Heat and Mass Transfer/Transport Phenomena

BTE 3215/ 3210

INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA

END-OF-SEMESTER EXAMINATION
SEMESTER II 2013/2014 SESSION
KULLIYYAH OF ENGINEERING
Program

: ENGINEERING

Level of Study

: UG 3

Time
Duration

: 9:00 am 12:00 noon

: 3 Hrs

Date

: 02/05/2014

Sections

:1

Course Code : BTE 3215/3210

Course Title

: Heat and Mass Transfer/ Transport Phenomena

This Question Paper Consists of 21 Pages (including Cover Page) with Eight (8) Questions.

INSTRUCTIONS TO THE CANDIDATES

DO NOT OPEN UNTIL YOU ARE ASKED TO DO SO

There are THREE (3) sections in this question paper,

Section A is Compulsory, Answer Any THREE (3) questions from Section B, Section C is
Bonus
Answers should be clear and intelligible.
Useful Equations, Table and Figure are attached.
No books, notes and programmable calculators are permitted.
For specific instructions, please refer to the appropriate section.

Any form of Cheating or Attempt to Cheat is a Serious Offence

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which may Lead to Dismissal.

Section A: Compulsory.
Total marks for this part = [50 marks]
Q1.

[10 Marks]
a) What is the difference between natural convection and forced convection?
Which one is generally more efficient? Why?
(5 Marks)

b)

Q2.

Q3.

One of your friends says Nusselt Number Nu is equal to the dimensionless

temperature gradient at the surface of a given geometry. The other friend
says it is the ratio of convection to pure conduction heat transfer. Whose
(5 Marks)
side of the argument would you take? Why?

[10 Marks]
a) What is the difference between local velocity u(r, x) and mean velocity um?
Derive the expression of mean velocity um in terms of u(r, x) for
incompressible flow in a circular tube.

(7 Marks)

b) Explain the two possible arrangements for a concentric tube heat exchanger
using diagrams for temperature distributions. Why is a counterflow heat
exchanger more effective than a parallel flow heat exchanger?

(3 Marks)

[10 Marks]
a) What is the principal role of blackbody behavior in radiation analysis? What
are the three characteristics of an isothermal blackbody cavity? Does such a
thing exist in nature?
(5 Marks)
b) A greenhouse has an enclosure that has a high transmissivity at short
wavelengths and a very low transmissivity (almost opaque) for high
wavelengths. Why does a greenhouse get warmer than the surrounding air
during clear days? Will it have a similar effect during clear nights?
(5 Marks)

Heat and Mass Transfer/Transport Phenomena

Q4.

BTE 3215/ 3210

[10 Marks]
A flat plate has length L = 3 m, the local convection heat transfer coefficient may
be expressed as hx = 0.7 + 13.6x - 3x2, where hx has units of W/m2K and x is in
meters. What is the ratio of the average heat transfer coefficient hx for a plate of
length x to the local heat transfer coefficient hx at x?

Q5.

[10 Marks]
A furnace is of cylindrical shape with R = H =2 m. The base, top, and side
surfaces of the furnace are all black and are maintained at uniform
temperatures of 500, 7000, and 1400 K, respectively.

Determine

(5 Marks)

a) the view factors F12 and F13

a) The net rate of radiation heat transfer to or from top surface during steady (5 Marks)
operation.

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Part B: Q6 is Compulsory. Answer any Two (2) questions from Q7, Q8,
Q9 and Q10.Total marks for this part = [50 marks]

(In solving problems in this part follow the

systematic approach; clearly state known, find,
schematic, assumptions, properties, analysis and
comments.)
Q6.

[20 Marks]
Hot exhaust gases are used in a shell-and-tube heat exchanger (one shell pass and
4 tube passes) to heat 9000 kg/h of water from 35 to 89C. The gases assumed to
have the properties of air, enter at 260C and leave at 94C. The overall heat
transfer coefficient is given to be 180 W/m2K. Determine

the NTU

(8 Marks)

the effectiveness of the heat exchanger,

(8 Marks)

the area of the heat exchanger

Q7.

(4 Marks)

[15 Marks]
Air at 1400 kPa enters a duct 7.5 cm in diameter and 6 m long at a rate of 0.5
kg/s. The surface of the wall is maintained at an average temperature of 500 K.
The average air temperature in the duct is 550 K. Calculate the
a) the Reynolds number

(4 Marks)

b) the convective heat transfer coefficient h

(5 Marks)

c) the decrease in temperature of the air as it passes through the duct

( 6 Marks)

Heat and Mass Transfer/Transport Phenomena

Q8.

