Sei sulla pagina 1di 70

BUILDING DESIGN

I NSULATED S ANDWICH PANELS


INTRODUCTION
Metal Faced Insulated sandwich panels have

SYSTEM BENEFITS
Superior Quality and Performance enhances

been established within the construction industry for

property investment asset value.

over 40 years. The primary objective in the development

Certified and Approved Comply with National

of insulated sandwich panels was to provide the

Building Regulations and Norms.

construction industry with a factory manufactured, preengineered cladding system which combines weather,

Modern Construction System Enhanced visual


appearance and wide colour choice.

structural, thermal, fire performance, long term life cycle


durability and fastrack site installation.

Suitable for Design Integration Easily incorporated


with other materials.
Comply with National Building

PRODUCT RANGE

Regulations, Norms, Fire Officers and Insurers


requirements.
Long Term Durability Life cycle up to 40 years.
Fastrack Site Installation Cuts site installation by
up to 50% compared with site assembled built-up
systems.
100% Thermally Reliable no cavities, ingress of
moisture, cold bridges, interstitial condensation or
missing insulation.
Low air leakage construction reduces M&E plant,
energy operating costs and CO2 emissions.
Eco Friendly CFC and HCFC free, Nondeleterious.
Acoustic and noise control specifications.
Lightweight Construction Reduces main structure
and foundation costs.
Safer Siteworks Non-fragile specification and
structurally safe.
Guaranteed Quality Factory manufactured
product to ISO 9001/2.
Product Warranty External coatings, structural,
thermal and specification performance package.
Ancillary Component Package Flashings, Trims,
Fixings, Sealants, Gutters and Rainwater Systems.
High Level Customer Support Technical,
Commercial and Delivery Service.

2:01
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

I NSULATED S ANDWICH PANELS


MANUFACTURE
Advanced continuous production methods in the
manufacture of insulated sandwich panels provide
distinct advantages in enhanced product quality and

reliable performance in use. Factory pre-engineered


panels and components are produced to strict quality
standards for delivery direct to site.
KS1000 RW roof panel

PRODUCT CONCEPT

The single component design concept using high

grade materials provides a superior product range


suitable for roof and wall cladding applications which
offers interesting visual aesthetics and guaranteed
performance reliability over the life of the building when
installed.

DELIVERY

KS1000 SM roof panel

Kingspan provides plant to site delivery service,

including packaging for off-loading by others.


SITE INSTALLATION
The simple concept of insulated sandwich panel
systems results in fastrack and simple site installation.
Site assembly only requires a single fix operation
procedure incorporating fasteners and sealants.
Speed of site installation is a key project

KS1000 SF-M or KS1000 TF-M vertically laid

requirement for todays clients, to shorten build


programmes permitting earlier business trading activities
and payback opportunity.
As the panels are structurally rigid they provide a
safe working platform once fixed, increasing site safety.
LIFE CYCLE PERFORMANCE
Kingspans insulated sandwich panel cladding

KS1000 SF-M or KS1000 TF-M horizontally laid

systems are designed to provide guaranteed long term


performance of up to 25 years to first maintenance with

MAINTENANCE

overall life expectancy of up to 40 years. Product

The insulated sandwich panel cladding systems

specifications are available which meet the above

manufactured by Kingspan provide long term durability

performance periods and should be discussed with our

and have low maintenance requirements. i.e periodic

Technical Services Department prior to design decisions

wash and clean down.

being finalised.

This is due to the:


superior protective coating to external facings
factory quality pre-engineered product
pre-engineered design of joints and junctions

2:02
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

D ESIGN & S PECIFICATION


C HECKLIST
INTRODUCTION

points which need to be considered when selecting and

Designing a building is a complex process

specifying roof and wall cladding systems.

involving a whole range of subjects including building

For each topic on the checklist, information is

purpose, form, layout, visual appearance, design

contained in the guide to assist in providing practical

integration, regulation compliance, material suitability,

input to the design and decision making process.

buildability, life cycle durability and economics.

Information is also provided within the guide to

This section is intended to assist building


designers and specifiers by providing a checklist of

enable the design team to select construction solutions


and products for any building application(s).

CHECKLIST
Project Ref:

Date:

Roof or Wall

Notes:

Product &
Appearance

Internal
Environment

Fire Safety
Requirements

Structural/Static
Performance

Thermal
Performance
Other
Requirements
Ancillaries

Performance
Guarantees
Project
Specification
Project Programme
Project
Budget/Costs

Manual Ref

Product Reference - KS1000 _ _


External Coatings - Plastisol/HPS200/ Pvf2/Polyester
Internal Coatings - Galvanised/White Liner
/Plastisol /Hygiene
Colour Reference
Roof Slope % or Degrees/Length
Walls - Horizontally or Vertically Laid
Building Function/Purpose
Temperature - C/Relative Humidity %
Type of Heating/Cooling HVAC System
- Payback Analysis
Building Regulations/Norms - Fire Resistance/
Flame Spread/Combustable/Non-Combustable
Smoke Vents/Sprinkler Layout
Fire Officer/Insurance Company Requirements
Building Regulations/Norms Main Frame/Concrete/Steel
Building Grid/Span Dimensions
Roof/Wall - Secondary Steelwork/Loadings
including Services
Panel Loading/Spans
Building Regulations/Norms
U Value/Panel Thickness/Air Leakage Performance
Insulation Core - Rigid Urethane/Mineral Fibre
Acoustics
Lightning Protection
Roof/Skylights - Type/Supplier
Gutters/Internal/External /Downpipes
Window Type(s) - Dimensions/Supplier
Doors/Openings - Main/Personnel
Roof Penetrations - Smoke Vents/Soakers
Louvres
Flashings/Trims Type
Fastener Type
Sealant/Filler Type
Warranty Package - First Maintenance/
Overall Life Period
Specifications - Drawings/Bill of Quantities Value Engineering Options
Start/Delivery /Completion Dates
Roof System (inc. ancillary components)
- Installed Costs - m2/Total
Wall System (inc. ancillary components)
- Installed Costs - m2/Total

Notes: Design selection checklist pads are available from our Technical Services Department.
Kingspan Technical Services Department is available to assist the design team on any construction application issue.

2:03
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

B UILDING R EGULATIONS
& N ORMS P OLAND
INSULATED SANDWICH PANEL CLADDING

PROJECT PROCEDURE AND APPROVAL

Insulated sandwich cladding panels are designed

The following procedures are involved in the

to comply with national Building Regulations, Norms &

specification, approval and construction of the building

Codes and to meet the requirements of the

process phases for the application of insulated

environmental, structural, thermal, acoustic and fire


performance of the Regulations.
In the Building Norms and Codes Directives,

sandwich roof and wall cladding systems:


For Permit: - not required for cladding systems, only
type and category of fire resistance specified

product specifications incorporated into the building


design and construction must comply with the following
essential requirements:
Structural Reliability - mechanical resistance
and stability
Fire Performance - safety in case of fire
Thermal Performance - energy economy & heat
retention
Hygiene & Health - materials friendly to human
use, non-fragile component
Environmental Safe - Eco friendly, CFC & HCFC
free & non-deleterious
Acoustic Resistance - protection against noise
Long-Term Durability - expected life cycle up to
40 years

For Construction:
Although not demanded by National Building Law
always required by the Client or Project Manager
Contractors responsibility
Architectural cladding specification and drawings,
supporting structure specification and drawings,
cladding system connection methods and
specification
Technical specification and drawings (record
copies) must be originally signed and stamped by
chartered Civil Engineers - both Designer and
Supervisor
As Built:
Demanded by National Building Law as the final
design

Quality Guaranteed - lives up to ISO 9001/2 for


every manufactured product

Contractors responsibility to hand over As Built


cladding design specification to the Site Manager
who is to notify four departments to obtain
operation permit approval (Environmental, Fire
Protection, Labour, Sanitary)

The above requirements have also to comply with

Technical specification (up-to-date and final)

the national laws and regulatory legislation as

Drawings - plans, elevations and cross sections of


all roof and wall cladding construction, including
junctions, ancillary items, secondary steelwork
framing, connections and all necessary details

Corrosion Resistance - protection against


harmful environmental activity

follows:
Civil Code
Building Law
Urban Regulations
National Centres of Building Research, Certificates
& Approvals
Additional requirements may include European

Technical specification and drawings (record


copies) must be originally signed and stamped by
chartered Civil Engineers - both Designer and
Supervisor; if any changes made - marked in red
All significant changes to be approved by
Designers who issued the design For Permit

Union standards compliance/approval:


EU - harmonised standards
ETA - European Technical Approval
Full Scale Test Approvals - independent expert
verification and certification (LPCB, NSAI, FM and
others)

2:04
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

B UILDING R EGULATIONS
& N ORMS P OLAND
BUILDING REGULATIONS
Polish building regulations are based on the

Fire Performance: PN-90/B-02867 about


Measurement Method of Flame Spreading Through

following Government Statutes:

Walls & PN-90/B-02851 Measurement Method of

Polish Building Law - latest issue Dz. U. Nr 89, poz.

Building Elements Fire Resistance

414 from July 7th 1994 with the following amendments:

Acoustic Resistance: PN-B-02151-03:1999

Dz. U. Nr 100 poz. 465, Dz. U. Nr 106 poz. 496,


Dz. U. Nr 146 poz. 680 from 1996;

about Demands To Protection Against Noise in Building

Dz. U. Nr 88 poz. 554, Dz. U. Nr 111 poz. 726


from 1997;

Corrosion Resistance: PN-71/H-04651 about

Dz. U. Nr 22 poz. 118, Dz. U. Nr 106 poz. 668


from 1998;

Structures and Their Elements

Protection Against Corrosion Aggressiveness of


Environment
Quality Guaranteed: ISO 9001/2

Decree of Building Ministry with regard to


Technical Requirements that Building Structures
and their Location should fulfil - latest issue Dz. U.

TESTING AND CERTIFICATION


Testing

of

building

materials,

certification

Nr 10 poz. 46 from December 14th 1994 with the

procedures and final approvals are to obtain at the

following amendments:

following accredited Centres:

Dz. U. Nr 118 poz. 574 from 1995;

ITB - Institute of Building Research, Warsaw,

Dz. U. Nr 45 poz. 200 from 1996;

Filtrowa 1 St. (Central Institution which keeps the

Dz. U. Nr 132 poz. 878 from 1997;

Central File of all building products approvals and

Dz. U. Nr 15 poz. 140 from 1999;


Decree of Home Office with regard to Approvals
and Technical Criteria and Single Use of Building
Products - latest issue Dz. U. Nr 107 poz. 679 from
August 5th 1998

represents all other certification centres at ETA - widely


recognised in the civil engineering sector as the most
important Polish centre and generally desired by clients)
CEBET - Central Concrete Research Institute,
Warsaw, Marywilska 42B St.
ISiC - Institute of Glass and Ceramics, Warsaw,

TECHNICAL NORMS
Detailed technical requirements are specified in
Polish technical norms. The leading ones for insulated
sandwich cladding panels are:

Postpu 9 St.
PCBC - Polish Centre of Research and
Certification, Warsaw, KBobucka 23A St.
In September 1999 Kingspan - Poland, as a result

Structural Reliability: PN-84/B-03230 about

of a long research procedure, succeeded in obtaining a

Design and Static Calculations of Insulated Roof & Wall

full scope of ITB final approvals for roof and wall

Cladding Systems

insulated sandwich panels, regarding:

Environmental Safe: Dz.U.Nr 10/1994 about

Polyurethane Core: ITB No - AT-15-3889/99

Technical Requirements That Building Structures And

Mineral Wool Core: ITB No - AT-15-3890/99

Their Location Should Fulfil


Long-Term Durability: as above
Hygiene & Health: as above
Thermal Performance: PN-EN ISO 6946:1998
about Thermal Resistance And Conductivity of Building
Components

2:05
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

B UILDING R EGULATIONS
& N ORMS P OLAND
STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE

For Polish design and construction applications

Roof and wall cladding systems should be

the following parameters should be used:

designed to withstand the combined effects of dead,

Wind suction is a decisive factor in roof design


and a single fastener can accept not more than
1.5 kN suction load

imposed and wind loads, and transmit them to the

support structure, safely and without excessive

Wind pressure is a decisive factor in wall design


and a single fastener can accept not more than
1.0 kN suction load

deformation.
A considerable amount of research and full scale

testing has been carried out by European and


International Universities and Research Institutes since

The following deflection limits are to be used in the


application of Kingspans insulated sandwich panels:

the initial development of insulated sandwich panels,

1/250 of a span length for roofs

over 40 years ago, in order to determine design analysis

1/200 of a span length for walls

methods to predict their structural performance by


calculation methods.

wind pressure, or negative for wind suction and uplift.

As a result of this work in 1991 The

European
(ECCS)

Convention
published

The loading can be positive for snow loads and

for

The

Structural

Steelwork

Preliminary

European

Recommendations for the Design of Sandwich Panels


(Document number: 66) which provides a design guide
for the structural performance of panels. This

The load values will vary depending on the location of


the cladding on the building.
A product specification must be selected which is
strong enough to span between the roof purlins or side
rails when subjected to maximum design loading
conditions and which complies with the design code.

document, makes it possible to determine panel


strength and structural performance and has been
developed in accordance with Polish norm PN-84/B03230 about Design and Static Calculations of
Insulated Roof & Wall Cladding Systems.

Fasteners and their frequency must be also


assessed to ensure that their structural performance
guarantees that the cladding envelope remains
attached to the main / secondary frame under
maximum load conditions.

This limit state analysis takes into account not


only normal wind and snow loadings, but also includes
two special factors which must be considered for this
type of cladding panel.
In order to allow a designer to simply select a
suitable panel and support spacing for a particular
application, and ensure that the panel will be able to
support all the loads and load combinations which are
likely to occur, Kingspan - Poland have issued load span
tables for their product range.

