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STABILIZATION PONDS
1. Anaerobic Ponds
Anaerobic Ponds
2. Facultative Ponds
Aerobic Ponds
These are shallow earthen basins for
natural treatment systems using both
algae and bacteria
New Algae
Algae
Sunlight
CO2, NH3
PO4, H2O
The algal production of oxygen occurs near the surface of aerobic ponds to the
depth to which light can penetrate (i.e. typically up to 500 mm). Additional oxygen
can be introduced by wind due to vertical mixing of the water. Oxygen is unable to
be maintained at the lower layers if the pond is too deep, and the color too dark to
allow light to penetrate fully
BOD5 conversion efficiency is around 95%. Soluble BOD5 are removed, but can
result in suspended matters in the effluent containing algae and bacteria
Typical BOD5 loading is 40-120 kg/(ha.d). Contents need to be periodically mixed in
order to avoid formation of anaerobic zones and to obtain best results.
Facultative Ponds
It functions aerobically at the
surface but anaerobic conditions Facultative= aerobic + anaerobic
prevail at the bottom. The aerobic
zone kept at the top is effective
against release of odorous gases. It
is most suited pond treatment
method.
Facultative
Maturation Pond
These are essentially designed for pathogen removal and retaining suspended stabilized
solids.
The principal mechanisms for fecal bacterial removal in facultative and maturation ponds are
HRT, temperature, high pH (> 9), and high light intensity. Fecal bacteria and other pathogens
die off due to the high temperature, high pH or radiation of the sun leading to solar
disinfection
Maturation ponds are shallower (1 to 1.5 m), with 1 m being optimal. The recommended
hydraulic retention time is 15 to 20 days. If used in combination with algae and/or fish
harvesting, this type of pond is also effective at removing the majority of nitrogen and
phosphorus from the effluent.
Le
e k1t
Li
Le
1
Li 1 k1t
Le and Li are effluent and influent BOD5, t is the detention time, k1 is BOD rate
constant
Natural and constructed systems do not exactly follow either plug flow or
completely mixed systems, hence corrections in the form of dispersion numbers
are to be incorporated.
Step 3. Find out the surface area and the depth. The optimal depth is 1.5 m. If the
calculation shows less than 1 m depth, minimum depth to be provided is 1 m.
Step 4. calculate sludge accumulation based on the design data of accumulation
rate of 0.07 cum/ person/ year. The desludging period is normally taken to be
equal to 6-12 years. Add depth for accumulation of sludge.
Step 5. Find out the sizes of the stabilization pond. Take length as double the
width. Provide a free board of 0.5 m to 1 m.
Consider that desludging interval is equal to 6 years. Consider that the pond is exactly in
between a plug flow and completely mixed flow reactor
Bar Screens
Screenings
Grit Removal
PRIMARY
Filter Press
O2
Secondary Nutrient
Clarifier
Removal
Aeration
tank
Grit
PRELIMINARY
Dewatered
Sludge to
landfill
Primary Clarifier
Anaerobic
Digester
SECONDARY
D
I
S
P
O
Advanced
S
Treatments A
L
TERTIARY
Gravity Sludge
thickener
SLUDGE PROCESSING
Nutrients Removal
Nitrification
Process
Denitrifying bacteria obtain energy from the conversion of NO3to N2 gas, but require a carbon source
NO3- + CH3OH + H2CO3 C5H7O2N + N2 + H2O + HCO3(organic matter)
(cell mass)
Denitrification
Process
Nitrification Processes
The following factors affect nitrification:
a) Conc of NH4+ and NO2-, b) BOD/TKN ratio (BOD should be gone/removed) ;
c) Dissolved oxygen conc (need oxygen); d) Temperature; e) pH (7.5 to 8.6)
Suspended
Growth Separate
Stage Nitrification
Denitrification
Effluent
Denitrification
clarifier
Return sludge
Carbon
source
Media
Effluent
Phosphorus Removal
Chemical Precipitation
Calcium (lime) addition at high pH (>10)
Reacts with alkalinity
Alum (Aluminum Sulfate) precipitation
Iron precipitation