNs is routing data packets with minimum energy
consumption and satisfactory packet delivery ratio. Due to unique characteristics of UWSNs such as
sparse and dynamic topology, high propagation delay, higher energy consumption, high path loss, and
low bandwidth, opportunistic routing approach is considered as the most promising routing method
that is applicable to these networks. Given that the opportunistic routing algorithms apply greedy
flooding method to direct the packets from source nodes to sinks, they suffer from high network traffic
and high energy consumption. In this study, first, a fair multi-criteria forwarding set ranking algorithm
was introduced using analytic hierarchy process (FMFR-AHP) to solve the forwarding set ranking
problem. Then, to handle the communication void problem, heuristic energy efficient void nodes
detection algorithm (HEVD) was proposed for the detection of the direct and indirect void nodes and a
void avoidance packet forwarding algorithm was introduced to avoid the void nodes in packet
forwarding process. Finally, to reduce the duplicate packet forwarding and improve the total energy
consumption, the existing overhear and suppression algorithm was enhanced through proposing a
dynamic forwarding set selection algorithm (DFSS). Several simulations were carried out to evaluate the
performance of the proposed algorithms and the obtained results were compared to those of other
algorithms. The results indicated that the introduced algorithms outperformed others in terms of
metrics such as total energy consumption (28-42\%) and packet delivery ratio (2-15\%).

3. old Malay abstract before correction

Rangkaian penderia bawah permukaan air (UWSNs) kini muncul sebagai satu kaedah yang berpotensi
mengumpul data daripada persekitaran bawah permukaan air. UWSNs terdiri daripada beberapa nod
dengan tenaga yang terhad bawah permukaan air yang berkomunikasi antara satu sama lain melalui
pautan akustik. Penggunaan tenaga untuk menghantar dan menerima dalam UWSN adalah lebih besar
daripada penggunaan tenaga bagi rangkaian penderia tanpa wayar di daratan. Salah satu perkara yang
paling mencabar yang berkaitan dengan UWSNs, adalah penghalaan paket data dengan penggunaan
tenaga minimum dan nisbah penghantaran paket yang memuaskan. Berdasarkan kepada ciri-ciri unik
UWSNs seperti topologi yang tipis dan dinamik, kelengahan perambatan yang tinggi, penggunaan
tenaga yang lebih tinggi, kehilangan laluan yang tinggi, dan lebar jalur yang rendah, pendekatan laluan
oportunis dianggap sebagai kaedah laluan yang paling berpotensi, yang boleh diaplikasikan dalam
rangkaian ini. Oleh kerana algoritma penghalaan oportunistik mengaplikasikan kaedah limpahan besar
untuk mengarahkan paket dari sumber nod menghala ke nod lubuk, trafik rangkaian tinggi berlaku dan
penggunaan tenaga adalah tinggi. Dalam kajian ini, pertamanya, algoritma penghantaran set penarafan
berbilang-kriteria diperkenalkan dengan menggunakan Analytic Hierarchy Process (FMFR-AHP) untuk
menyelesaikan masalah penghantaran set penarafan. Kemudian, bagi menangani masalah komunikasi
yang tidak sah, Heuristic Energy Efficient Void Nodes Detection Algorithm (HEVD) telah dicadangkan
untuk mengesan nod tidak sah yang langsung dan tidak langsung untuk mengelakkan nod tidak sah

dalam proses penghantaran paket. Akhir sekali, untuk mengurangkan penghantaran paket pendua dan
meningkatkan jumlah penggunaan tenaga, algoritma pemajuan yang sedia ada telah dipertingkatkan
dengan mencadangkan Dynamic Forwarding Set Selection Algorithm (DFSS). Beberapa simulasi telah
dijalankan untuk menilai prestasi algoritma yang dicadangkan, dan keputusan yang diperolehi
dibandingkan dengan algoritma yang lain. Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa algoritma diperkenalkan
mengatasi algoritma yang lain dari segi metrik seperti jumlah penggunaan tenaga (28-42\%) dan nisbah
penghantaran paket (2-15\%).