The thermal expansion of the outer and liner


sheets will be different because the inside and outside
surface temperatures will vary. As the insulation core is
bonded to both faces, this differential expansion causes
the panel to bow. This can effectively reduce the impose
loads needed to reach the permissible stresses or
deflection, so temperatures must be taken into account
when

calculating

permissible

loads.

Surface

temperatures depends on colour and the following


values have therefore been used in design:

The tables indicate the maximum length of single,


double and triple span for acceptable load applied to a
panel. These vary for different shapes and type of
panels cores, thickness of inner / outer panel facings

Light colours

55C

Medium colours

65C

Dark colours

80C

and core thicknesses.

2:06
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

B UILDING R EGULATIONS
& N ORMS P OLAND
STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE
The insulation core is a thermoplastic material
which will slowly distort under long-term loads.
This means that panel deflection may continue to
increase gradually with a constant loading. This is
known as creep.
Wall panels are not subject to creep because there
is never a long-term load which affects the core, but roof
panels can creep under dead loads and snow, if it
remains for a long period.
Although snow is not considered as a long-term
load in Poland, creep due to dead loading is taken into
account by reducing the shear modulus of the core.
Individual design loadings are determined by the
application and calculation methods within the Polish
Building Regulations and Norms.
The most important structural and static ones are
as follows:
PN-82/B-02000: Buildings Loads. Principles of
Values Determination
PN-82/B-02001: Buildings Loads. Permanent
Loads
PN-82/B-02003: Buildings Loads. Changeable
Technological Loads
PN-80/B-02010: Loads in Static Calculations.
Snow Loads
PN-77/B-02011: Loads in Static Calculations.
Wind Loads
PN-86/B-02015: Buildings Loads. Temperature
Loads

2:07
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

B UILDING R EGULATIONS
& N ORMS P OLAND
THERMAL PERFORMANCE

The thermal insulation performance for insulated

Most buildings have to be heated during the

sandwich panels (U value) - is recognised in Poland as

winter period, and some, throughout the entire year to

Kmax (W/m2K) - and should be calculated in accordance

provide a suitable environment for the users or the

with PN-EN ISO 6946 : 1998, both for rigid urethane

process within the building. Conversely, some buildings

and mineral fibre insulation cores.

have to be kept cool, e.g. chill stores for keeping food

The Polish thermal norms are as follows:

fresh.

PN-97/B-02025: Thermal Protection of Buildings

In simple terms the envelope separates the

internal and external environments. To achieve this it


must have barrier systems to effective control:
The Flow of Heat - this is generally the flow from

inside to outside during the winter months and the flow

PN-ISO 8301 or 8302: Determination of Thermal


Conductivity Factor
PN-EN-ISO 10456:1998: Estimation of Thermal
Conductivity Factor - calculation value
Up till now thermal performance of buildings has
been based on estimating maximum k values,

from outside to inside in the summer


The Flow of Precipitation - the envelope must

prevent rain and snow from entering a building

assessing window areas and limitation of air leakage


through the windows.

Wind - it must prevent wind from blowing through

A new method of assessing thermal performance

the building. If uncontrolled wind is allowed to blow

of buildings utilises the estimation of heat/energy usage,

through the building the internal environment cannot be

which is used to maintain the the internal building

controlled in any way

temperature in the heating season. A basic measurement

The Control of Vapour/Humidity - the envelope


must allow the control of acceptable indoor humidity

E0 (kWh/(m3year)) of heat needed in such a period is


described according to the norm PN-97/B-02025.

levels
Therefore the envelope must have barrier systems to:
Keep the heat in or out
Keep the rain and snow out
Keep the wind out
Control humidity and vapour
Typical temperatures (T) and relative humidities (H)
for some types of buildings are as following:
T

Block of flats:

20C

55%

Office:

20C

40%

School:

20C

50%

Factory / Warehouse:

15C

35%

Textile factory:

20C

70%

Swimming pool:

25C

70%

2:08
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

B UILDING R EGULATIONS
& N ORMS P OLAND
FIRE PERFORMANCE
Kingspan Insulated Sandwich Cladding provide a
high level of fire performance.
None of the tested panels, roof or wall, has
been classified as spreading flame (NRO)
through a construction barrier according to

The supporting Polish fire performance norms are


as follows:
PN-70/B-02852: Fire Protection of Buildings.
Calculations of Fire Load and Relative Time of Fire.
PN-93/B-02862: Fire Protection of Buildings.
Method of Testing of Building Materials
Incombustibility.

PN-90/B-02867.
The fire resistance values of Kingspan panels have
been found on the grounds of the norm PN-B-02851-1
: 1998 which made it possible either to determine a total
fire resistance of flame and limited temperature through
a barrier (El category) or to estimate how many
minutes a wall or a roof joint will resist fire (E category).
The norm PN-90/B-02851, which operates on an
equivalent category F, is still valid.
The use of Kingspan Insulated Sandwich panels
guarantees high fire resistance, particularly panels with

PN-B-02872: 1996: Fire Protection of Buildings.


Method of Testing of Roof Resistance to External
Fire.
PN-B-02874: 1996: Fire Protection of Buildings.
Method of Testing of Building Materials
Combustibility Degree.
PN-88/B-02855: Fire Protection of Buildings.
Method of Testing of Building Materials Toxicity
While Burning.
PN-89/B-02856: Fire Protection of Buildings.
Method of Testing of Building Materials Capability
of Generating Smoke While Burning.

mineral fibre cores reaching full fire resistance from 15

The tests result indicate that Kingspan Insulated

minutes (El 15) for 80mm thick panels to 60 minutes

Sandwich panels meet all requirements for their use in

of flame tightness (E 60) for 140/170mm thick panels.

both standard cladding and enhanced fire resistance

The fire resistance of panels with rigid urethane cores is

applications.

within a range from 15 minutes of full fire resistance


(El 15) for 60mm thick panels to 30 minutes of flame
tightness (E 30) for 80mm thick panels.
Kingspan rigid urethane cored roof panels comply
with fire propagation test ZP 2/1991 the-A-Test-Roof
Cladding Testing Enclosure with a Danger of Fire. No fire
propagation occurs via the Kingspan roof cladding
placed in an enclosure with a danger of fire; this applies
to all roof slopes.

2:09
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

B UILDING R EGULATIONS
& N ORMS P OLAND
ENVIRONMENT

HYGIENE & HEALTH

Kingspan Insulated Sandwich Panels fully comply

Kingspans Insulated Sandwich Panels with rigid

with the Global Summit Protocols and environmental

urethane cores comply with the current Food Hygiene

agreements made in Montreal, Rio and Kyoto.

Regulations because they are totally filled with non-toxic,

Kingspans production technology, recyclability of

homogeneous, closed cell insulation, preventing any

materials and CO2 emission reductions achieved during

vermin infestation and mould growth which can cause

the life cycle application of the products provides a high

health risk, particularly in the food and retail sectors.

degree of environmental payback, (this is quantified in


Section 2, page 2:56) .
All Kingspan insulation cores are Non-Deleterious,

Eco friendly and CFC & HCFC free .


The environmental cost of energy production and

usage is a factor which now needs to be considered.


The burning of fossil fuels for energy production is
estimated to contribute 80 percent of the worlds CO2
emissions. This so called greenhouse effect contributes

They eliminate cold bridges, which ensures that


both surface and interstitial condensation will not occur.
They can be supplied with foodsafe specification
internal liners, which are specially designed for hygiene
applications such as food processing and retail. These
internal lining systems fully comply with the EU
food/hygiene directive
All joints between individual panels and between
panels and internal trims have to be effectively sealed to
the same hygiene specification standards. The inherent

to the problem of global warming, so the conservation of

structural rigidity of the panels permits the seals to be

energy is the most direct and the cheapest form of

reliably installed and ensures they will not be broken by

reducing CO2 emissions and controlling global warming.

the movement of the cladding.

Industry experts estimate that world-wide

The internal lining systems must be easily wash

insulation of buildings to improve standards will reduce

down/clean down and should not be prone to surface

global energy requirements by more than 10 percent.

or interstitial condensation as this could lead to the

With regard to the environmental safety, Kingspan


insulated sandwich panels have to comply with the
Decree of Polish Building Ministry:

formation of bacteria and mould growth.


The standards for food processing are defined in the
EU Directive on the Hygiene of Foodstuffs

Dz.U.Nr 10/1994 about Technical Requirements


That Building Structures And Their Location
Should Fulfil.

(10883/92), which require that surfaces inside the building

In Polish conditions corrosion aggressiveness of

These regulations are enforced by the Polish

an environment has a great impact on buildings in some

National Institute of Hygiene in Warsaw which issued the

heavily polluted areas with a great deal of acid rain,

Hygienic Certificate HK/B/2182/01/97 endorsing

where the environmental and natural balance has been

Kingspan hygiene/foodsafe panels, valid until December

affected for years.

2007. The Institute assesses the suitability of the

Kingspan Insulated Sandwich Panels comply with


the Polish norm PN-71/H-04651 which indicates their
application environments where the aggressiveness
degree refers to B, L, U classes.
Kingspan considers protection of the environment

are smooth, free from dirt traps, impervious to moisture,


are light coloured, and can be washed/cleaned easily.

construction at the planning stage, after installation, and


throughout the operating life of the building.
Above all, as far as the Hygiene & Health are
concerned, Kingspan Insulated Sandwich Panels must
comply to the Decree of Polish Building Ministry:

to be one of their most important business

Dz.U.Nr 10/1994 about Technical Requirements

responsibilities with the implementation and certification

That Building Structures And Their Location

of ISO 9001 and ISO 14000 environmental certification.

Should Fulfil.

2:10
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

B UILDING R EGULATIONS
& N ORMS P OLAND
ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE

The supporting Polish acoustic performance

The purpose of acoustic design is to limit the


publics exposure to noise, whether they are inside or
outside the building. The cladding can play an important
part in the design by absorbing the sound energy and/or
by acting as an internal or external barrier and resisting
the transmission of noise.
Polish building norms PN-B-02151-03: 1999 and
PN-87/B-02151/03

specify

required

acoustic

performance levels (dB) for roof and wall barriers in


different types of buildings and rooms function inside.

norms are as follows:


PN-EN ISO 717-1:1999: Estimation of Acoustic
Resistance of Buildings and Their Elements.
Resistance to Air Noises in Buildings
PN-EN 20140: Estimation of Acoustic Resistance
of Buildings and Their Elements. Resistance of
Building Elements Core
PN-85/B-02170: Estimation of Harmfulness of
Vibrations Passing from Basis to Buildings
PN-88/B-02171: Estimation of Influence of
Vibrations on People in Buildings

However, it is left to Planning, Building Regulation and


Environmental Health Departments to decide on the
requirements for each building, depending on location,
noise sources, etc.
In general, roof and wall cladding resistance to the
transmission of noise from one side to the other is
indicated by a single figure Weighted Sound Reduction
Index - RW.
The use of Kingspan insulated sandwich panels
guarantees high acoustic resistance, in particular when
using panels with mineral fibre core reaching acoustic
resistance RW values at the level of at least 30 dB
- both for roof and wall panels of any thickness. The
acoustic resistance of panels with rigid urethane core is
above the level of 25 dB of Weighted Sound
Reduction Index - this refers to roof and wall panels of
any thickness.
Although the RW index is useful for comparative
purposes, the full noise spectrum should always be
used for detailed design to ensure there are no
dominant frequencies in the noise which might require
very specific sound reduction treatment and therefore
cladding specifications.

2:11
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

B UILDING R EGULATIONS
& N ORMS P OLAND
CORROSION PERFORMANCE
Lower

quality

and

specification

The supporting Polish norms on corrosion


insulated

sandwich panels are prone to accelerated corrosion and


rust and have poor life cycle performance when

installed. This is mainly due to thin and low quality


external coating systems, lightweight galvanised
substrate below the outer coating and the utilisation of
low grade fastener and seal systems.
When these specifications are affected by an

resistance are as follows:


PN-79/H-97070: Protection Against Corrosion.
Varnish Coatings. General Guidelines
PN-93/C-81515: Varnish Products. Determination
of Coating Thickness
PN-93/C-81532.01: Varnish Products. Determination
of Resistance to Liquids
PN-88/C-81523: Varnish Products. Determination
of Coating Resistance to Salt Mist Activation

aggressive surrounding environment rapid degradation


occurs leaving the client with a poor value for money
investment.
Kingspan Insulated Sandwich Panels incorporate

high specification materials including outer and inner


metal facings with coating systems which have life cycle
warranties of up to 25 years to first maintenance and
overall life cycle of 40 years. Fastener, seal and flashing
systems are also available which provide the same life
cycle performance.
In heavily polluted and high acid rain areas,
aggressive corrosion of the environment occurs and has
to be considered at design stage.
These are the regions where the environmental
and natural balance has been affected for years.
Kingspan Insulated Sandwich panels comply with
Polish Norm PN-71/H-04651 about Protection
Against Corrosion Aggressiveness of Environment,
which indicates their application in such environments
where the degree of aggressiveness refers to B, L, U
classification.
The corrosion resistance of the external steel
facings and coatings when tested is measured in hours
and has to indicate a lack of defects when subjected to
intensive testing activity in a medium of distilated water,
salt, acids, alkali etc. For instance, in the most
aggressive U category steel facings have only to show
minimal symptoms of defects after 1500 hours of salt
mist activation.