BTE 3215/ 3210

[15 Marks]
Dry air is inhaled at a rate of 10 L/min through the trachea with a diameter of 20
mm and a length of 125 mm. The inner surface of the trachea is at normal body
temperature of 37C and may be assumed to be saturated with water.

a) Assuming steady, fully developed flow in the trachea, estimate the mass ( 8 Marks)
transfer convection coefficient.
b) Estimate the daily water loss (L/day) associated with evaporation in the ( 7 Marks)
trachea.
Q9.

[15 Marks]
Consider a vertical plate of dimension 250 mm x 500 mm that is at Ts = 134C
in a quiescent environment at T = 20 C. For each orientation, calculate

(4 Marks)
a) The Rayleigh number.
b) The rate of heat transfer by convection from the front surface.

(4 Marks)

c) In the interest of minimizing heat transfer from the plate, which orientation is (4 Marks)
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preferred? Why?

Q10. [15 Marks]

Ethanol is diffusing through a 4 mm stagnant film of water. The ethanol
concentrations of the entrance and the exiting planes are maintained at 0.1 and
0.02 mol/m3, respectively. If the water film temperature is 283K, determine
a) The steady state molar flux of the ethanol

(8 Marks)

b) The concentration profile as a function of the position x within the liquid

film (express CA in terms of x)
(7 Marks)

PART C: BONUS
Q11. [5 Marks]
Do you think the material in this course is helpful in your professional career in
the future? Explain using maximum of five sentences.
(5 Marks)

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SOME USEFUL EQUATIONS AND CONSTANTS:

1. Internal forced convection
temperature condition,

for

constant

Thermal entry length for laminar flow

x fd ,t

0.05 Re D Pr
lam

Gz D D Re D Pr
L

Graetz number
Nu D 3.66

0.0668Gz D
1 0.04Gz

Laminar, thermal entry, Pr5

D

To Ts Tm , o
PL

exp
h

Ti
Ts Tm ,i
m
c
p

Ts = constant

Here P is perimeter (P = D)
Tlm

To Ti
T

ln o
Ti

p f

u m Ac
m

u m 2 L
2D

P p V

Where p is the pressure drop and P is pumping power.

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2. Internal forced convection

Nu D C Re mD Pr n Pr Prs
Sh D C Re mD Sc n Sc Scs

14

14

Take C = 0.26, m = 0.6, and n = 0.37

hD
Nu D
,
k
Sc

ShD

hm D
,
DAB

,
D AB

q hA(Ts T )

n A hm A( A, sat A, ),

A, A, sat ,
q hA(Ts T ) n A h fg

3. Natural Convection for Cylinder:

Ra D

g Ts T D 3

Heat and Mass Transfer/Transport Phenomena

Nu D 0.60

0.387 Ra D

8
27

1 0.559 / Pr 169

BTE 3215/ 3210

For RaD 1012,

4. Heat Exchanger -NTU Method
Cr

Cmin
,
Cmax

q
,
qmax

NTU

5. Ficks
Law
approximation)
N A, x CDAB A

DAB p 1T

of

UA
,
Cmin

qmax Cmin (Th ,i Tc ,i )

Diffusion

dx A
dx

xA C A

2C A 2 C A 2 C A
N
1 C A

A
2
2
2
x
y y
z
DAB DAB t

N A

(stationary

DAB
C A, s1 C A, s 2
L
9

medium

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Heat and Mass Transfer/Transport Phenomena

Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Water

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Some useful equations:

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1. Heat equation

T

T

T
T
k

k

k
q c p
x
x
y
y
z
z
t

1
T
1 T
T
T
k

kr
2
k
q c p
r r
r
r
z
z
t

2. Natural Convection for spheres in fluids:

RaD

g Ts T D 3

Nu D 2

0.589 RaD

4
4
9

1 0.469 / Pr 169

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For Pr 0.7 and RaD 10 ,

3. Heat flux relation for nucleate boiling

g l v
qs l h fg

1/ 2

c p ,l Ts Tsat

C h Pr n
s , f fg
l

4. Heat Exchanger NTU Relations for Counterflow

Cr

Cmin
,
Cmax

q
qmax

NTU

UA
,
Cmin

qmax Cmin (Th ,in Tc ,in )

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