16

Wave Motion

CHAPTER OUTLINE ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS

16.1 Propagation of a
Disturbance Q16.1 As the pulse moves down the string, the particles of the string
16.2 Sinusoidal Waves
itself move side to side. Since the medium—here, the
16.3 The Speed of Waves on
Strings string—moves perpendicular to the direction of wave
16.4 Reflection and Transmission propagation, the wave is transverse by definition.
16.5 Rate of Energy Transfer by
Sinusoidal Waves on Strings
Q16.2 To use a slinky to create a longitudinal wave, pull a few coils
16.6 The Linear Wave Equation
back and release. For a transverse wave, jostle the end coil
side to side.

T
Q16.3 From v = , we must increase the tension by a factor of 4.
µ

Q16.4 It depends on from what the wave reflects. If reflecting from a

less dense string, the reflected part of the wave will be right
side up.

2π vA
Q16.5 Yes, among other things it depends on. v max = ωA = 2π fA = . Here v is the speed of the wave.
λ

1
Q16.6 Since the frequency is 3 cycles per second, the period is second = 333 ms.
3

Q16.7 Amplitude is increased by a factor of 2 . The wave speed does not change.

Q16.8 The section of rope moves up and down in SHM. Its speed is always changing. The wave continues on
with constant speed in one direction, setting further sections of the rope into up-and-down motion.

Q16.9 Each element of the rope must support the weight of the rope below it. The tension increases with
T
height. (It increases linearly, if the rope does not stretch.) Then the wave speed v = increases
µ
with height.

Q16.10 The difference is in the direction of motion of the elements of the medium. In longitudinal waves,
the medium moves back and forth parallel to the direction of wave motion. In transverse waves, the
medium moves perpendicular to the direction of wave motion.

473
474 Wave Motion

Q16.11 Slower. Wave speed is inversely proportional to the square root of linear density.

Q16.12 As the wave passes from the massive string to the less massive string, the wave speed will increase
T
according to v = . The frequency will remain unchanged. Since v = fλ , the wavelength must
µ
increase.

Q16.13 Higher tension makes wave speed higher. Greater linear density makes the wave move more
slowly.

Q16.14 The wave speed is independent of the maximum particle speed. The source determines the
maximum particle speed, through its frequency and amplitude. The wave speed depends instead on
properties of the medium.

Q16.15 Longitudinal waves depend on the compressibility of the fluid for their propagation. Transverse
waves require a restoring force in response to sheer strain. Fluids do not have the underlying
structure to supply such a force. A fluid cannot support static sheer. A viscous fluid can
temporarily be put under sheer, but the higher its viscosity the more quickly it converts input
work into internal energy. A local vibration imposed on it is strongly damped, and not a source of
wave propagation.

Q16.16 Let ∆t = ts − t p represent the difference in arrival times of the two waves at a station at distance

d = v s ts = v p t p
F1 1I
from the hypocenter. Then d = ∆tG − J
−1

. Knowing the distance from the first

Hv v K
s p

station places the hypocenter on a sphere around it. A measurement from a second station limits it
to another sphere, which intersects with the first in a circle. Data from a third non-collinear station
will generally limit the possibilities to a point.

Q16.17 The speed of a wave on a “massless” string would be infinite!

SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS

Section 16.1 Propagation of a Disturbance

P16.1 Replace x by x − vt = x − 4.5t

6
to get y=
a
2
x − 4.5t + 3 f
 Chapter 16 475
P16.2

FIG. P16.2

P16.3 a
5.00 e −a x + 5 t f is of the form f x + vt
2
f
so it describes a wave moving to the left at v = 5.00 m s .

P16.4 (a) The longitudinal wave travels a shorter distance and is moving faster, so it will arrive at
point B first.

(b) The wave that travels through the Earth must travel

a distance of e j
2 R sin 30.0° = 2 6.37 × 10 6 m sin 30.0° = 6.37 × 10 6 m

at a speed of 7 800 m/s

6.37 × 10 6 m
Therefore, it takes = 817 s
7 800 m s

The wave that travels along the Earth’s surface must travel

s = Rθ = R
FG π radIJ = 6.67 × 10 6
a distance of
H3 K m

at a speed of 4 500 m/s

6.67 × 10 6
Therefore, it takes = 1 482 s
4 500

The time difference is 665 s = 11.1 min

476 Wave Motion

P16.5 b g b
The distance the waves have traveled is d = 7.80 km s t = 4.50 km s t + 17.3 s ga f
where t is the travel time for the faster wave.

a fb g b ga f
Then, 7.80 − 4.50 km s t = 4.50 km s 17.3 s

or t =
b4.50 km sga17.3 sf = 23.6 s
a7.80 − 4.50f km s
and the distance is d = b7.80 km sga 23.6 sf = 184 km .