2:12
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

B UILDING R EGULATIONS
& N ORMS P OLAND
LIFE CYCLE DURABILITY PERFORMANCE

For example, HPS200 Plastisol coated external

It is important to recognise that virtually all

weathering sheet has an expected life to first

materials can change physically over a period of time.

maintenance of up to 25 years. Therefore 25 years

The rate of any change can be affected by temperature,

should be considered as the benchmark for the whole

pollution and mechanical stress. Moisture and high

system i.e. all components within the system should

temperature are arguably the most important of these

perform for a period as close to 25 years as is possible.

environmental agents.
Moisture will lead to the corrosion of metals and

To achieve the best long-term performance the


building

should

be

inspected

routinely,

any

also the loss of thermal insulation performance caused

accumulation of debris should be removed from roofs,

by interstitial condensation, consequently resulting in

and any mechanical impact damage should be touched up.

breakdown of thermal performance. High quality

The durability of Kingspan Insulated Sandwich

coating systems used in the cladding industry have

Panels should comply with the Decree of Polish Building

been developed to prevent, or at least slow down

Ministry:

deterioration caused by the effects of the external


environment.
The impact of ultra violet rays and solar gain has a

Dz.U.Nr 10/1994 about Technical Requirements


That Building Structures And Their Location
Should Fulfil.

distinct effect on the external temperature and life cycle

Insulated roof and wall cladding systems should

of the external coating systems. For example darker

fully comply with ISO 9001/2 for manufacture and site

colours have a shorter life cycle and are less durable

installation to guarantee correct fitness for purpose and

than lighter ones. Therefore it is necessary for

full compliance with national and international

designers to review life cycle performance of the

standards.

various external coating systems available and the


warranties offered by manufacturers.
Degradation of performance does not occur
in insulated sandwich panels in normal circumstances,
the elements that require to be considered are the
fasteners, sealants and fillers. If a good quality rubber
butyl sealant is utilised and is installed correctly then the
overall system will have an expected life cycle
performance of up to 25 years to first maintenance.
A long-term life cycle durability of insulated
sandwich panels is guaranteed by:
External coating system specification and life
cycle warranty
Fasteners, sealants and fillers and life cycle
warranty
Life cycle warranty provided by the insulated
sandwich panel manufacturer
Quality and correctness of site installation

2:13
FEBRUARY 2000

STRUCTURAL A D STATIC
REGULATIONS AND NORMS

B UILDING R EGULATIONS
& N ORMS C ZECH R EPUBLIC
INSULATED SANDWICH PANEL CLADDING

PROJECT PROCEDURE AND APPROVAL

Insulated sandwich cladding panels are designed

The following procedures are involved in the

to comply with national Building Regulations, Norms &

specification, approval and construction of the building

Codes and to meet the requirements of the

process phases for the application of insulated

environmental, structural, thermal, acoustic and fire


performance of the Regulations.
In the Building Norms and Codes Directives,

sandwich roof and wall cladding systems:


Building Permit: - not required for cladding systems,
only type and category of fire resistance specified

product specifications incorporated into the building


design and construction must comply with the following
essential requirements:
Structural Reliability - mechanical resistance and
stability
Fire Performance - safety in case of fire
Thermal Performance - energy economy & heat
retention
Hygiene & Health - materials friendly to human
use, non-fragile component
Environmental - Eco friendly, CFC & HCFC free &
non-deleterious
Acoustic Resistance - protection against noise

Construction Specification:
Although not demanded by National Building Law
always required by the Client or Project Manager
Contractors responsibility
Architectural cladding specification and drawings,
supporting structure specification and drawings,
cladding system connection methods and
specification
Technical specification and drawings (record
copies) must be originally signed and stamped by
chartered Civil Engineers - both Designer and
Supervisor
As Built Construction:

Long-Term Durability - expected life cycle up to


40 years

Demanded by National Building Law as the final


design

Corrosion Resistance - protection against


harmful environmental activity

Contractors responsibility to hand over As Built


cladding design specification to the Site Manager
who is to notify four departments to obtain
operation permit approval (Environmental, Fire
Protection, Labour, Sanitary)

Guaranteed Quality - factory manufactured


product to ISO 9001/2
The above requirements have also to comply with
the national laws and regulatory legislation as follows:
Civil Code
Building Law
Urban Regulations
National Centres of Building Research, Certification
& Approvals

Technical specification (up-to-date and final)


Drawings - plans, elevations and cross sections of
all roof and wall cladding construction, including
junctions, ancillary items, secondary steelwork
framing, connections and all necessary details
Technical specification and drawings (record
copies) must be originally signed and stamped by
chartered Civil Engineers - both Designer and
Supervisor; if any changes made - marked in red

Additional requirements may include European


Union standards compliance/approval:

All significant changes to be approved by


Designers who issued the design For Permit

EU - harmonised standards
ETA - European Technical Approval
Full Scale Test Approvals - independent expert
verification and certification (LPCB, NSAI, FM and
others)

2:14
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

B UILDING R EGULATIONS
& N ORMS C ZECH R EPUBLIC
BUILDING REGULATIONS

TECHNICAL NORMS

Czech Republic Building Regulations are based

Detailed technical requirements are specified in

on Regulations 89/406/EEC and Law 22/1997 with

Czech Republic Technical Norms. The leading ones for

regard to technical requirements for products:

insulated sandwich cladding panels are:

Czech Republic Building Regulations follow


Building Law Number 50/1976-197/1998 and the Order
of the Government Number 178/1997.

Structural & Static:


CSN 73 0035 Actions on structures
CSN 73 1401 Designing of steel structures

Technical requirements for building products are

CSN 73 1200 Designing of concrete structures

detailed in the following Czech Republic Technical


CSN 73 1251 Designing of prestressed concrete
structures

Norms.
CSN 73 0212-5 Geometrical Accuracy in the
Building Industry

CSN 73 1701 Designing of wood building


structures

CSN 73 2030 Load Tests of Building Structures

CSN 73 1901 Roofs, projection

CSN 730851 Fire Resistance of Building


Structures

CSN 73 3610 Flashings and gutters

CSN EN 10002-1 Metallic Materials Testing


CSN EN 727012-2 Thermal Conductivity
CSN EN ISO - 2808 Coating
Environmental Legislation
Law 244/1992 About the judgement of
influences on the environment

CSN EN 10147/A1 Continuously hot-dip-zinc


coated structural steel sheet and strip. Technical
delivery conditions
ISO 4355 Bases for design of structures/
determination of snow loads on roofs.
Environmental:
With regard to the environmental safety, Kingspan
Insulated sandwich panels have to comply with the

Law 17/1992 About the environment

Decree Nr. 45/1966 Creation and protection of

Law 20/1996 Hygiene requirements

healthy living conditions and Law Nr. 20/1966 Care

Public Notice 45/1996 Hygiene requirements

about the health of the nation.

In the Czech Republic only persons who are

Thermal Performance:

authorised or approved as experts according to Law

The thermal insulation performance for insulated

360/1992, may have the authority to approve technical

sandwich

specifications and the construction of projects.

k = coefficient of thermal penetration of structure and

This

includes

responsibility

for

panels

(U-value)

is

recognised

as

notifying

should be calculated in accordance to CSN 73 0540

departments of Architecture, Fire Protection, Labour

Thermal Protection of buildings, for both rigid urethane

and Sanitary.

and mineral fibre cored panel systems.


The Czech thermal norms are as follows:
CSN 73 0540 Thermal protection of buildings
CSN 72 7012-3 Destination of thermal
conductivity factor
CSN 14 8102 Thermal insulation of cold and chill
halls
CSN 73 0546 Thermal bridges
CSN 73 0545 Thermal resistance of the
structure

2:15
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

B UILDING R EGULATIONS
& N ORMS C ZECH R EPUBLIC
Fire Performance:
These requirements are indicated in the Building
Regulations and Norms, the most important ones are:
CSN 730810 Fire protection of buildings

CSN 730804 Fire protection of buildings


Industrial buildings
CSN 730802 Fire protection of buildings Nonindustrial buildings
CSN 730821 Fire resistance of engineering
structures

Acoustic Performance:
The Czech Republic Regulations and Norms
dealing with acoustic performance are as follows:
CSN ISO 717-1 Acoustic. Evaluation of sound
insulating properties of buildings and building
structures
Public notice of Ministry for Health, Nr. 13/1977
Protection of health against noise and vibrations
CSI Centre of Building Engineering: Acoustic
evaluation of panels

CSN 730823 Flammability of building materials

Corrosion Performance:

CSN 730861 Testing of combustibility of building


materials non-combustible materials

The Czech Republic Regulations and Norms for


Corrosion Performance are as follows:

CSN 650201 Flammable liquids, plants and


storage rooms

CSN ISO 9223 Corrosion of metals and alloys.


Corrosivity at atmospheres. Classification

CSN 730863 Determination of flame


propagation along the surface of building
materials

CSN 73 0035 Actions on structures

CSN 730852 Determination of fire resistance of


fire closures

Testing

CSN 730856 Determination of fire resistance of


suspended ceilings
CSN 730864 Determination of heating values of
combustible solids under fire conditions
Hygiene & Health:
The Czech Republic Regulations and Norms for
Hygiene and Health are as follows:
Law Nr. 20/1966 Care about the health of the
nation
Decree of Ministry for Health 45/1966: Creation
and protection of healthy living conditions
Obligatory expert evidence of Main Public Health
Officer at Ministry for Health Expertise of State
Health Institute.

TESTING AND CERTIFICATION


of

building

materials,

certification

procedures and final approvals are obtained in


conjunction with the following accreditation centres:
Tazus Technical and testing building institute,
Prague Testing Laboratory (loading tests of
sandwich panels) Predmerice nad Labem
PAVS Fire certificate research building institute,
Prague
EG Power institute, Brno
State research institute for materials protection
Prague Testing laboratory (fire tests), Vesel nad
Luznici
VUT Brno Building university
CSI Centre of building engineering, Prague
IMA
Dresden

Anwendungstechnik

Matialforschung

und

DIBT Berlin Deutsches Institut fr Bautechnik


MFPA Leipzig Materialforschungs- und
Prfungsanstalt fr das Bauwesen Universtt
Karlsruhe Versuchsanstalt fr Stahl, Holz und
Steine

2:16
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

B UILDING R EGULATIONS
& N ORMS C ZECH R EPUBLIC
STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE

For Czech Republic design and construction

Roof and wall cladding systems should be

applications the following parameters should be used:

designed to withstand the combined effects of dead,

Wind suction is a decisive factor in roof design


and a single fastener can accept not more than
1.5 kN suction load

imposed and wind loads, and transmit them to the


support structure, safely and without excessive

Wind pressure is a decisive factor in wall design


and a single fastener can accept not more than
1.0 kN suction load

deformation.
A considerable amount of research and full scale
testing has been carried out by European and

The following deflection limits are to be used in the

International Universities and Research Institutes since


the initial development of insulated sandwich panels,

application of Kingspans insulated sandwich panels:


1/250 of a span length for roofs

over 40 years ago, in order to determine design analysis


methods to predict their structural performance by

1/200 of a span length for walls

calculation methods.

The loading can be positive for snow loads and

As a result of this work in 1991 The


European
(ECCS)

Convention
published

for

The

wind pressure, or negative for wind suction and uplift.

Structural

Steelwork

The load values will vary depending on the location of

Preliminary

European

the cladding on the building.

Recommendations for the Design of Sandwich Panels

A product specification must be selected which is

(Document number: 66) which provides a design guide

strong enough to span between the roof purlins or side

for the structural performance of panels. This document,

rails when subjected to maximum design loading

makes it possible to determine panel strength and

conditions and which complies with the design code.

structural performance. The Kingspan load span tables

Fasteners and their frequency must be also

have been developed in accordance with the Czech

assessed to ensure that their structural performance

Republic Building Regulations and Norms.

guarantees that the cladding envelope remains

This limit state analysis takes into account not only


normal wind and snow loadings, but also includes two

attached to the main / secondary frame under


maximum load conditions.

special factors which must be considered for this type


of cladding panel.

The thermal expansion of the outer and liner


sheets will be different because the inside and outside

In order to allow a designer to simply select a

surface temperatures will vary. As the insulation core is

suitable panel and support spacing for a particular

bonded to both faces, this differential expansion causes

application, and ensure that the panel will be able to

the panel to bow. This can effectively reduce the impose

support all the loads and load combinations which are

loads needed to reach the permissible stresses or

likely to occur, Kingspan - Czech Republic have issued

deflection, so temperatures must be taken into account

load span tables for their product range.

when

The tables indicate the maximum length of single,


double and triple span for acceptable load applied to a
panel. These vary for different shapes and type of
panels cores, thickness of inner / outer panel facings
and core thicknesses.

calculating

permissible

loads.

Surface

temperatures depends on colour and the following


values have therefore been used in design:
Light colours

55C

Medium colours

65C

Dark colours

80C

2:17
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

B UILDING R EGULATIONS
& N ORMS C ZECH R EPUBLIC
STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE

THERMAL PERFORMANCE

The insulation core is a thermoplastic material

Most buildings have to be heated during the winter

which will slowly distort under long-term loads. This

period, and some, throughout the entire year to provide

means that panel deflection may continue to increase

a suitable environment for the users or the process within

gradually with a constant loading. This is known as creep.


Wall panels are not subject to creep because there

the building. Conversely, some buildings have to be kept


cool, e.g. chill stores for keeping food fresh.

is never a long-term load which affects the core, but roof

In simple terms the envelope separates the

panels can creep under dead loads and snow, if it

internal and external environments. To achieve this it

remains for a long period.

must have barrier systems to effective control:

Although snow is not considered as a long-term

The Flow of Heat - this is generally the flow from

load in the Czech Republic, creep due to dead loading

inside to outside during the winter months and the flow

is taken into account by reducing the shear modulus of

from outside to inside in the summer

the core.
Individual design loadings are determined by the

The Flow of Precipitation - the envelope must


prevent rain and snow from entering a building

Czech Republic Building Regulations and Norms.


