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CONCRETE.
Mauro M. Tashima (1), Carlos A. R. da Silva (2), Jorge L. Akasaki (3), Michele Beniti
Barbosa (4).
(1) Civil Engineering Department, FEIS/UNESP, Brazil
(2) Civil Engineering Department, FEIS/UNESP, Brazil
(3) Civil Engineering Department, FEIS/UNESP, Brazil
(4) Civil Engineering Department, FEIS/UNESP, Brazil
Abstract ID Number: 282
Author contacts
Authors
Fax
Postal address
Mauro M. Tashima
tashima@japan.com
UNESP - FEIS
Carlos A. R. da cars@dec.feis.unesp
Silva
.br
UNESP - FEIS
Universidade
Estadual
Paulista Faculdade de
Engenharia de Ilha Solteira
Jorge L. Akasaki
Michele B. Barbosa
mibbarbosa@yahoo.
com.br
59
Page 0
Abstract
In the last decades, the use of residue in civil construction, specially in addition to
concrete, has been subject of many researches due to, besides to reduce the environmental
polluters factors, it may lead several improvements of the concrete properties. The world rice
harvest is estimated in 500 million tons per year, and Brazil is the 8th producer. Considering
that 20% of the grain is husk, and 20% of the husk after combustion is converted into ash, a
total of 20 million tons of ash can be obtained.
This paper evaluates how different contents of rice husk ash (RHA) added to concrete may
influence its physical and mechanical properties. Samples with dimensions of 10 X 20 cm
were tested, with 5% e 10% of RHA, replacing in mass the cement. Properties like simple
compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, water absorption and modulus of elasticity
were evaluated.
The results were compared to control sample and the viability of adding RHA to concrete
was verified.
Key words: rice husk ash, concrete, pozzolanic material, mechanical properties.
Page 1
1.
INTRODUCTION
Rice husk is an agro-waste material which is produced in about 100 million of tons.
Approximately, 20 Kg of rice husk are obtained for 100 Kg of rice. Rice husks contain
organic substances and 20% of inorganic material. Rice husk ash (RHA) is obtained by the
combustion of rice husk. The most important property of RHA that determines pozzolanic
activity is the amorphous phase content. RHA is a highly reactive pozzolanic material suitable
for use in lime-pozzolana mixes and for Portland cement replacement. RHA contains a high
amount of silicon dioxide, and its reactivity related to lime depends on a combination of two
factors, namely the non-crystalline silica content and its specific surface.
Research on producing rice husk ash (RHA) that can be incorporated to concrete and
mortars are not recent. In 1973, [1] investigated the effect of pyroprocessing on the
pozzolanic reactivity of RHA. Since then, a lot of studies has been developed to improve the
mechanical and durability properties of concrete. Since then, a lot of researches have been
developed to improve the mechanical and durability properties of concrete ([2], [3]).
The potential reactivity of aggregate was investigated by [4]. The results show that adding
percentage over 12% of RHA, the expansion is reduced in acceptable levels.
In this paper, RHA obtained by uncontrolled combustion was added to concrete.
Mechanical properties (compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, water absorption and
elasticity modulus) were verified. The sample were tested at 7 and 28 days of age.
2.
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
2.1
Materials
Page 2
3000
16196
2.16
12.34
96.6
92.99
0.43
0.18
1.03
0.35
0.10
0.61
93.50
0.02
0.72
13,20
Intensidade (cps)
2500
14,40
2000
1500
21,35
1000
500
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Page 3
According to the chemical characteristics, the RHA has high levels of silicon dioxide,
approximately 93%, and the specific gravity is 2.16 cm2/g. Figure 3 shows x-ray
diffractograms for the RHA sample. The results showed a very distinct peak corresponding to
crystalline silica. The reason for this behavior is the long time combustion process and the
high temperature of burning. According to the Figure 4, the average particle size distribution
was 13.34m. Thus the RHA is finer than cement and should be expected to work not only a
pozzolanic role, but also a microfiller effect.
100,00
90,00
80,00
Passing Percentage
70,00
60,00
50,00
40,00
30,00
20,00
10,00
0,00
0,001
0,01
0,1
10
2.1.2 Cement
The cement type used in this research was high early strength Portland Cement CPV ARI
PLUS. All their characteristics were according to Brazilian Standard NBR- 5733. Physical
and chemical properties of cement were listed in Table 2.
Page 4
6916
3.08
1:48
33.4
38.8
45.0
23.89
2.72
8.91
51.27
4.48
3.55
0.18
0.96
2.1.3 Aggregates
The fine aggregate used is a natural sand with fineness modulus of 2.25 and specific
gravity 2.58g/cm3. The coarse aggregate (basalt rock) has maximum size of 19mm and
specific gravity 2.96g/cm3.
2.1.4 Superplasticizer
A superplasticizer of third generation for concrete was used. This superplasticizer is
suitable for the production of high performance concrete. It facilitates extremely high water
reduction, high flowability as well as internal cohesiveness. It was the Viscocrete 5 from Sika
Brazil.
Sand
1.33
Coarse
aggregate
2.27
W/C
0.42
Cement (kg/m3)
Mixture D Mixture E
Mixture F
490.0
465.5
441.0
Page 5
After that, had been molded cylindrical specimens of dimensions 10x20cm and tested to
the simple compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, water absorption by immersion and
elasticity modulus. The tests had been carried through with ages of 7 and 28 days, with curing
in humid chamber.
7 days
2.67
2.64
2.35
28 days
1.76
1.64
1.38
3
2,5
2
1,5
1
0,5
0
7
28
Control
5% RHA
Days
10% RHA
Page 6
7 days
28 days
45.9
48.1
52.9
60.4
45.8
54.2
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
7
Control
14
5% RHA
21
10% RHA
Days
28
Page 7
7 days
4.85
4.94
4.82
28 days
5.37
5.79
5.78
14
Control
21
5% RHA
Days
28
10% RHA
7 days
28 days
38.08
40.85
40.72
40.76
40.23
40.21
Page 8
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
14
Control
5% RHA
21
Days
28
10% RHA
Page 9