Section 16.2 Sinusoidal Waves

P16.6 Using data from the observations, we have λ = 1.20 m

8.00
and f =
12.0 s

Therefore, v = λf = 1.20 ma fFGH 128..000 s IJK = 0.800 m s

40.0 vibrations 4 425 cm

P16.7 f= = Hz v= = 42.5 cm s
30.0 s 3 10.0 s
v 42.5 cm s
λ= = 4 = 31.9 cm = 0.319 m
f 3 Hz

P16.8 a fa f
v = fλ = 4.00 Hz 60.0 cm = 240 cm s = 2.40 m s

P16.9 b g a f
y = 0.020 0 m sin 2.11x − 3.62t in SI units A = 2.00 cm

2π
k = 2.11 rad m λ= = 2.98 m
k
ω
ω = 3.62 rad s f= = 0.576 Hz
2π
ω 2π 3.62
v = fλ = = = 1.72 m s
2π k 2.11

P16.10 b g a f
y = 0.005 1 m sin 310 x − 9.30t SI units
ω 9.30
v= = = 0.030 0 m s
k 310
s = vt = 0.300 m in positive x - direction
 Chapter 16 477

*P16.11 a f db
From y = 12.0 cm sin 1.57 rad m x − 31.4 rad s t g b gi
∂y
(a) The transverse velocity is
∂t
a
= − Aω cos kx − ωt f
Its maximum magnitude is b
Aω = 12 cm 31.4 rad s = 3.77 m s g
∂v y
(b) ay =
∂t
=
∂
∂t
c a fh
− Aω cos kx − ωt = − Aω 2 sin kx − ωt a f
The maximum value is a fe
Aω 2 = 0.12 m 31.4 s −1 j 2
= 118 m s 2

P16.12 a f a
At time t, the phase of y = 15.0 cm cos 0.157 x − 50.3t at coordinate x is f
π
b g b g
φ = 0.157 rad cm x − 50.3 rad s t . Since 60.0° =
3
rad , the requirement for point B is that
π
φB = φ A ± rad , or (since x A = 0 ),
3

b0.157 rad cmgx − b50.3 rad sgt = 0 − b50.3 rad sgt ± π3 rad .
B

±π rad
This reduces to x B = = ±6.67 cm .
b
3 0.157 rad cm g
P16.13 a
y = 0.250 sin 0.300 x − 40.0t m f
Compare this with the general expression y = A sin kx − ωt a f
(a) A = 0.250 m

(b) ω = 40.0 rad s

(c) k = 0.300 rad m

2π 2π
(d) λ= = = 20.9 m
k 0.300 rad m

v = fλ =
FG ω IJ λ = FG 40.0 rad s IJ a20.9 mf =
(e)
H 2π K H 2π K 133 m s

(f) The wave moves to the right, in + x direction .

478 Wave Motion

P16.14 (a) See figure at right. y (cm)

2π 2π 10
(b) T= = = 0.125 s
ω 50.3 0 t (s)
This agrees with the period found in the example 0.1 0.2
—10
in the text.

FIG. P16.14

2π 2π −1
A = y max = 8.00 cm = 0.080 0 m k= =
P16.15 (a)
λ a0.800 mf = 7.85 m
ω = 2π f = 2π a3.00f = 6.00π rad s
Therefore, y = A sina kx + ωt f

b g
Or (where y 0 , t = 0 at t = 0 ) y = b0.080 0g sinb7.85 x + 6π t g m

(b) In general, y = 0.080 0 sinb7.85 x + 6π t + φ g

Assuming yb x, 0g = 0 at x = 0.100 m
then we require that 0 = 0.080 0 sinb0.785 + φ g
or φ = −0.785
Therefore, b
y = 0.080 0 sin 7.85 x + 6π t − 0.785 m g
P16.16 (a) y (mm)
0.2 t=0
0.1 0.2
0.0 x (mm)
–0.1 0.4
–0.2

FIG. P16.16(a)

2π
2π
(b) k= =
= 18.0 rad m
λ 0.350 m
1 1
T= = = 0.083 3 s
f 12.0 s
ω = 2π f = 2π 12.0 s = 75.4 rad s

b ga f
v = fλ = 12.0 s 0.350 m = 4.20 m s

(c) y = A sinb kx + ωt + φ g specializes to

y = 0.200 m sinb18.0 x m + 75.4t s + φ g
at x = 0 , t = 0 we require
b g
−3.00 × 10 −2 m = 0. 200 m sin +φ
φ = −8.63° = −0.151 rad
so b g a0.200 mf sinb18.0 x m + 75.4t s − 0.151 radg
y x, t =
 Chapter 16 479

P16.17 a
y = 0.120 m sinf FGH π8 x + 4π tIJK

(a) v=
dy
dt
: a fa f FGH π8 x + 4π tIJK
x = 0.120 4π cos

va0.200 s, 1.60 mf = −1.51 m s

dv Fπ I
a = a −0.120 mfa 4π f sinG x + 4π tJ
2
a=
dt
:
H8 K
aa0.200 s, 1.60 mf = 0

π 2π
(b) k= = : λ = 16.0 m
8 λ
2π
ω = 4π = : T = 0.500 s
T
λ 16.0 m
v= = = 32.0 m s
T 0.500 s

P16.18 (a) Let us write the wave function as b g b

y x , t = A sin kx + ωt + φ g
yb0 , 0g = A sin φ = 0.020 0 m
dy
= Aω cos φ = −2.00 m s
dt 0, 0