The most important structural and static ones are

as follows:
CSN 73 0035: Actions on structures

Wind - it must prevent wind from blowing through


the building. If uncontrolled wind is allowed to blow
through the building the internal environment cannot be
controlled in any way
The Control of Vapour/Humidity - the envelope

CSN 73 1401: Designing of steel structures


CSN 73 1200: Designing of concrete structures
CSN 73 1251: Designing of prestressed concrete
structures

must allow the control of acceptable indoor humidity


levels
Therefore the envelope must have barrier systems to:

CSN 73 1701: Designing of wood building


structures

Keep the heat in or out

CSN 73 1901: Roofs, projection

Keep the wind out

CSN 73 3610: Flashings and gutters

Control humidity and vapour

CSN EN 10147/A1: Continuously hot-dip-zinc


coated structural steel sheet and strip.

Typical temperatures (T) and relative humidities (H)

ISO 4355: Bases for design of structures/


determination of snow loads on roofs

Keep the rain and snow out

for some types of buildings are as following:

Block of flats:

T
20C

H
55%

Office:

20C

40%

School:

20C

50%

Factory / Warehouse:

15C

35%

Textile factory:

20C

70%

Swimming pool:

25C

70%

2:18
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

B UILDING R EGULATIONS
& N ORMS C ZECH R EPUBLIC
The thermal insulation performance for insulated
sandwich

panels

(U-value)

is

recognised

FIRE PERFORMANCE

as

Kingspan insulated sandwich panels provide a

k = coefficient of thermal penetration of structure and

high level of fire resistance, in particular mineral fibre

should be calculated in accordance to CSN 73 0540

cored panels, which have fire resistance values of 60 to

Thermal Protection of buildings, for both rigid urethane

100 minutes.

and mineral fibre cored panel systems.


The Czech Republic thermal norms are as follows:
CSN 73 0540 Thermal protection of buildings

The fire resistance of rigid urethane cored panels


is 15 to 30 minutes.
The fire resistance values of Kingspan external

CSN 72 70012-3 Destination of thermal


conductivity factor

wall panels comply with CSN 73 0855 : 1991 and for

CSN 14 8102 Thermal insulation of cold and chill


halls

Kingspan rigid urethane cored roof panels comply


with fire propagation tests ZP 2/1991 the A-Test-Roof

CSN 73 0546 Thermal bridges

Cladding Testing in Enclosure with a Danger to Fire.

CSN 73 0545 Thermal resistance of the


structure

No fire spread/propagation occurs within Kingspans

building structures CSN 73 0851 : 1990.

roof cladding systems.


Fire resistance performance of the rigid urethane
core is specified in accordance with the CSN Standards
Class C (B2 according to DIN). Mineral fibre cored
panels conform to Class B (A1 according to DIN).
Test results confirm that Kingspan insulated
sandwich panels meet all requirements for standard
cladding and enhanced fire resistance applications.

2:19
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

B UILDING R EGULATIONS
& N ORMS C ZECH R EPUBLIC
ENVIRONMENT

HYGIENE AND HEALTH

Kingspan Insulated Sandwich Panels fully comply

Kingspans Insulated Sandwich Panels with rigid

with the Global Summit Protocols and environmental

urethane cores comply with the current Food Hygiene

agreements made in Montreal, Rio and Kyoto.

Regulations because they are totally filled with non-

Kingspans production technology, recyclability of

toxic, homogeneous, closed cell insulation, preventing

materials and CO2 emission reductions achieved during

any vermin infestation and mould growth which can

the life cycle application of the products provides a high

cause health risk, particularly in the food and retail

degree of environmental payback, (this is quantified in

sectors.

Section 2, pages 2:56) .


All Kingspan insulation cores are Non-Deleterious,

Eco friendly and CFC & HCFC free .

They eliminate cold bridges, which ensures that


both surface and interstitial condensation will not occur.
They can be supplied with foodsafe specification

The environmental cost of energy production and

internal liners, which are specially designed for hygiene

usage is a factor which now needs to be considered.

applications such as food processing and retail. These

The burning of fossil fuels for energy production is

internal lining systems fully comply with the EU

estimated to contribute 80 percent of the worlds CO2

food/hygiene directive

emissions. This so called greenhouse effect contributes

All joints between individual panels, and between

to the problem of global warming, so the conservation

panels and internal trims have to be effectively sealed to

of energy is the most direct and the cheapest form of

the same hygiene specification standards. The inherent

reducing CO2 emissions and controlling global

structural rigidity of the panels permits the seals to be

warming.

reliably installed and ensures they will not be broken by

Industry experts estimate that world-wide


insulation of buildings to improve standards will reduce
global energy requirements by more than 10 percent.
With regard to environmental safety, Kingspan
insulated sandwich panels have to comply with Czech
Republic Legislation:

the movement of the cladding.


The internal lining systems must be easily wash
down/clean down and should not be prone to surface
or interstitial condensation as this could lead to the
formation of bacteria and mould growth.
The standards for food processing are defined in

Decree Nr. 45/1966 Creation and protection of


healthy living conditions.

the EU Directive on the Hygiene of Foodstuffs

Law Nr. 20/1966 Care about the health of the


nation.

building are smooth, free from dirt traps, impervious to

Kingspan considers protection of the environment


to be one of their most important business
responsibilities with the implementation and certification
of ISO 9001 and ISO 14000 environmental certification.

(10883/92), which require that surfaces inside the

moisture, are light coloured, and can be washed/


cleaned easily.
These regulations are enforced by the Czech
Republic Legislation:
Law Nr. 20/1966 Care about the health of the
nation
Decree of Ministry for Health 45/1966: Creation
and protection of healthy living conditions
Obligatory expert evidence of Main Public Health
Officer at Ministry for Health Expertise of State
Health Institute.

2:20
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

B UILDING R EGULATIONS
& N ORMS C ZECH R EPUBLIC
ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE
The purpose of acoustic design is to limit the
publics exposure to noise, whether they are inside or
outside the building. The cladding can play an important
part in the design by absorbing the sound energy and/or
by acting as an internal or external barrier and resisting
the transmission of noise.
However, it is left to Planning, Building Regulation
and Environmental Health Departments to decide on the
requirements for each building, depending on location,
noise sources, etc.
Czech Republic Building Regulations and Norms
for Acoustic Performance are:
CSN ISO 717-1 Acoustic. Evaluation of sound
insulating properties of buildings and building
structures
Public notice of Ministry for Health, Nr. 13/1977
Protection of health against noise and vibrations
CSI Centre of Building Engineering: Acoustic
evaluation of panels
In general, roof and wall cladding resistance to the
transmission of noise from one side to the other is
indicated by a single figure Weighted Sound Reduction
Index - RW.
The use of Kingspan insulated sandwich panels
guarantees high acoustic resistance, in particular when
using panels with mineral fibre core which have an
acoustic RW resistance value of at least 30 dB both for roof and wall panels of any thickness.
The acoustic resistance of panels with rigid urethane
core have a RW resistance value of 25 dB of Weighted
Sound Reduction Index - this refers to roof and wall
panels of any thickness.
Although the RW index is useful for comparative
purposes, the full noise spectrum should always be
used for detailed design to ensure there are no
dominant frequencies in the noise which might require
very specific sound reduction treatment and therefore
cladding specifications.

2:21
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

B UILDING R EGULATIONS
& N ORMS C ZECH R EPUBLIC
CORROSION PERFORMANCE
Lower

quality

and

specification

insulated

sandwich panels are prone to accelerated corrosion and


rust and have poor life cycle performance when

installed. This is mainly due to thin and low quality


external coating systems, lightweight galvanised
substrate below the outer coating and the utilisation of
low grade fastener and seal systems.
When these specification are affected by an

aggressive surrounding environment rapid degradation


occurs leaving the client with a poor value for money
investment.
Kingspan Insulated Sandwich Panels incorporate

high specification materials including outer and inner


metal facings with coating systems which have life cycle
warranties of up to 25 years to first maintenance and
overall life cycle of 40 years. Fastener, seal and flashing
systems are also available which provide the same life
cycle performance.
In heavily polluted and high acid rain areas,
aggressive corrosion of the environment occurs and has
to considered at design stage.
Kingspan Insulated Sandwich panels comply with
Czech Republic Building Regulation & Norms as
follows:
CSN ISO 9223 Corrosion of metals and alloys.
Corrosivity at atmospheres. Classification
CSN 73 0035 Actions on structures
The corrosion resistance of the external steel
facings and coatings when tested is measured in hours
and has to indicate a lack of defects when subjected to
intensive testing activity in a medium of distilated water,
salt, acids, alkali etc. For instance, in the most
aggressive U category steel facings have only to show
minimal symptoms of defects after 1500 hours of salt
mist activation.

2:22
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

B UILDING R EGULATIONS
& N ORMS C ZECH R EPUBLIC
LIFE CYCLE DURABILITY PERFORMANCE

For example, HPS200 Plastisol coated external

It is important to recognise that virtually all

weathering sheet has an expected life to first

materials can change physically over a period of time.

maintenance of up to 25 years. Therefore 25 years

The rate of any change can be affected by temperature,

should be considered as the benchmark for the whole

pollution and mechanical stress. Moisture and high

system i.e. all components within the system should

temperature are arguably the most important of these

perform for a period as close to 25 years as is possible.

environmental agents.
Moisture will lead to the corrosion of metals and

To achieve the best long-term performance the


building

should

be

inspected

routinely,

any

also the loss of thermal insulation performance caused

accumulation of debris should be removed from roofs,

by interstitial condensation, consequently resulting in

and any mechanical damage should be touched up.

breakdown of thermal performance. High quality

Insulated roof and wall cladding systems should

coating systems used in the cladding industry have

fully comply with ISO 9001/2 for manufacture and site

been developed to prevent, or at least slow down

installation to guarantee correct fitness for purpose and

deterioration caused by the effects of the external

full compliance with national and international

environment.

standards.

The impact of ultra violet rays and solar gain has a


distinct effect on the external temperature and life cycle
of the external coating systems. For example darker
colours have a shorter life cycle and are less durable
than lighter ones. Therefore it is necessary for
designers to review life cycle performance of the
various external coating systems available and the
warranties offered by manufacturers.
Degradation of performance does not occur in
insulated sandwich panels in normal circumstances, the
elements that require to be considered are the
fasteners, sealants and fillers. If a good quality synthetic
rubber butyl sealant is utilised and is installed correctly
then the overall system will have an expected life cycle
performance of up to 25 years to first maintenance.
A long-term life cycle durability of insulated
sandwich panels is guaranteed by:
External coating system specification and life
cycle warranty
Fasteners, sealants and fillers and life cycle
warranty
Life cycle warranty provided by insulated
sandwich panel manufacturer
Quality and correctness of site installation

2:23
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

B UILDING R EGULATIONS
& N ORMS H UNGARY
According to general building requirements, new

INTRODUCTION
Insulated sandwich cladding panels are designed

structures are to be designed and constructed as

to comply with National Building Regulations, Norms

adequate to fulfill their intended function during their

and Codes and meet the requirements of the most

planned service life and to conform with all applicable

important laws, decrees, legal specifications and

requirements, to provide protection against ambient

requirements relevant to the building industry, stipulating

conditions (moisture, noise, vibration etc.), to offer

the general rules for the construction of insulated

mechanical endurance and stability, and with sufficient

sandwich panel cladding systems.

access for maintenance purposes.

General rules on the built environment:


The present governmental system appointed the

Minister of Agriculture and Regional Development to


exercise central control over the building industry.
The relevant guidelines and requirements are laid down
in legislation of various levels, in acts, decrees and
standard directives.
Act LXXVIII of 1997 on the Formation and

Protection of the Built Environment (BEA) discusses two


major fields in principle: urban development planning
and building in general. The framework of this act is
devised around Act LIII of 1995 on the General Rules
of

Environmental

Protection.

The

fundamental

requirement concerning the formation and protection of


the built environment is planning in agreement with legal
regulations and to prescribe the guidelines for
conformity with general architectural, technical, safety,
health, functional, and environmental and nature
preservation

requirements,

for

exercising

due

consideration of the human environment and aesthetic


design, and for cooperation between the parties
concerned (architects, planners, contractors).
Any utilisation of land, lot formation, the
construction, remodelling, expansion, renovation,
rehabilitation, improvement or demolition, or changing
the original function of a building, building section or
group of buildings, and the licensing of such activities by
the authorities shall be accomplished in due observation
of the provisions of Government Decree 253/1997.
(XII. 20.) on National Settlement Development and
Building Requirements, and of local regulations on
building and development.

2:24
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

B UILDING R EGULATIONS
& N ORMS H UNGARY
Architectural planning and licensing

The requirements concerning the documentation

Architectural and engineering planning, according

of plans are set forth in Decree No. 45/1997. (XII. 29.)

to Government Decree 157/1997. (XII. 26.), may be

KTM. The construction licensing plans of new buildings

performed by a person who

must include the following:

is a member of the appropriate chapter of the


Hungarian Chamber of Architects or the
Hungarian Chamber of Engineers,
meets the prescribed professional requirements,
is listed in the Register of Planners and Designers
maintained by the chamber of that profession.
The local building authority functions as the
licensing, supervisory and regulatory forum. There are
approximately 500 first and 20 second instance building
authorities nationwide.

a copy of the map of the property registered and


certified by the land title office,
site layout (M 1:500 or 1:1000),
terrain map showing the original and aftercompletion terrain levels (M 1: 500),
floor plans of all levels of the proposed building
(M 1:100),
drawing sections (M 1:100),
exterior elevations (M 1:100),
technical specifications,

In practically all cases the building authoritys


permit must be obtained for building and construction.
The provisions concerning the building authoritys
licensing procedure are set forth in Decree No.
46/1997. (XII. 29.) KTM. For all activities which are
subject to licensing by the building authority, an
application for building permit must be submitted prior
to commencing any work, which means that work may
be started only in possession of a final and enforceable
building permit.
There are several different types of permits:

fire alarm system documentation,


soil study (i.e. for buildings with more than four
stories or for structures with over 7 meters of
unsupported span, buildings over 5 meters in
height),
breakdown of engineering calculations (i.e.
physics and energy calculations for buildings
with heating and cooling system, structural
calculations for buildings of over two stories or
with over 5.4 meters of unsupported floor span,
acoustics calculations for buildings with a noise
emission source or which are exposed to overthe-limit environmental noise emission).

preliminary building permit,


building permit,
demolition permit
occupancy permit,
continuation permit
permit for change of function.

2:25
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

B UILDING R EGULATIONS
& N ORMS H UNGARY
Pursuant to Decree No. 46/1997. (XII. 29.) KTM

Contracting

the following authorities are granted jurisdiction to act in

regulations:

building and construction related procedures in the first


instance:

in terms of fire protection, the professional firebrigade commander of the region;


in civil defence matters, the Budapest, county civil
defence directorate;
in public hygiene and epidemic control issues, the
local branch of NTSZ (State Public Health and
Medical Officers Service);
in environmental protection, the local office of the
Environmental Protection Authority;
for the protection of historical monuments, the
Historical Monument Protection Division of OMVH
(National Agency of Historical Monument
Preservation)
The statements of the operators and providers of

in

the

building

industry/Legal

Decree No. 84/1990. (IV. 27.) MT on Contracting


in the Building Industry;
Decree No. 14/1970. (VI. 6.) VM on
Construction Journals and Survey Reports;
New legislation on construction and building
activities are expected to be introduced in the near
future.
Government Decree 158/1997. (IX. 26.)
prescribes the detailed regulations of building
inspections. All acting building inspectors must be listed
in the Register of Building Inspectors maintained by the
Hungarian Chamber of Engineers.
Other important legislation:
Act XCIII of 1993 on Labour Safety;

public utility services (electricity, water, sewage, gas,

Decree No. 21/1998. (IV. 17.) IKIM on the Safety

district heating, telecommunications), shall be obtained

Requirements and Certification of Conformity of

as part of the building licensing procedure by the

Machinery;

developer or the designer prior to submission of the


application.
Building permits are issued for a validity period of
two years, and may be renewed for another year until
the regulations and the codes are changed.
The requirements concerning the documentation
of construction plans are also set forth
in Decree No. 45/1997. (XII. 29.) KTM.

Decree No. 32/1994. (XI. 10.) IKM on


Construction Safety Regulations.
Inspections by the building authority:
Applicable decrees:
Government Decree 95/1991. (VII. 23.) on the
Consumer Protection Agency;
Decree No. 47/1997. (XII. 29.) KTM prescribes
the professional aspects of regulatory
control of building and historical monument protection;
Decree No. 48/1997. (XII. 29.) KTM on Building
Inspection Procedures;
Decree No. 43/1997. (XII. 29.) KTM on Penalties
for Building Violation.

2:26
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

B UILDING R EGULATIONS
& N ORMS H UNGARY
Certification of conformity and the marketing of
building materials:
Building materials, fixtures and equipment may
only be marketed, ordered, installed or used for a
structure with a domestic conformity certificate.
Decree No. 39/1997. (XII. 19.) KTM-IKIM
prescribes the detailed regulations on the technical
requirements and conformity certification, marketing
and application of building materials, structures and
equipment. It stipulates that a Construction Approval

Decree No. 27/1997. (IV. 10.) BM relates to the


certification of conformity for fire safety applicable to all
new building materials, fixtures and technologies never
before applied by Hungarian architects and engineers or
never before used in the Hungarian building industry,
and for which there is no specifications available, and/or
which are subject to fire safety requirements pursuant to
legal regulation or technical specification.
These certificates are issued for five-year periods
of validity.

Test (CAT) is required for the marketing of all new


building products and for the application of all new

Further requirements:

technologies. IKIM Bulletin 16/1997. (IKK. 8.)

EN harmonised standards;

appointed ptsgyi Minosgellenorzo Innovcis Rt.

ETAG EOTA directives;

(MI Rt.; Budapest XI. Diszegi t 37.) to devise the

UEAtc directives;

procedures of CAT.

R e q u i re m e n t s
assessments.

MI Rt. is a central institution set up to issue and


store the technical permits of all building products and
materials sold in Hungary. In 1995 joined UEAtc (Union

established

by

expert

Statutory requirements for insulated sandwich


panels and systems:

Europenne pour lAgrment Technique dans la

The technical requirements of insulated sandwich

Construction European Association for Construction

panels and systems are laid down in codes and

Licensing) with full rights, honorary member of EOTA

technical standards of various levels, described in the

(European Organisation for Technical Approvals

following:

Muszaki Engedlyezs Eurpai Szervezete) since 1998,

Support structure requirements:

and a founding member of WFTAO (Word Federation of

Loads on sandwich panel structures are to be

Technical Assessment Organisations Muszaki

calculated as described in and in due observation of the

Szervezetek Vilgszvetsge). Most of the institutions

requirements of MSZ 15021-1:1986 Hungarian

laboratories

Standard.

are

accredited

by

the

Hungarian

Accreditation Board according to the specifications of

Meteorological

load

factors

and

their

MSZ-EN-ISO 45001 Hungarian Standard. In 1997 the

consideration are of special importance in terms of

institution was accredited by ISO 9001. Technical

sandwich panels (snow, wind, temperature changes).

permits for construction are issued for a period of


five years.
Decree No. 11/1985. (VI. 22.) VM-IpM-KMMM-BkM governs the mandatory service life of

The various types of snow loads are defined in


Point 3.2.1 of MSZ 15021-1:1986, to include the
location of the building compared to sea level, roof
angle, and the development of potential snow traps.

building structures. In the Schedule it lists the length of

The basic value of wind load depends on the

mandatory service life of each building structure and

shape of the building, the position of the area exposed

building product (5 and 10 years).

to wind, on dominant wind directions, and on dynamic


pressure. The different types of wind loads are defined
in Point 3.2.2 of the same standard.

2:27
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

B UILDING R EGULATIONS
& N ORMS H UNGARY
When calculating the dimensions of smaller

In order to enable designers to select the proper

sandwich panels and their joints, the areas exposed to

panel type, manufacturers generally provide tables to

local wind forces must be given special consideration.

show the load limits of panels of different models, sizes

As for the dimensioning of prop-up chassis components

and support schemes. If such table is not available, the

or of an entire structural system, the specifications set

designer is required to verify the superstatic properties of

forth in MSZ 15021 must be observed.

sandwich panel structures, in terms of supporting strength

The surface of sandwich panels exposed to

and stability, by static calculations or by loading test.

weather conditions and to direct sunshine shall be

The type and number of joints shall be selected for

calculated with 25C and +75C temperature range.

the structure to remain securely attached to the main

The impact of unbalanced changes in temperatures is to

and secondary support structures even under

be figured with the actual temperatures on the two

maximum strain.

outermost layers of the panels, or with at least 40C of

As for impact resistance, panels must not


punctuate on impact, must not separate from its

temperature differential.
Surface temperatures are greatly influenced by the

support and must not cause damage to other sections

colour of the applied coating, with the following figures

or force such to drop, by which to inflict damage or

specified for planning:

harm to persons or to property, in or outside the

very bright colours

55 Celsius

light colours

65 Celsius

dark colours

80 Celsius

Roofs and walls are to be designed so as to


withstand the combined force of various loads, the limit
values of which are defined in MSZ 15021-1:1986, and

building.
Principle sources of regulations on support frames
and structural engineering:
MSZ 15020:1986
Dynamics, general rules of planning;
MSZ 15021-1:1986
Loads of superstructures;

to convey such loads safely to the supporting structures


without deformation in excess of standard limits.
According to MSZ 15021-2:1986 the average
permissible deflection for simple-support structures is
l/200, and l/100 for consoles (with l/150 and l/75 also
permissible for lesser strains). As for continuous and
anchored-end structures the limits described above may

MSZ 15021-2:1986
Rigidity requirements of superstructures;
ME 114/1:1980
Sandwich panels, dynamics planning;
MI 15011:1988
Dynamics testing of completed support structures
of buildings.

be appropriately applied for sections between the fixed


points of moment, and for simply supported edges.

2:28
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

B UILDING R EGULATIONS
& N ORMS H UNGARY
Fire regulations:

Thermodynamics requirements:

Buildings and building sections are to be designed


and constructed that, in the event of a fire,

Buildings are to be designed and constructed so


as to keep the necessary energy consumption at the
lowest possible levels.

to retain stability up to the prescribed limits,

The condition of limiting structures shall be

to keep burning and the spreading of smoke as


little as possible and to keep the fire from
producing any toxins,

checked regularly as consistent with use and climate

to keep the fire from spreading over to the


adjacent building section or to another building,

requirements of limiting structures is a prerequisite for

to provide a fast escape route or sufficient


technical means for rescue operations,

requirements are to be satisfied frequently (continuously

conditions. Providing proof of meeting the thermal

areas occupied by humans. Energy consumption

or at certain intervals) in heating season in heated


to provide a safe and adequate environment for
emergency crews.

buildings, if the interior temperature prescribed for the


principle areas of the building is 18C or higher.

The standard fire-protection requirements for


buildings are prescribed in MSZ 595-3:1986, with
combustibility fire resistance limits defined for different
levels of fire rating depending on the number of stories
in the building.

Permanently occupied buildings must be heated


during the winter months, while in some buildings
adequate ambient conditions must be provided
throughout the year for the persons using the building
and for the activities performed inside the building.

Satisfying these requirements greatly rely on the


insulated sandwich panel, on the thermal insulation
material and on the type of jointing employed.

The same principle also applies the other way around, in


some buildings cooling is required, for example in coldstorage warehouses for foods.

Legal regulations on fire protection:

The interior temperature (T) and relative humidity

Act XXXI of 1996 on Fire Prevention and


Emergency Services and on the Fire Brigade;

(H) levels, if not prescribed otherwise, for the

Decree No. 35/1996. (XII. 29.) BM on the


Enactment of the National Fire Prevention
Regulations;

MSZ-04-140-2:1991, for instance:

MSZ 595-2:1994
Classification of
combustibility;

building

materials

for

MSZ 595-3:1986
Fire resistance requirements of building structures;
MSZ 595-7:1994
Calculation of fire hazard and standard fire
resistance requirements

thermodynamics design of buildings are defined in

residential areas

T
20 Celsius

H
65%

offices

20 Celsius

50%

conference rooms

18 Celsius

65%

storage areas

12-16 Celsius

50-65%

The resultant heat transmission coefficient reflects


the thermodynamics properties of elevations, meaning
the combined effect of heat loss on the surface and by
the perimeters of an elevation.
For

dimensioning

purposes

the

thermal

conductivity of the insulation material of sandwich panels


shall be applied as defined in MSZ-04-140-2:1991.

2:29
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

B UILDING R EGULATIONS
& N ORMS H UNGARY
The degree of changes in the moisture content of
a structure must not inflict excessive changes in the
physical and/or chemical properties of building material
or building structures (thermal conductivity, strength,

stability etc.) so as to prevent or interfere with regular


use. For this reason vapour condensing in the inner
layers must be avoided.
Hungarian thermodynamics standards are the

following:
MSZ-04-140-2:1991
Thermodynamics designs;
MSZ-04-140-3: 1987
Heating energy calculations;

Acoustic requirements:
Buildings, building sections and structures shall be

designed and constructed to offer protection against


and to block ambient noise and vibration up to the
prescribed limits, furthermore, the noise and vibration
generated during regular use must not diminish the use
of the rooms, areas and ambient environment of the
building, noise and vibration must remain below the

The relevant requirements are set forth in the


following Hungarian standards and codes:
Decree No. 12/1983. (V. 12.) MT on Noise and
Vibration Protection;
Decree No. 4/1984. (I. 23.) E.M on Noise and
Vibration Emission Limits;
Decree No 25/1996. (VIII. 28.) NM on the
General Health Requirements for Safe Work and
Working Conditions;
MSZ-04-601-1:1988
Testing interior sound insulations;
MSZ-04-601-2:1988
Sound insulation requirements for residential units
and independent resort units;
MSZ-04-601-3:1988
Sound insulation requirements for common
buildings;
MSZ-04-601-5:1989
Airborne sound insulation requirements for
exterior elevations;
MSZ 18151-1:1982
Level A sound pressure limits for the interior of
residential and common buildings.

prescribed limits and must be in compliance with the


relevant legal regulations and standards. The objective
of acoustical planning is to ensure compliance with
these requirements.
The MSZ-04-601 series of Hungarian Standards
define the limits of air and impact sound insulation
requirements (in decibel) for various types of buildings
and for interior areas with various functions.
In general, the airborne sound insulation of roofs
and walls is defined with a weighed airborne sound
insulation figure - RW.
The acoustical properties of a building must be
planned individually in order to meet requirements
(interior and exterior noises).

2:30
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

B UILDING R EGULATIONS
& N ORMS H UNGARY
ENVIRONMENT

Public hygiene and health

Kingspan Insulated Sandwich Panels fully comply

Buildings and building structures are to be

with the Global Summit Protocols and environmental

designed and constructed in a manner not to endanger

agreements made in Montreal, Rio and Kyoto.

public hygiene and the health of their tenants (i.e.

Kingspans production technology, recyclability of

prevent the creation and emission of toxic gases, the

materials and CO2 emission reductions achieved during

development and deposit of surface moisture, chemical

the life cycle application of the products provides a high

and corrosion effects, the growth and spreading of

degree of environmental payback, (this is quantified in

biological agents, noise and vibration emission).

Section 2, pages 2:56) .

Buildings shall be designed to provide, among others,

All Kingspan insulation cores are Non-Deleterious,


Eco friendly and CFC & HCFC free .
The environmental cost of energy production and

ventilation, heating, natural and artificial light,


protection against humidity and condense vapour,
adequate features for cleaning and maintenance.

usage is a factor which now needs to be considered.