2π 2π
Also, ω= = = 80.0 π s
T 0.025 0 s

A 2 = xi2 +
FG v IJ = b0.020 0 mg + FG 2.00 m s IJ
i
2
2
2

HωK H 80.0 π s K
A = 0.021 5 m

A sin φ 0.020 0
(b) = −2 = −2.51 = tan φ
A cos φ 80 .0π

a f
Your calculator’s answer tan −1 −2.51 = −1.19 rad has a negative sine and positive cosine,
just the reverse of what is required. You must look beyond your calculator to find
φ = π − 1.19 rad = 1.95 rad

(c) b
v y, max = Aω = 0.021 5 m 80.0π s = 5.41 m s g
(d) b ga
λ = v x T = 30.0 m s 0.025 0 s = 0.750 m f
2π 2π
k= = = 8.38 m ω = 80.0π s
λ 0.750 m

b g b g b
y x , t = 0.021 5 m sin 8.38 x rad m + 80.0π t rad s + 1.95 rad g
480 Wave Motion

P16.19 (a) f=
v
=
b1.00 m sg = 0.500 Hz
λ 2.00 m
b
ω = 2π f = 2π 0.500 s = 3.14 rad s g
2π 2π
(b) k= = = 3.14 rad m
λ 2.00 m

(c) b
y = A sin kx − ωt + φ becomes g
y= a0.100 mf sinb3.14x m − 3.14t s + 0g
(d) For x = 0 the wave function requires

a
y = 0.100 m sin −3.14t s f b g
(e) a f b
y = 0.100 m sin 4.71 rad − 3.14 t s g
∂y
(f) vy =
∂t
b
= 0.100 m − 3.14 s cos 3.14x m − 3.14t sg b g
The cosine varies between +1 and –1, so
b
v y ≤ 0.314 m s g
P16.20 (a) at x = 2.00 m , y = a0.100 mf sina1.00 rad − 20.0tf
(b) a f a
y = 0.100 m sin 0.500 x − 20.0t = A sin kx − ωt f a f
ω
so ω = 20.0 rad s and f = = 3.18 Hz
2π

Section 16.3 The Speed of Waves on Strings

P16.21 The down and back distance is 4.00 m + 4.00 m = 8.00 m .

The speed is then v=

d total 4 8.00 m
=
a f
= 40.0 m s =
T
t 0.800 s µ
0.200 kg
Now, µ= = 5.00 × 10 −2 kg m
4.00 m

So e
T = µv 2 = 5.00 × 10 −2 kg m 40.0 m s jb g 2
= 80.0 N

0.060 0 kg
P16.22 The mass per unit length is: µ = = 1.20 × 10 −2 kg m .
5.00 m

The required tension is: T = µv 2 = 0.012 0 kg m 50.0 m s b gb g 2

= 30.0 N .
 Chapter 16 481

T 1 350 kg ⋅ m s 2
P16.23 v= = = 520 m s
µ 5.00 × 10 −3 kg m

ω 3 140
P16.24 (a) a f
ω = 2π f = 2π 500 = 3 140 rad s , k =
v
=
196
= 16.0 rad m

e j b
y = 2.00 × 10 −4 m sin 16.0 x − 3 140t g
T
(b) v = 196 m s =
4.10 × 10 −3 kg m
T = 158 N

T Mg MgL L
P16.25 T = Mg is the tension; v= = = = is the wave speed.
µ m
L m t

MgL L2
Then, = 2
m t

and g=
Lm
=
1.60 m 4.00 × 10 −3 kg e
= 1.64 m s 2
j
Mt 2 3.00 kg 3.61 × 10 −3 s 2
e j
T
P16.26 v=
µ
T = µv 2 = ρAv 2 = ρπr 2 v 2

e ja fe
T = 8 920 kg m3 π 7.50 × 10 −4 m j b200 m sg
2 2

T = 631 N

T2 T1
P16.27 Since µ is constant, µ = = and
v 22 v12

Fv I
=G J
2
F 30.0 m s I a6.00 Nf =
T =G
2

H 20.0 m s JK
2
T2 13.5 N .
Hv K 1
1

L
P16.28 The period of the pendulum is T = 2π
g
Let F represent the tension in the string (to avoid confusion with the period) when the pendulum is
vertical and stationary. The speed of waves in the string is then:

F Mg MgL
v= = m =
µ L m

T g
Since it might be difficult to measure L precisely, we eliminate L=
2π
Mg T g Tg M
so v = = .
m 2π 2π m
482 Wave Motion

P16.29 If the tension in the wire is T, the tensile stress is

Stress =
T
A
so a
T = A stress . f
The speed of transverse waves in the wire is

v=
T
=
a
A Stress f= Stress
=
Stress
=
Stress
µ m
L
m
AL
m
Volume ρ

where ρ is the density. The maximum velocity occurs when the stress is a maximum:

2.70 × 10 8 Pa
v max = = 185 m s .
7 860 kg m 3

P16.30 From the free-body diagram mg = 2T sin θ

mg
T=
2 sin θ
3L
8 3
The angle θ is found from cos θ = L
=
2 4
∴θ = 41.4° FIG. P16.30

F 2 I
(a) v=
T
v=
mg
= GG 9.80 m s
JJ m
µ 2 µ sin 41. 4°
H 2 e 8 .00 × 10 −3
kg mj sin 41. 4° K
F 30.4 ms I
or v= GH J
kg K
m

(b) v = 60.0 = 30.4 m and m = 3.89 kg

P16.31 The total time is the sum of the two times.