The burning of fossil fuels for energy production is
estimated to contribute 80 percent of the worlds CO2
emissions. This so called greenhouse effect contributes
to the problem of global warming, so the conservation
of energy is the most direct and the cheapest form of
reducing CO2 emissions and controlling global
warming.
Industry experts estimate that world-wide
insulation of buildings to improve standards will reduce
global energy requirements by more than 10 percent.
The corrosion aggressivity of the environment has
a substantial impact on building structures in some
highly polluted areas with extensive acidic rainfall, where
natural balance has been unstable for years.
Kingspan, the manufacturer and distributor, pays a
lot of attention to environmental protection; ISO 9001
certificate, ISO 14000 environmental protection certificate.
Legal regulations pertaining to environmental protection:
Act LIII of 1995 on the General Rules of
Environmental Protection;
Act LIII of 1996 on Nature Preservation;
Government Decree 152/1995. (XII. 12.) on the
Sphere of Activities Subject to Environmental
Impact Study and the Detailed Regulations of
Official Procedures Thereof.

Another important requirement, which also applies


to other characteristics, is that panel systems must have
sufficient air and moisture barrier properties - just as in
the case of doors and windows -, meaning that joints
and adjoining surfaces must be able to block the
penetration of moisture and air.
Rigid urethane insulated sandwich panels must
comply with food hygiene requirements. The thermal
insulation core must be non-toxic, homogeneous and
closed-cell design, it is to prevent insects and rodents
from penetrating and the growth of fungus, all of which
are considered non-desirable particularly if used in the
fields of health care or in the food and retail industries.
Panels must be airtight to prevent the escape of
heat which in turn may cause vapour deposits inside.
The interior lining of panels should be able to
comply with higher hygienic requirements for use in
special fields, such as health care, the food and retail
industry. These special interior systems are in
compliance with EU directives on food hygiene.
All panel joints and all gaps between the inside
edges must be effectively sealed according to hygienic
regulations. Sealing materials are to be installed
consistent with the structural flexibility of insulated
sandwich panels, to reliably prevent any damage (break
up or separation) if the panel moves.

2:31
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

B UILDING R EGULATIONS
& N ORMS H UNGARY
Interior insulation systems must be easy to wash

Durability

and clean and are to be designed to suppress surface

It is important to recognise that the technical

or internal condensation, which may eventually lead to

parameters of any material are very likely to change in

the growth of bacteria and fungus.

time. The ratio of such changes may be influenced by

The requirements concerning food processing are

defined in 10883/92 EU Directive on Hygiene and

temperature conditions, humidity, the degree of


pollution as well as by mechanical factors.

Foodstuffs, which prescribes that all internal surfaces

Humidity (i.e. condensation) leads to corrosion,

must be smooth, contamination free, water resistant,

and to loss of thermal insulation properties. State-of-

light colour, and easy to wash and clean.

the-art coating systems for outer shields were

Hungarian legal regulations on hygiene and health:


Act XCIII of 1993 on Labour Safety;
Decree No. 25/1996. (VIII. 28.) NM on the
General Health Requirements for Safe Work and
Working Conditions;
Decree No. 32/1994. (XI. 10.) IKM on the Issue
of Construction Safety Regulations;

Corrosion:
Insulated sandwich panels are made of special,
high quality materials, including interior and exterior
coated metal shields, which are guaranteed for 25 years
and carry an estimated service life ratio of 40 years.
Fasteners, sealants and material edges should be

developed to prevent, or to reduce, damages caused by


environmental conditions.
Ultraviolet and solar radiation have an impact on
exterior surface temperatures, and thereby on the life
expectancy of exterior coatings. For instance, dark
coatings do not last as long and are less durable than
light colours. For this reason, it is important for
designers to study and examine the durability and
service life characteristics and the warranty periods of
the various coating systems available.
The following factors have a substantial impact on
the life expectancy of insulated
sandwich panels:

of the same quality and carry the same properties, so as

quality maintained during all phases of production,

to ensure the reliability of installed structures.

technical characteristics of coating, fastening and


sealing systems,

In highly polluted areas with extensive acidic


rainfall corrosion is more likely to develop due to the

professional installation,

aggressive nature of the environment, which must be

regular maintenance.

taken into account in terms of planning. The air pollution

Under normal circumstances, insulated sandwich

limits of the environment are defined in MSZ

panels are not expected to sustain any damages for

21854:1990.

quiet some time. If good quality sealants are used, and

Corrosion related requirements:

if properly applied, the estimated service life of the entire

MSZ 7584-1:1980
Corrosion protection of steel structures exposed
to weather conditions;

system is 25 years before any maintenance is required.

MSZ 21854:1990 (1M-5M)


Air pollution regulations;

thus to ensure reliable quality. This guarantee, combined

MSZ 21461-1:1988
Clean air provisions in work environments,
chemicals;

The manufacturer of insulated roof and wall panels


guarantees compliance with ISO 9001/2 specifications,

with professional site installation standards provides


building owners with a high quality investment.

MSZ 21461-2:1992
Clean air provisions in work environments, dust.

2:32
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

2:33
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

F IRE S AFETY D ESIGN


FIRE SAFETY DESIGN

Primary fire safety objective is to ensure that the

Many aspects of roof and wall cladding

time required to evacuate the fire compartment is less

performance provide quantifiable benefits throughout

than the time for the fire to create untenable conditions

the life of a building, i.e. weatherproofing, structural and

in the compartment. The evacuation time includes time

2
thermal.

Fire performance gives no real benefit, except in

the event of a fire and it is therefore a passive safety


feature. However, if a fire does occur in a building it can
cause tremendous and costly damage to the contents
and fabric of the building and it could put people's lives
at risk as well as adjacent properties.
In principle, issues affecting peoples safety are

dealt with by the Building Regulations & Norms, which


are mandatory and therefore are to be incorporated into
all project specifications both at design and
construction stages. The principle aims of Building
Regulations and Norms in respect of buildings are to
achieve the safe evacuation of personnel in the event of
fire, to ensure that fire does not spread to adjacent

required for the occupants to reach a safe location.


Tenability is accessed on the basis of the fire effects
on the occupants, including both direct effects, such as
heat, toxic gases or oxygen deprivation and indirect
effects, such as reduced visibility due to smoke
obscuration.
Additional fire safety objectives to prevent serious
injury for fire fighters shall also be considered.
The conclusion from large scale fire tests carried out
in the Europe and the USA all indicate that well
designed fire rated insulated sandwich panels have
excellent fire resistant properties;
Fire resistance complies with National Regulations
and Norms

property and to provide adequate access for fire

No spread of flame or fire propagation within the


core between the facings

appliances to the perimeter of the building.

Structural integrity maintained

Property damage is a more commercial matter


which is influenced mainly by national and international
insurance organisations.
There is an increasing requirement from building

At high temperatures greater than 300C protective


char forms and core expands eliminating void
between facings
No additional risk for fire fighters

owners, insurers and building control authorities for fire


rated roof and wall envelope specification products. In
response to this Kingspan have developed, tested and
obtained approval for a range of fire rated products for
roof and wall application.
Insulated rigid urethane panels with fire rated
cores have performed well in actual fires in buildings and
do not contribute significantly to the fire load in the
building, indeed they have had an unblemished record
as roof and wall cladding of buildings for over 40 years.
Fully bonded steel faced fire rated rigid urethane
insulated sandwich panels are comparable in fire
performance in all respects to conventional site
assembled built-up systems using mineral fibre insulation.

2:34
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

F IRE S AFETY D ESIGN


DEFINITIONS

i. High Fire Risk: An area is considered to present

The following are definitions commonly used by

a high fire risk when there is a high probability of fire,

designers and fire control authorities/ experts which are

there are substantial quantities of combustible materials,

considered when assessing the fire risk and protection

there are any highly flammable substances, or there

requirements at design stage.

exists the likelihood of the rapid spread of fire, heat or

Fire Detection and Alarm System: A system of

smoke.

detectors, normally automatic, connected to a central

ii. Low Fire Risk: An area is considered to present

control panel, capable of detecting fire and initiating a

a low fire risk when there is a low probability of fire, few

signal, in response to the detection of fire, that sounds

combustible materials, no highly flammable substances

an alarm at the control panel and, normally, throughout

and virtually no sources of heat.

the building concerned.

iii. Normal Fire Risk: An area is considered to

Fire Load: The sum of the individual calorific

present a normal fire risk when the quantities of

values of materials used in the construction of the

combustible materials and sources of heat present are

building and of the building contents.

greater than those for low fire risk but where a fire would

Fire Resistance: The ability of an element of

be likely to remain confined or to spread slowly.

building construction, component or structure to fulfil,

Insulated Sandwich Panel: A construction panel

for a stated period of time, the required stability, fire

comprising facings, normally metal, one or more of

integrity and/or thermal insulation and/or other

which may be easy to clean, firmly bonded to an internal

expected duty in a standard fire resistance test.

rigid core of insulant so that the three elements act

i. Thermal Insulation: The ability of a separating

compositely when under load.

element, when exposed to fire on one side, to restrict

Non-Combustible Material: Material that either

the temperature rise of the unexposed face to below

does not flame or cause an rise in temperature on


either the specimen or furnace thermocouples
when tested and approved to the appropriate
national standard; or

specified levels.
ii. Fire Integrity: The ability of an element or
combination of elements to restrict the spread of fire,
smoke and combustion gases from the fire side to the
non-fire side of a construction.
Fire Retardant: A substance or treatment applied

is composed of totally inorganic materials such as


concrete, fire clay, ceramics, metals, plaster and
masonry containing not more than 1% by weight
of organic material; or

to a material to improve its inherent performance when

is comprised of concrete bricks or blocks; or

exposed to fire.

is a product classified as non-combustible tested


and approved the appropriate national standard.

Fire Risk Assessment: A method of systematically identifying fire hazards and assessing the

Sprinkler Protection: A method of protecting

probability of damage arising from them and the

premises from fire by providing a system of pipes and

seriousness of any such damage. (The damage may be

sprinkler heads together with suitable control systems,

in terms of material loss, business disruption, life safety

connected to e reliable water supply, so that in the event

or loss of market share.)

of a fire water is automatically applied to the area

Fire Risk: This is the combination of the


probability of a fire occurring with the extent of damage

affected by the fire to control the fire and prevent


spreading.

expected when the fire occurs.

2:35
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

F IRE S AFETY D ESIGN C HECKLISTS


Building designers and control authorities have a
responsibility to ensure that the construction and

Carry out fire risk assessment with regard to


personnel and property protection

materials used in a building fully comply with the

Set up an effective fire management system

appropriate legislative, building regulations and norms

The following checklist is designed to assist

and good practice fire safety requirements.

this process.

Key points for consideration are:-

The primary design objectives with respect to fire

Understand building regulations and norms and


fire legislation requirements which affect the
project and their application

safety must be agreed between management and the


design team as this will determine the level of fire safety
to be provided the following are typical design objectives:

PRIMARY FIRE SAFETY CHECKLIST

Question

Yes

No

Notes

1.0 Loss of life is eliminated and injury


risk is minimised
1.1 Restrict property, contents and equipment
losses in the event of fire
1.2 Identify and quantify impact of any fire on
the business and when the business would
be back in operation
1.3 Level of passive fire protection systems
1.4 Level of active fire protection systems
1.5 Fire brigade intervention and
fire containment
1.6 Fire prevention management systems
during the operation of the building

PERSONNEL ESCAPE CHECKLIST


Question

Yes

No

Notes

1.0 Has the purpose and use of the building


been defined?
1.1 Has the Building Regulations & Norms that
applies to the building type been selected?
1.2 Do you know how many people are going to
reside in the building?
1.3 Do you know where they are going to be
located and their distribution per floor and
within floors?
1.4 Has the building been divided into areas
of relatively safety either within the design
or by plan i.e. (floors, compartments)?
1.5 Has an acceptable time for evacuation of each
area been decided following assessment
of fire risks?
1.6 Do the number of personnel escape routes
and exits cover the number of persons in
the area considered?
1.7 Are the escape routes of suitable size to allow
evacuation within the time allocated?
1.8 Do these routes terminate in
designated locations?
1.9 Smoke intensity risk and ventilation

2:36
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

F IRE S AFETY D ESIGN C HECKLISTS


INTERNAL LININGS FIRE SPREAD CHECKLIST
Question

Yes

No

Notes

1.0 Has the purpose and use of the building


been defined?
1.1 Has the Building Regulations & Norms that
applies to the building type been selected?
1.2 Have the materials for the wall and ceiling
been selected and what is their fire
performance
1.3 Do these materials have fire test approval
certification evidence to the required
standards for the application and position
in which they are to be applied in the building?
1.4 Are the fixers of these materials capable of
installing the system to the approved
certified standard?
1.5 Will the whole installed assembly be
independently assessed/certified after
installation to ensure compliance to the
required Regulations and Norms?
1.6 Is certification of the completed
installation required?
1.7 Is certification of the completed installation
available for filing?

MAIN STRUCTURE CHECKLIST


Question

Yes

No

Notes

1.0 Has the purpose and use of the building


been defined?
1.1 Has the Building Regulations & Norms that
applies to the building type been selected?
1.2 Has the building been designed so as to
resist collapse for a suitable period in the
event of fire?
1.3 Has provision been made to resist spread of
fire to adjoining buildings?
1.4 Has there been provision made to restrict the
spread of fire within the building
e.g. compartmentation using fire resisting
construction methods to maintain the integrity
of the building/compartment?
1.5 Has there been provision made to restrict the
unseen spread of fire within cavities
e.g. fire rated cavity barriers to prevent
conduction or reduce void sizes?

2:37
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

F IRE S AFETY D ESIGN C HECKLISTS


EXTERNAL FIRE SPREAD CHECKLIST
Question

Yes

No

Notes

1.0 Has the purpose and use of the building


been defined?
1.1 Has the Building Regulations & Norms that
applies to the building type been selected?
1.2 Has the risk of ignition been assessed with
regard of spread of fire over the external
surface of the building envelope and that the
specification does not propagate a fire risk?
1.3 Has the distance from the boundary of the
building been assessed with regard to
thermal fire radiation risk to adjacent
buildings/properties?
1.4 Has the roof been constructed so that the
risk of fire penetration from an external fire
source is restricted?

FIRE SERVICE AND ACCESS FACILITIES CHECKLIST

Question

Yes

No

Notes

1.0 Has the purpose and use of the building


been defined?
1.1 Has the Building Regulations & Norms that
applies to the building type been selected?
1.2 Has sufficient means of external access to
building(s) been allowed for fire appliances
to be brought into effective use
1.3 Has sufficient means of access been allowed
for fire service personnel to effect rescues
and to fight any internal fire(s)
1.4 Has the building been provided with sufficient
fire mains to assist fire service personnel
in their task?
1.5 If the building has a basement has it been
provided with adequate means of heat and
smoke venting from any fire in that area?

2:38
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

F IRE P ERFORMANCE T ESTS


FIRE TEST METHODS

FIRE TEST RESULTS

The fire tests went beyond the traditional

The following results are of the first major fire

assessment of components in that an actual three

research programme to verify the reaction to fire

dimensional test building was assessed and the heat

behaviour of insulated sandwich panels and other

source chosen to create a late developing fire condition.

external cladding systems.

The test programme was developed by EPIC in


conjunction with consultants Arup Fire and carried out
by Warrington Fire research.
The Programme assessed the Reaction to Fire of
the cladding systems on a realistic scaled using the
Loss Prevention Councils standard LPS 1181 Building
test for walls and ceilings. This is a large scale test in
which the realistic performance of a complete cladding
system can be appraised.
A 35kg timber crib to simulate a real fire is placed
in the corner of a large test building (10 x 4.5m x 3m
high). The room configuration gives rise to a severe test
generating an average heat output of 510 KW over
the period of the test and a maximum output of

Fire behaviour is an important requirement in the

1MW, sufficient to represent a fire in the late stages of

specification of a cladding system. However, apart from

development.

specific fire resistance capabilities required for some

Comparative tests under identical conditions were

building applications, the actual fire performance and

carried out on the most commonly used lightweight

particularly the reaction to fire of cladding systems is

external cladding systems, both insulated sandwich

little known and poorly documented.

panels and site assembled built-up systems.


Fully Instrumented Test Building

Presented here are extensive and factually


supported data about how such systems react to an
internal fire.
By analysing the results, designers and specifiers
can make more informed decisions about the choice of
insulated panel systems and how they should be used.
The information should also help fire brigades
understand how insulated panels and cladding systems
will behave should they become involved in a fire.

Observation and Recording

2:39
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

F IRE P ERFORMANCE T ESTS


TYPES OF INSULATED SANDWICH PANELS TESTED

Insulation Core
Standard rigid urethane

Panel System
Insulated Sandwich Panel

Fire rated rigid urethane

Insulated Sandwich Panel with secure through


fixings visible or secret fix

High density mineral fibre lamellas - (100kg/m3 approx)

Mineral Fibre Sandwich Panel

Polystyrene: bonded/cassette panels

Insulated Sandwich Panel

TYPES OF SITE ASSEMBLED BUILT-UP SYSTEMS TESTED

Insulation Core
Glass fibre insulant (11kg/m3 approx.)

Site Assembled Built-up


Site assembled built-up systems

Mineral fibre insulant (23kg/m3 approx.)

Site assembled built-up secret fix standing


seam type

High density mineral fibre batt: (100kg/m3 approx.)

Site assembled built-up system

2:40
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

F IRE P ERFORMANCE T ESTS


INTRODUCTION

The Fire Research Tests undertaken went beyond

Reaction to fire concerns the performance of

the traditional assessment of components in that an

materials when exposed to the conditions of a

actual building was tested and the heat source chosen

developing fire.

to create a late developing fire condition.

The behaviour of materials, singly or in


combination, when subjected to the conditions that
exist in a developing fire has been a major concern

In common with the requirements of European,


ISO and Insurance companies the tests:-

when specifying cladding systems. There are a number

investigated the cladding systems and not the


component parts

of small scale tests called up in building regulations

tested systems as they are installed in practice

designed to control the use of materials/composites

were of sufficient size to enable a realistic


assessment of behaviour to be determined
including;

which have an adverse influence on fire growth.


Materials that behave poorly in respect of these tests
may be controlled by active measures which may
operate during the developing phase, e.g. sprinklers
and smoke extraction systems.

i)

development and spread of fire

ii)

effect on the insulant

iii) the effectiveness of the whole system


iv) its joints and associated detailing

REACTION TO FIRE TESTING


Objective

assessed the structural integrity of the cladding


systems

To retard the growth of fire and to restrict the


involvement of materials.
Standard Tests
To measure heat emission, spread of flame, fire
propagation and external fire on roofs.
New Tests
New tests are being developed, e.g. Single
Burning Items (SBI).
Intermediate and Large Scale Tests
To assess the behaviour of the whole system,
joints and detailing.

2:41
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

F IRE P ERFORMANCE T ESTS


Fire resistance is defined in the Building Regulations
and Norms and concerns the properties and performance
of a system in the case of a fully developed fire.
The fire resistance test procedure is designed to

FIRE RESISTANCE TESTING


Establishes the behaviour of constructions, not
materials, with respect to fully developed fire conditions.
Objective

evaluate the ability of an element of construction, e.g. a

To maintain safe conditions on the protected side

cladding system and its supporting framework, to resist

with respect to temperature rise (insulation) and flame

the spread of a fully developed fire, against pre-

penetration (integrity).

determined criteria including;


Loadbearing capacity (for the framework): if
appropriate
Integrity: the ability to prevent the spread of hot
gases and flames

Expression of Results
- Integrity

x minutes

- Insulation y minutes
- Radiation z kW/m2 (measured at 1m)

Insulation: the ability to prevent the transmission


of fire by means of conduction.
Radiation measurements are recommended, but

there are no pass/fail criteria within the standard.

2:42
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

F IRE P ERFORMANCE T ESTS


BEHAVIOUR OF SYSTEMS
The behaviour of insulated sandwich panels and
cladding systems in a fire depends primarily on:
the insulant or core material
the degree of restraint (fixings) provided to
the external and internal facings
the joint design between panels and facings
Insulating Core Materials
Not all insulating core materials exhibit the same
characteristics with regard to their structural stability,
thermal insulation properties, or response to elevated
temperatures.
Rigid Urethane

Rigid Urethane forms a protective char

Rigid urethane and fire rated rigid urethane are


thermosets which in a fire harden and form a char. The
char acts as a barrier which has some effect in
protecting the lower layers of the material from the
effects of the fire.

Polystyrene

Polystyrene melts and can create flaming droplets

Polystyrene is a thermoplastic which melts and


flows when heated. In a cladding system this means
that the PS insulation can become a viscous liquid that
will flow from between the facings and may ignite and
create flaming droplets with the possibility of spreading
the fire beyond the original area.

High Density Mineral Fibre


High density mineral fibre used successfully for fire

High Density Mineral Fibre fire affects binders and


adhesive

resistant applications is often considered to be noncombustible. However, the high density of the fibre core
means that synthetic resins are used as binders, which
together with the adhesives bonding the core to the
facings are often combustible and are affected.

FEBRUARY 2000

2:43

BUILDING DESIGN

F IRE P ERFORMANCE T ESTS


Restraint of Facings
With the majority of external cladding panels and

TYPICAL JOINT DETAILS PANEL SYSTEMS


KS1000 RW Panel Joint

systems, the internal and external facings are firmly


secured to the structural steel work with through fixings.
Tests and experience indicate that structural integrity will
be maintained even in a developed fire irrespective of any
loss of adhesion or deterioration of the insulation core.
Design Details
Design detailing of the joints and interfaces is
fundamental to the performance of the panels in fire.
The more effectively the joints are sealed the less flames

KS1000 SF Vertical or Horizontal Panel Joint

will impinge on the core materials reducing any


contribution to the fire.
Stronger engineered joints restrict buckling and
mechanical damage reducing exposure of the core
material to the fire.
Damage
All panel systems are damaged by fire irrespective
of insulating core.
In addition to scorching and blackening of the

KS1000 TF Vertical or Horizontal Panel Joint

facings, buckling, mechanical damage and loss of


adhesion will occur in the vicinity of the fire source
resulting in damage and ultimate replacement.
Buckling of Internal Lining all systems

KS1000 FR Vertical or Horizontal Panel Joint

2:44

FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

F IRE P ERFORMANCE T ESTS


FIRE PERFORMANCE HISTORY

Rigid Urethane Insulated Sandwich Panel System

The output of factory manufactured insulated


sandwich panels with rigid urethane and mineral fibre
cores amount to over 60 million m2/annum within
Europe and are widely used across the entire
construction industry worldwide. They have been used
extensively and successfully throughout Europe for over
40 years meeting the designers requirements for a
quality, energy efficient and quickly erected cladding
system with minimal condensation risk.
Rigid urethane covered panels have been involved
in relatively few fires. Rarely have the panels been
associated with the initial stages of a fire and overall
their performance has been exceptionally good.
Factory engineered panels from the earliest

The fire rated insulated sandwich panel wall cladding remained


intact in this major fire although the internal structure behind had
totally collapsed.

designs have been steel faced, fully filled elements with


engineered joint details and installed with secure
through fixings - fundamental points for good behaviour
in fire.
Four panel systems were tested with standard
and fire rated rigid urethane cores autohesively bonded
to the facings, thickness of the panels was 40mm.
Structural Stability
Secure through-fixing and tight joint details
coupled with predominantly steel external facings are
the fundamental reason why rigid urethane panels
perform well in fire.
The tests showed that the panels remained
securely fixed to the supporting steelwork. The internal
facings buckled but the interlocking joints remained
intact. Loss of adhesion between the internal facing and
the insulating core occurred in the area adjacent to the
fire but did not compromise the structural integrity of
the panels.

2:45
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

F IRE P ERFORMANCE T ESTS


RIGID URETHANE CORED INSULATED
SANDWICH PANELS

Rigid Urethane Cored Insulated Sandwich Panel


System After Test Temperatures >1000C

Rigid urethanes are thermosetting materials which


in fire harden and form a char. They do not exhibit
the same characteristics as polystyrene, a
thermoplastic, which melts and will ignite when in
contact with flames.

Tests clearly showed that the rigid urethane panels


either standard or fire rated cores do not develop
any hidden spread of flame within the core.
Even though the internal facings buckled slightly,
the interlocking joints remained intact. Flames did
enter the core of the panels at the joint
immediately adjacent to the fire source, but
inspection revealed only local charring.

No spread of flame through the core between facings

With rigid urethane panels heat from the fire


creates a slow gradual decomposition of the
insulation core, creating a stable protective char.
Initially only the insulation next to the internal face
chars protecting the insulant furthest away from
the hot face. The depth of char progressively
deepens as long as the fire source continues. The
process stops when the fire is extinguished or the
fire source dies down.
Smoke is emitted. The level is low with fire rated
urethanes but greater with standard rigid urethane
cores.

Stable protective char formed

Rigid Urethane Cored Insulated Sandwich Panel


Performance Behaviour - Large Scale Fire Test
Integrity of the structure maintained
No spread of fire within the core
Insulation criteria satisfied
No flaming droplets
Low smoke emissions
Loss of adhesion and damage (buckling of liner
adjacent to heat source - integrity not
compromised
No additional risk for fire fighters

2:46
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

F IRE P ERFORMANCE T ESTS


RIGID URETHANE INSULATED SANDWICH
PANELS USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH
SPRINKLERS

Effect of Sprinklers on a Rigid Urethane Insulated


Sandwich Panel System After Test Temperatures
<1000C

Effect of Sprinklers
One of the rigid urethane panel tests was repeated
with the addition of sprinklers. The purpose was to
examine the effect on the behaviour of the panels and
obtain a pointer to the value of sprinklers added
retrospectively to existing buildings.
Two sprinkler heads were installed in a
configuration reflecting the spacing of sprinklers
adjacent to walls of combustible materials. They were
activated manually to ensure that the fire had developed
sufficiently before activation. Within 30 seconds the

Significant reduction of damage to panels

flaming at the joints on the side wall had been


extinguished and the smoke colour changed to grey
and then to white as the operation continued.
The sprinkler layout meant that only the back and
first bay of the side (crib) wall were wetted. The
temperature readings on these walls dropped from
550C to less than 100C within 1 minute of sprinkler
activation and the mean temperature of the smoke layer
reduced to 270C.
Beneficial Effect of Sprinklers
Internal inspection shows minimal fire damage

Sprinklers can be used not only to control the fire


in the traditional sense but in the case of rigid urethane
cored panels to maintain temperatures sufficiently low to
prevent the core material from contributing to the fire.
Rigid Urethane Insulated Sandwich Panels with
Sprinklers
Tests indicated that cooling from the wetting
action of sprinklers effectively:limited flaming and contribution
restricted the area of damaged panels
reduced smoke emissions

2:47
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

F IRE P ERFORMANCE T ESTS


MINERAL FIBRE CORED INSULATED
SANDWICH PANELS
These panels with a nominal density of 100kg/m3
are primarily used as external cladding where fire
resistance classification of more than 30 to 120
minutes insulation is required by the Building
Regulations & Norms, or for high fire risk
applications.

High Density Mineral Fibre Cored Insulated


Sandwich Panel System After Test Temperatures
>1000C

High density mineral fibre cored sandwich panels


performed well in the tests as expected with a fire
rated product.
These panels, in common with all insulated
sandwich panel type systems, are damaged by
fire through the buckling of the internal facing and
temperature effect on the core such that
replacement would be required.