L µ
In each wire t= =L
v T
Let A represent the cross-sectional area of one wire. The mass of one wire can be written both as
m = ρV = ρAL and also as m = µL .
πρd 2
Then we have µ = ρA =
4
F πρd I
2 12

Thus, t=L GH 4T JK
L aπ fb8 920ge1.00 × 10 j OP
−3 2
12

t = a 20.0 fM
For copper,
MM a4fa150f PP = 0.137 s
N Q
L aπ fb7 860ge1.00 × 10 j OP
−3 2
12

t = a30.0fM
For steel,
MM a4fa150f PP = 0.192 s
N Q
The total time is 0.137 + 0.192 = 0.329 s
 Chapter 16 483

P16.32 Refer to the diagrams. From the free-body diagram of point A: D

∑ Fy = 0 ⇒ T1 sin θ = Mg and ∑ Fx = 0 ⇒ T1 cos θ = T L/4

A
L/4
θ B θ

Combining these equations to eliminate T1 gives the tension in the d L/2 d

Mg
string connecting points A and B as: T = .
tan θ M M

The speed of transverse waves in this segment of string is then

T1

Mg
T tan θ MgL A T
v= = = θ
µ m
L m tan θ

and the time for a pulse to travel from A to B is

Mg
L
2 mL tan θ
t= = .
v 4Mg FIG. P16.32

1
*P16.33 (a) f has units Hz = 1 s , so T = has units of seconds, s . For the other T we have T = µv 2 ,
f
kg m 2 kg ⋅ m
with units = = N .
m s2 s2

(b) The first T is period of time; the second is force of tension.

Section 16.4 Reflection and Transmission

Problem 7 in Chapter 18 can be assigned with this section.

Section 16.5 Rate of Energy Transfer by Sinusoidal Waves on Strings

v 30.0
P16.34 f= = = 60.0 Hz ω = 2π f = 120π rad s
λ 0.500
1
µω 2 A 2 v =
FG
1 0.180
120π
IJ a f a0.100f a30.0f =
2 2
P=
2 2 3.60 H K 1.07 kW

P16.35 Suppose that no energy is absorbed or carried down into the water. Then a fixed amount of power is
spread thinner farther away from the source, spread over the circumference 2π r of an expanding
circle. The power-per-width across the wave front

P
2π r

is proportional to amplitude squared so amplitude is proportional to

P
.
2π r
484 Wave Motion

T 1
P16.36 T = constant; v = ; P= µω 2 A 2 v
µ 2

(a) If L is doubled, v remains constant and P is constant .

(b) If A is doubled and ω is halved, P ∝ ω 2 A 2 remains constant .

A2
(c) If λ and A are doubled, the product ω 2 A 2 ∝ remains constant, so
λ2
P remains constant .

1
(d) If L and λ are halved, then ω 2 ∝ is quadrupled, so P is quadrupled .
λ2
(Changing L doesn’t affect P ).

P16.37 A = 5.00 × 10 −2 m µ = 4.00 × 10 −2 kg m P = 300 W T = 100 N

T
Therefore, v= = 50.0 m s
µ

P=
1
µω 2 A 2 v : ω2 =
2P
=
2 300 a f
2
e je
µA 2 v 4.00 × 10 −2 5.00 × 10 −2 j a50.0f
2

ω = 346 rad s
ω
f= = 55.1 Hz
2π

P16.38 µ = 30.0 g m = 30.0 × 10 −3 kg m

λ = 1.50 m
f = 50.0 Hz: ω = 2π f = 314 s −1
2 A = 0.150 m: A = 7.50 × 10 −2 m

FG 2π x − ωtIJ
(a) y = A sin
Hλ K
y = e7.50 × 10 j sina 4.19 x − 314t f
−2
FIG. P16.38

(b) P=
1
2
1
e
µω 2 A 2 v = 30.0 × 10 −3 314
2
ja f e7.50 × 10 j FGH 4314
2 −2 2IJ W
.19 K
P = 625 W

ω 2π ω 50.0
P16.39 (a) v = fλ = = = m s = 62.5 m s
2π k k 0.800
2π 2π
(b) λ= = m = 7.85 m
k 0.800
50.0
(c) f= = 7.96 Hz
2π

(d) P=
1
2
1
e
µω 2 A 2 v = 12.0 × 10 −3 50.0
2
ja f a0.150f a62.5f W =
2 2
21.1 W
 Chapter 16 485

FG
Comparing y = 0.35 sin 10πt − 3πx +
π IJ with y = A sinbkx − ωt + φ g = A sinbωt − kx − φ + π g we have
*P16.40
H 4 K
3π λ ω 10π s
k= , ω = 10π s , A = 0.35 m . Then v = fλ = 2π f = = = 3.33 m s .
m 2π k 3π m

(a) The rate of energy transport is

P=
1
2
1
e
µω 2 A 2 v = 75 × 10 −3 kg m 10π s
2
jb g a0.35 mf 3.33 m s =
2 2
15.1 W .

(b) The energy per cycle is

2π m
Eλ = P T =
1
2
1
e
µω 2 A 2 λ = 75 × 10 −3 kg m 10π s
2
jb g a0.35 mf
2 2
3π
= 3.02 J .

P16.41 Originally,

1
P0 = µω 2 A 2 v
2
1 T
P0 = µω 2 A 2
2 µ
1
P0 = ω 2 A 2 Tµ
2

The doubled string will have doubled mass-per-length. Presuming that we hold tension constant, it
can carry power larger by 2 times.

1 2 2
2 P0 = ω A T 2µ
2

*P16.42 As for a strong wave, the rate of energy transfer is proportional to the square of the amplitude and to
the speed. We write P = FvA 2 where F is some constant. With no absorption of energy,

2 2
Fv bedrock A bedrock = Fv mudfill A mudfill
v bedrock A 25 v mudfill
= mudfill = =5
v mudfill A bedrock v mudfill

The amplitude increases by 5.00 times.

486 Wave Motion

Section 16.6 The Linear Wave Equation

P16.43 (a) a f
A = 7.00 + 3.00 4.00 yields A = 40.0

(b) In order for two vectors to be equal, they must have the same magnitude and the same
direction in three-dimensional space. All of their components must be equal. Thus,
7.00 i + 0 j + 3.00k = A i + Bj + Ck requires A = 7.00 , B = 0 , and C = 3.00 .

(c) In order for two functions to be identically equal, they must be equal for every value of
every variable. They must have the same graphs. In

a f
A + B cos Cx + Dt + E = 0 + 7.00 mm cos 3.00 x + 4.00t + 2.00 , a f
the equality of average values requires that A = 0 . The equality of maximum values

requires B = 7.00 mm . The equality for the wavelength or periodicity as a function of x

requires C = 3.00 rad m . The equality of period requires D = 4.00 rad s , and the

equality of zero-crossings requires E = 2.00 rad .

∂2y 1 ∂2 y
*P16.44 The linear wave equation is 2
=
∂x v 2 ∂t 2

If y = e b a x − vt f
∂y ∂y
then = − bve b a x − vt f and = be b a x − vt f
∂t ∂x
∂2 y ∂2y
= b 2 v 2 e b a x − vt f and = b 2 e b a x − vt f
∂t 2 ∂x 2
∂2y ∂2y
Therefore, 2
= v2 2
, demonstrating that e b a x − vt f is a solution
∂t ∂x

1 ∂2y ∂2y
P16.45 The linear wave equation is =
v 2 ∂t 2 ∂x 2
To show that y = ln b x − vt a f is a solution, we find its first and second derivatives with respect to x
and t and substitute into the equation.

∂y ∂2y −1 − bva f 2
v2
fa f
1
= − bv = =−
a
∂t b x − vt ∂t 2 a
b 2 x − vt f 2
ax − vtf 2

∂y ∂2y
= ba x − vt f a f
−1 b 2 1
b =− x − vt =−
∂x ∂x 2
b ax − vtf 2

1 ∂2y 1
Then 2 2 = 2
−v e j 2
=−
1
=
∂2y
so the given wave function is a solution.
v ∂t v x − vt a f 2
ax − vtf 2
∂x 2
 Chapter 16 487

P16.46 (a) From y = x 2 + v 2 t 2 ,

∂y ∂2y
evaluate = 2x =2
∂x ∂x 2
∂y ∂2y
= v 2 2t = 2v 2
∂t ∂t 2
∂2y 1 ∂2y
Does = ?
∂t 2 v 2 ∂t 2
1
By substitution: 2 = 2 v 2 and this is true, so the wave function does satisfy the wave
v2
equation.

(b) Note
1
2
a
x + vt f 2
+
1
2
ax − vt f 2
=
1 2
2
1 1 1
x + xvt + v 2 t 2 + x 2 − xvt + v 2 t 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
= x + v t as required.

So a
f x + vt = f 12 ax + vtf 2
a
and g x − vt = f 12 ax − vtf 2
.

(c) y = sin x cos vt makes

∂y ∂2y
= cos x cos vt = − sin x cos vt
∂x ∂x 2
∂y ∂2y
= − v sin x sin vt = − v 2 sin x cos vt
∂t ∂t 2
∂2y 1 ∂2 y
Then 2
=
∂x v 2 ∂t 2
−1 2
becomes − sin x cos vt = v sin x cos vt which is true as required.
v2
a f
Note sin x + vt = sin x cos vt + cos x sin vt

a f
sin x − vt = sin x cos vt − cos x sin vt .

a f a f
So sin x cos vt = f x + vt + g x − vt with

f a x + vtf = sina x + vt f a f a f
1 1
and g x − vt = sin x − vt .
2 2

Additional Problems

P16.47 Assume a typical distance between adjacent people ~ 1 m .

∆x 1 m
Then the wave speed is v= ~ ~ 10 m s
∆t 0.1 s
Model the stadium as a circle with a radius of order 100 m. Then, the time for one circuit around the
stadium is

T=
2π r 2π 10
~
2
e j
= 63 s ~ 1 min .
v 10 m s
488 Wave Motion

P16.48 a f
Compare the given wave function y = 4.00 sin 2.00 x − 3.00t cm to the general form
a f
y = A sin kx − ωt to find

(a) amplitude A = 4.00 cm = 0.040 0 m

2π
(b) k= = 2.00 cm −1 and λ = π cm = 0.031 4 m
λ

(c) ω = 2π f = 3.00 s −1 and f = 0.477 Hz

1
(d) T= = 2.09 s
f

(e) The minus sign indicates that the wave is traveling in the positive x -direction .

π du dx
P16.49 (a) Let u = 10π t − 3π x + = 10π − 3π = 0 at a point of constant phase
4 dt dt
dx 10
= = 3.33 m s
dt 3
The velocity is in the positive x -direction .

(b) b g a
y 0.100 , 0 = 0.350 m sin −0.300π +f FGH π
4
IJ
K
= −0.054 8 m = −5.48 cm

2π
(c) k= = 3π : λ = 0.667 m ω = 2π f = 10π : f = 5.00 Hz
λ

(d) vy =
∂y
∂t
fa f FGH
a
= 0.350 10π cos 10π t − 3π x +
π
4
IJ
K a fa f
v y, max = 10π 0.350 = 11.0 m s

*P16.50 (a) 0.175 m = a0.350 mf sin b99.6 rad sgt

∴ sin b99.6 rad sgt = 0.5
The smallest two angles for which the sine function is 0.5 are 30° and 150°, i.e., 0.523 6 rad
and 2.618 rad.
b g
99.6 rad s t1 = 0.523 6 rad , thus t1 = 5.26 ms
b99.6 rad sgt 2 = 2.618 rad , thus t 2 = 26.3 ms
∆t ≡ t 2 − t1 = 26.3 ms − 5.26 ms = 21.0 ms

FG ω IJ ∆t = FG 99.6 rad s IJ e21.0 × 10 sj =

−3
(b) Distance traveled by the wave =
H k K H 1.25 rad m K 1.68 m .

P16.51 The equation v = λf is a special case of

speed = (cycle length)(repetition rate).

e jb
Thus, v = 19.0 × 10 −3 m frame 24.0 frames s = 0.456 m s . g
 Chapter 16 489
P16.52 Assuming the incline to be frictionless and taking the positive x-direction to be up the incline:

∑ Fx = T − Mg sinθ = 0 or the tension in the string is T = Mg sin θ

T Mg sin θ MgL sin θ

The speed of transverse waves in the string is then v= = =
µ m
L m

L m mL
The time interval for a pulse to travel the string’s length is ∆t = =L =
v MgL sin θ Mg sin θ

P16.53 Energy is conserved as the block moves down distance x:

eK + U g + Us j top
e
+ ∆E = K + U g + U s j bottom

1 2
0 + Mgx + 0 + 0 = 0 + 0 + kx
2
2 Mg
x=
k

(a) b ge
T = kx = 2 Mg = 2 2.00 kg 9.80 m s 2 = 39.2 N j
2 Mg
(b) L = L0 + x = L0 +
k
39.2 N
L = 0.500 m + = 0.892 m
100 N m

T TL
(c) v= =
µ m
39.2 N × 0.892 m
v=
5.0 × 10 −3 kg
v = 83.6 m s

1 2
P16.54 Mgx = kx
2

(a) T = kx = 2 Mg

2 Mg
(b) L = L0 + x = L0 +
k

v=
T
=
TL
=
2 Mg FG
L0 +
2 Mg IJ
(c)
µ m m H k K
490 Wave Motion

T 80.0 N
P16.55 (a) v= = = 179 m s
µ e5.00 × 10 −3
kg 2.00 m j
1
µvω 2 A 2 and ω = 2π
v FG IJ
(b) From Equation 16.21, P =
2 λ H K
1
µvA 2
2πv FG IJ 2
2π 2 µA 2 v 3
P=
2 λ H K =
λ2
2π 2 FH 5.00 ×10 −3 kg
2.00 m
IK b0.040 0 mg b179 m sg 2 3

P=
a0.160 mf 2

P = 1.77 × 10 4 W = 17.7 kW

T µv 2
P16.56 v= and in this case T = mg ; therefore, m = .
µ g
ω
Now v = fλ implies v = so that
k

µ ω FG IJ 2
0.250 kg m LM 18π s OP −1 2

m=
g k H K =
9.80 m s 2 N 0.750π m Q −1
= 14.7 kg .

mv b2
*P16.57 Let M = mass of block, m = mass of string. For the block, ∑ F = ma implies T = r
= mω 2 r . The
speed of a wave on the string is then

T Mω 2 r M
v= = = rω
µ m
r m
r 1 m
t= =
v ω M
m 0.003 2 kg
θ = ωt = = = 0.084 3 rad
M 0.450 kg

dm dx
P16.58 (a) µ= = ρA = ρA
dL dx
T T T T
v= = = =
µ ρA a
ρ ax + b f e
ρ 10 x + 10 −2 cm 2
−3
j
T
With all SI units, v = ms
e
ρ 10 x + 10 −2 10 −4
−3
j
24.0
(b) v x= 0 = = 94.3 m s
b2 700ge0 + 10 je10 j
−2 −4

24.0
v x=10 .0 = = 66.7 m s
b2 700ge10 −2
+ 10 −2 10 −4 je j
 Chapter 16 491

T
P16.59 v= where T = µxg , the weight of a length x, of rope.
µ
Therefore, v = gx
dx dx
But v = , so that dt =
dt gx
L

z
L
dx 1 x L
and t= = 1
= 2
0 gx g 2 g
0

At distance x from the bottom, the tension is T =

FG mxg IJ + Mg , so the wave speed is:
P16.60
H LK
v=
T
=
TL
= xg + G
F MgL IJ = dx .
µ m H m K dt
1 2 x=L
L F MgL IJ OP dx 1 xg + b MgL m g
Then t = z dt = z M xg + G
t L −1 2
t=
N H m KQ
(a) 1
0 0
g 2
x=0

2 LF MgL I F MgL IJ OP LF m+M − MI

12 12
t = MG Lg + J −G
g GH JK
t=2
g MNH m K H m K PQ m

L F m − 0I
(b) When M = 0 , as in the previous problem, t=2
g GH J = 2 Lg
m K

F mI
As m → 0 we expand m + M = M G 1 + J = M G 1 +
F 1 m − 1 m + …I
12 2
(c)
H MK H 2 M 8 M JK 2

F M + em M j − em M j + … − M I
1 1 2 32

to obtain t=2
L
gG
G 2 8
JJ
H m K
LF1 m I mL
t≈2 G
gH2 MK J =
Mg

P16.61 (a) The speed in the lower half of a rope of length L is the same function of distance (from the
L FG IJ
bottom end) as the speed along the entire length of a rope of length
2
.
H K
L′ L
Thus, the time required = 2 with L ′ =
g 2
L L F I
and the time required = 2
2g
= 0.707 2
g GH JK .

It takes the pulse more that 70% of the total time to cover 50% of the distance.

gτ 2
(b) By the same reasoning applied in part (a), the distance climbed in τ is given by d = .
4
t L L
For τ = = , we find the distance climbed = .
2 g 4
1
In half the total trip time, the pulse has climbed of the total length.
4
492 Wave Motion
ω 15.0
P16.62 (a) v= = = 5.00 m s in positive x -direction
k 3.00
15.0
(b) v= = 5.00 m s in negative x -direction
3.00
15.0
(c) v= = 7.50 m s in negative x -direction
2.00
12.0
(d) v= 1
= 24.0 m s in positive x -direction
2

T
A
P16.63 Young’s modulus for the wire may be written as Y = ∆L
, where T is the tension maintained in the
L
wire and ∆L is the elongation produced by this tension. Also, the mass density of the wire may be
µ
expressed as ρ = .
A
The speed of transverse waves in the wire is then

v=
T
=
T
A
=
Y c h
∆L
L
µ
µ A
ρ

∆L ρv 2
and the strain in the wire is = .
L Y
If the wire is aluminum and v = 100 m s, the strain is

∆L
=
e
2.70 × 10 3 kg m3 100 m s jb g 2

= 3.86 × 10 −4 .
L 7.00 × 10 10 N m 2

*P16.64 (a) Consider a short section of chain at the top of the loop. A free- θ θ
a f
body diagram is shown. Its length is s = R 2θ and its mass is T 2θ T
µR2θ . In the frame of reference of the center of the loop, R
Newton’s second law is
mv 02 µR 2θv 02 FIG. P16.64(a)
∑ Fy = ma y 2T sin θ down =
R
down =
R
For a very short section, sin θ = θ and T = µ v 02 .

T
(b) The wave speed is v = = v0 .
µ
(c) In the frame of reference of the center of the loop, each pulse moves with equal speed
clockwise and counterclockwise.

v v

v0 v0 v0

FIG. P16.64(c-1)
continued on next page
 Chapter 16 493
In the frame of reference of the ground, once pulse moves backward at speed v 0 + v = 2 v 0
and the other forward at v 0 − v = 0 . The one pulse makes two revolutions while the loop
makes one revolution and the other pulse does not move around the loop. If it is generated
at the six-o’clock position, it will stay at the six-o’clock position.

v0 v0 v0

FIG. P16.64(c-2)

P16.65 (a) Assume the spring is originally stationary throughout, extended to have a length L much
greater than its equilibrium length. We start moving one end forward with the speed v at
which a wave propagates on the spring. In this way we create a single pulse of compression
that moves down the length of the spring. For an increment of spring with length dx and
mass dm, just as the pulse swallows it up, ∑ F = ma

k
becomes kdx = adm or dm
= a.
dx

dm k
But = µ so a = .
dx µ

dv v v2
Also, a = = when vi = 0. But L = vt , so a = .
dt t L

k v2 kL
Equating the two expressions for a, we have = or v = .
µ L µ

(b) Using the expression from part (a) v =

kL
=
kL2
=
b100 N mga2.00 mf 2
= 31.6 m s .
µ m 0.400 kg

P16.66 (a)
F T I F 2T IJ
v=G J =G
12
0
12
= v0 2 where v 0 ≡
FG T IJ 0
12

H µK H µ K 0 Hµ K 0

F T I F 2T IJ
v′ = G J = G
12
0
12
= v0
2
H µ ′ K H 3µ K 0 3

L
2 L ∆t 0 L
(b) ∆t left = = = = 0.354∆t 0 where ∆t 0 ≡
v 2 v0 2 2 2 v0
L
2 L ∆t 0
∆t right = = = = 0.612 ∆t 0
v′ 2 v0 2
2 2
3 3

∆t left + ∆t right = 0.966 ∆t 0

494 Wave Motion

af 1 1
µω 2 A 2 v = µω 2 A02 e −2 bx
ω FG IJ
µω 3 2 −2 bx
P16.67 (a) P x =
2 2 k
=
2kH K
A0 e

µω 3 2
(b) af
P 0 =
2k
A0

(c)
af
P x
= e −2 bx
af
P 0

4 450 km
P16.68 v= = 468 km h = 130 m s
9.50 h

d=
v2
=
b
130 m s
2
g
= 1 730 m
g e
9.80 m s 2 j
*P16.69 (a) µ a x f is a linear function, so it is of the form af
µ x = mx + b
To have µ a0f = µ we require b = µ . Then
0 0 µ aL f = µ L = mL + µ 0
µL − µ0
so m=
L

Then a f bµ
µ x = L − µ0 x
L
g + µ0

dx dx
(b) From v = , the time required to move from x to x + dx is . The time required to move
dt v
from 0 to L is

z z z
L
dx L dx L
∆t =
v
=
T
=
1
T
af
µ x dx
0 0 µ 0

z FGH b I FG µ − µ IJ dxF
g IJ
L 12
1 µL − µ0 x L
∆t =
T 0
L JK H L K GH µ
+ µ0 L 0

L − µ0 K
1 F L I F b µ − µ gx I 1 32 L

∆t = G J
T H µ − µ KH
GL L
+µ J
0 K
L 0
0 3
2 0

2L
∆t =
3 T bµ − µ g
eµ − µ j
L 0
32
L
32
0

2Le µ − µ je µ + µ µ + µ j
L 0 L L 0 0
∆t =
3 T e µ − µ je µ + µ j
L 0 L 0

2L F µ + µ µ + µ I
∆t =
3 TH
G µ + µ JK L

L
L 0

0
0
 Chapter 16 495

ANSWERS TO EVEN PROBLEMS

P16.2 see the solution P16.38 b g a

(a) y = 0.075 0 sin 4.19 x − 314t ; f
(b) 625 W
P16.4 (a) the P wave; (b) 665 s
P16.40 (a) 15.1 W ; (b) 3.02 J
P16.6 0.800 m s
P16.42 The amplitude increases by 5.00 times
P16.8 2.40 m s
P16.44 see the solution
P16.10 0.300 m in the positive x-direction
P16.46 (a) see the solution;
P16.12 ±6.67 cm
(b)
1
2
a 2 1
2
2
x + vt + x − vt ;f a f
P16.14 (a) see the solution; (b) 0.125 s; in
agreement with the example
1
2
a 1
(c) sin x + vt + sin x − vt
2
f a f
P16.16 (a) see the solution; (b) 18.0 m ; 83.3 ms ;
P16.48 (a) 0.040 0 m; (b) 0.031 4 m ;
75.4 rad s ; 4.20 m s ; (c) 0.477 Hz; (d) 2.09 s;
a f a
(c) 0.2 m sin 18 x + 75.4t − 0.151 f (e) positive x -direction

P16.18 (a) 0.021 5 m; (b) 1.95 rad; (c) 5.41 m s ;

P16.50 (a) 21.0 ms ; (b) 1.68 m
b g
(d) y x , t =
b0.021 5 mg sinb8.38x + 80.0π t + 1.95g mL
P16.52 ∆t =
Mg sin θ
P16.20 (a) see the solution; (b) 3.18 Hz
2 Mg
P16.22 30.0 N P16.54 (a) 2Mg ; (b) L0 + ;
k
P16.24 a f b
(a) y = 0.2 mm sin 16 x − 3 140t ; g 2 Mg
L0 +
FG
2 Mg IJ
(b) 158 N
(c)
m kH K
P16.26 631 N P16.56 14.7 kg

Tg M T
P16.28 v= P16.58 (a) v = in SI units;
2π m
e
ρ 10 x + 10 −6
−7
j
F
(a) v = G 30.4
m I
(b) 94.3 m s; 66.7 m s

H s ⋅ kg JK
P16.30 m ; (b) 3.89 kg
P16.60 see the solution

mL tan θ P16.62 (a) 5.00 i m s ; (b) −5.00 i m s ;

P16.32
4Mg
(c) −7.50 i m s ; (d) 24.0 i m s

P16.34 1.07 kW
P16.64 (a) µ v 02 ; (b) v 0 ;
P16.36 (a), (b), (c) P is constant ; (c) One travels 2 rev and the other does
(d) P is quadrupled not move around the loop.
496 Wave Motion

P16.66
F 2T IJ = v 2 ;
(a) v = G 0
12 P16.68 130 m s ; 1.73 km
Hµ K0
0

F 2T IJ = v 2 ; (b) 0.966∆t
v′ = G 0
12

H 3µ K
0 3
0 0