Mineral Fibre Cored Insulated Sandwich Panel


Performance Behaviour Large Scale Test
Structural stability maintained
No spread of flame within the core
Minimal contribution from core materials
Insulation integrity maintained

The organic binders were affected by heat and flame to a depth of


25mm. The tests showed the adhesives bonding the mineral fibre
lamellas to the facings burnt at temperatures over 300C.

Adhesives and resins affected above 300C


Loss of adhesion and damage (buckling of liner)
adjacent to the heat source

In common with other panel systems, internal facings buckled and


were damaged adjacent to the fire source

2:48
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

F IRE P ERFORMANCE T ESTS


INSULATED GLASS AND MINERAL FIBRE
SITE ASSEMBLED BUILT-UP SYSTEMS

Insulated Glass & Mineral Fibre Site Assembled


System After Test - Temperatures >1000C

Comparative tests were carried out on site


assembled built-up systems comprising internal
liner sheet, 86mm insulant and external weather
sheet. The reaction to fire of both glass fibre
(11kg/m3) and mineral fibre insulant (23kg/m3) was
assessed.
The mineral fibres themselves, being noncombustible do not contribute to a fire. However,
the bonding agents used to bind the fibres make
a limited contribution to the fire load and smoke
emission.
Inspection showed that these low density
insulants experience severe shrinkage at
temperatures over 600C with glass insulant
reduced to a vitrified 10mm glass layer at 850C.
The higher density mineral fibre insulant still
showed significant damage adjacent to the fire
source but performed better with less shrinkage
and reduced loss of insulation.

Shrinkage of glass fibre insulant from 86 to 20mm @ 600C,


insulation performance reduced.

Insulated Glass and Mineral Fibre Site Assembled


Built-up System Performance Behaviour
- Large Scale Test
Severe shrinkage at 600C
Total thickness loss over 800C for glass fibre
Mineral fibre thickness loss of 50% at 800C
Loss of insulation performance
Burning of insulation and smoke channels down
cavity voids

Reduction to vitrified glass @ 850C and total loss of insulant


adjacent to joints.

2:49
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

F IRE P ERFORMANCE T ESTS


POLYSTYRENE CORED
INSULATED SANDWICH PANELS

Polystyrene Cored Insulated Sandwich Panels


After Test - Temperatures >1000C

The tests indicate that once the flames have


entered the core, the fire can spread unchecked
between the facings consuming the core material
as it progresses.

If the facings are unsecured with no through


fixings early collapse can occur significantly
affecting the speed of spread of flame.
Whilst the facings remained secured and the joints
remained tight, there was no sudden spread of
flame down the wall.

Polystyrene Cored Insulated Sandwich Panels


Performance Behaviour - Large Scale Fire Test
Melted and shrank
Produced flaming droplets
Contributed to further fire spread
Flame spread unseen within facings
Collapse of unsecured, frame retained facings

Fire continues to travel within the core between the facings and
panels collapsed.

End of test showing extent of structural collapse of panels.

2:50
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

T HERMAL P ERFORMANCE
INTRODUCTION

Building cladding systems have minimum

Most buildings have to be heated during the

tolerance and a failure in the performance of any one of

winter period, and some, throughout the entire year

the components within the system will result in failure of

have to be temperature controlled to provide a suitable

the construction to perform to specification. In addition

internal environment for the users or the process within

to meeting all these performance requirements the

the building. Conversely, some buildings have to be kept

cladding solution must also be economical and

cool, like chill stores for the processing or storing of

buildable.
It is therefore essential that buildings are designed

fresh food.
In simple terms the cladding separates the internal

and constructed to provide reliable and long term

and external environments. To achieve this it must have

performance in use, which takes into account solar heat

an effective roof and wall cladding system to control:

gain, rain, sleet, snow, wind, heat loss, condensation

The flow of heat. This is generally the flow from


inside to outside during the winter months and the
flow from outside to inside in the summer.

and internal humidity control.

The flow of precipitation. The cladding must


prevent rain and snow from entering the building.
Wind. It must prevent wind from blowing through
the building. If uncontrolled wind is allowed to
blow through a building the internal environment
cannot be controlled in any way.
The control of vapour/humidity. The cladding
must allow the control of acceptable indoor
humidity levels.

Rain, Sleet
and Snow
Solar
Radiation

Heat Loss
Condensation

Heat
Gain
Internal
Humidity

Heat

In short the building must have a cladding system to:

Wind

Keep the heat in or out.

Keep the rain and snow out.

Keep the wind out.

the inside in and the outside out. To achieve these

Control humidity and vapour.

the cladding must effectively perform the following

The cladding system must satisfy these criteria

functions:-

and must be capable of providing satisfactory


performance in each area for the designed service life of

In simple terms the cladding system must keep

A heat barrier
An air barrier

the building.
In most buildings the cladding is relied upon to
absorb the energy difference between inside and out.

A vapour barrier
A weathering barrier

This puts a very great stress on the cladding materials


within the roof and wall assembly to provide a variety of
ways to respond to the ever changing external
environment.

2:51
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

T HERMAL P ERFORMANCE
THERMAL RELIABILITY

Summary

Kingspan Insulated Sandwich Panels have

Kingspan insulated sandwich panels provide

impermeable steel or aluminium facings and a closed

superior roof and wall construction solutions with long

cell rigid urethane core, which completely fills the panels

term, reliable thermal performance which is maintained

so eliminating cold bridging and interstitial condensation,

over the design life of the building, eliminating cold

therefore providing 100% thermal reliability.

bridges, interstitial condensation and thermal degradation.

Moisture
Moisture cannot ingress the rigid urethane

insulation through the impervious metal facings and


therefore cannot affect its thermal performance over the
life of the installed system.
Air Movement

They form a roof and wall building envelope which


is simply and rapidly constructed ensuring 100%
certainty of insulation continuity.
They ensure the necessary heat, air and moisture
flows can be successfully controlled providing the
basis for long term integrity of the building
envelopes performance and temperature control
of the internal environment.

Air cannot permeate through rigid urethane

insulants and therefore does not affect the thermal


performance of the insulation.
Ageing
The insulation is faced with impervious metal
facings, therefore out gassing cannot occur except at
unprotected panel ends. As the panel ends are such a
small percentage of the overall panel area, the overall
reduction in insulation performance which may occur is
so small it is insignificant.
Insulant Placement
The insulation is installed under stringent factory
controlled conditions where high standards of quality
management can effectively guarantee 100% uniform
continuity of the insulation within the panel.
Panel Junctions
Kingspan panels are manufactured to accurate
tolerances and incorporate factory applied side lap
seals ready for immediate site installation, therefore the
panels can be closely butt jointed together when laid
and the end lap seals are installed. This enables the
building envelope to be constructed to provide low air
leakage, thus reducing M&E heating plant, energy
operating costs and reducing CO2 emissions.

2:52
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

T HERMAL P ERFORMANCE
INSULATED SANDWICH PANELS
The thermal performance of the installed building
envelope is dependent upon correct specification,

deficiency problems and access the as-built thermal


performance of the building envelope.
The

following

thermographic

images

installation and durability of the system. Failure in any of

demonstrate the superior high thermal and low

these areas will result in degradation of the thermal

air leakage performance levels which can be

performance of the cladding.

achieved

Through the use of infra-red thermography it is

when

using

Kingspan

insulated

sandwich panels.

possible to quickly and accurately identify thermal


Wall Cladding External View

Roof Cladding Internal View

This image shows a lower glazed section with insulated sandwich


panels above. The panels all show good insulation qualities with full
continuity and tight joints. The eaves location where the site
assembled built-up roof meets the insulated sandwich panels
shows only minor air leakage.

This image shows an internal view of an insulated sandwich roof


panel. The external temperatures were high during the survey and
provided a good differential across the envelope. The red band
across the image is due to the solar gain through a roof/skylight. The
insulated sandwich panels are performing well and the joints show
good air seal integrity.

Wall Cladding External View

Roof Cladding Internal View

This image shows an insulated sandwich wall panel with door and
window openings. These can be readily identified as the rectangular
areas which are slightly warmer due to their naturally higher rate of
heat loss. The panels and joints of the system show no significant
weakness and are performing well.

This insulated sandwich roof panel system over a chill store shows
a high level of thermal performance with no signs of thermal failure.
The insulation is performing evenly and the joint conditions are all
tightly sealed. The blue pattern to the upper left of the image is due
to a roof/skylight which is less well insulated.

Wall Cladding External View

Roof Cladding Internal View

The external image of an insulated sandwich wall panel shows even


surface temperatures which indicate well performing insulation and
joint conditions. This example shows that detailed geometric
designs can be executed to a high standard.

This insulated sandwich roof panel system shows a high level of


thermal performance with no signs of thermal failure. The insulation
is performing evenly and the joints are tightly sealed.

2:53
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

T HERMAL P ERFORMANCE
BEST PRACTICE INTEGRATED DESIGN
AND CONSTRUCTION
Industrial and commercial buildings throughout
Europe account for approximately 40% of all CO2

The majority of buildings constructed consume up


to three times more energy than they need to.
The two principle factors for this are:1. Uncontrolled air leakage through gaps and

emissions due to energy and heat loss through their roof

cracks at junctions.

and wall envelopes. This is caused by a combination of

2. The lack of thermal performance and insulation

poorly performing and inadequate insulation causing

continuity.

excessive energy to be used to heat buildings, wasting


fossil fuels and resulting in higher CO2 and other
greenhouse gas emissions.
However, this can be corrected by adopting

modern, correctly specified and installed construction


systems which are efficient in terms of energy usage.
The majority of buildings constructed today

consume up to three times more energy than they

Air leakage through a building envelope is driven by


three main mechanisms. These are:
Wind - Positive and negative pressures on the
envelope.
Mechanical - Heating and ventilating plant
inducing positive or negative pressures.
Stack Effect - Warm air rising and causing a
pressure differential through the envelope.

need to.

All major European countries at the Kyoto

Protocol Summit pledged to cut greenhouse gas


emissions by industrial countries by 5.2% from 1990
levels between 2008 and 2012 with the EU committing
to an 8% cut.
This will result in the use of more efficient and
effective installation materials and construction systems
being incorporated into existing and future new build
projects.
Rigid urethane cored insulated sandwich panels
can drive down energy usage and CO2 emissions by
eliminating heat loss through the building envelope over
its life cycle. The same is also true for the financial cost
savings which are available due to downsizing heating
and ventilation equipment and reducing energy
operating costs.
Improved insulation can contribute significantly to
reducing carbon dioxide emissions and building owners
and architects hold the key to this by constructing new
buildings which are energy efficient.

2:54
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

T HERMAL P ERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE FAILURE OF SITE ASSEMBLED BUILT-UP CLADDING SYSTEMS
When installed site assembled built-up cladding

compared

with

factory

manufactured

insulated

systems are subject to cold bridges, interstitial

sandwich cladding systems, which offer superior and

condensation formation and incur gaps in insulation

long term performance quality and simple one fix

continuity. Due to their multiple component features and

fastrack site assembly.

variable site assembly quality control, they are prone to


poor thermal performance and high air leakage, causing
excessive energy usage, CO2 emissions and over
designed heating and ventilation plant.

It is estimated that gaps left between sections


of insulation in site assembled built-up cladding
systems account for up to 6% of the overall
envelope area and that this leads to in excess of
33% additional heat loss.

Therefore the reliability of site assembled built-up


cladding systems cannot be guaranteed when
Roof Cladding - Thermographic Example

Wall Cladding - Thermographic Example

This internal image of a site assembled built-up roof system shows


how extensive failures can occur. The large purple and blue area
which is highlighted in red (boundary lines) represents significant
areas of missing insulation.

This internal image of a site assembled built-up system shows


numerous areas of failure at roof and wall junctions. Poor fitting
sections of wall insulation can be seen as vertical blue bands and a
larger section of missing insulation at eaves level appears as the
horizontal dark blue band.

Examples of thermal failure due to lack of insulation continuity,


cold bridges and installation defects
(Impact of 6% missing insulation gaps - U value 0.30 W/m2K)

5,000m2 Building

10,000m2 Building

Heat loss
= 33%

Heat loss
= 33%

Additional energy usage


= 62,100 Kwh per annum

Additional energy usage


= 124,200 Kwh per annum

Additional CO2 emissions


= 24,999 kg per annum

Additional CO2 emissions


= 49,998 kg per annum

2:55
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

T HERMAL P ERFORMANCE
SUPERIOR PERFORMANCE OF KINGSPAN INSULATED SANDWICH PANEL SYSTEMS
Kingspan insulated sandwich panels provide

heating and ventilating plant to be downsized with

guaranteed consistent thermal and low air leakage

significant energy operating cost and CO2 emission

performance

and

as

the

panels

are

factory

manufactured the site installer has to undertake a


simple one component - one fix installation method
Insulated sandwich panel cladding systems

provide roof and wall construction solutions that

reductions.
The examples shown indicate the savings and
reductions which are based on the use of Kingspan roof
and wall insulated sandwich panel system compared
with site assembled built-up cladding systems.

guarantee low air leakage and thermal performance


reliability over the life of the building which enables
Roof Cladding - Thermographic Example

Wall Cladding - Thermographic Example

This image shows an internal view of an insulated sandwich roof


panel. The red band across the image is due to the solar gain
through a roof/skylight. The insulated sandwich panels are
performing well and the joints show a good air seal performance.

This internal image of an insulated sandwich wall panel shows even


surface temperatures over the entire area of this well performing
system. The white areas are related to lights while the red area at
the bottom left of the image is a doorway.

Examples of heating and ventilating plant, energy operating


cost savings and CO2 emission reductions
(Air leakage 10m3/hr/m2 @ 50pa - U value 0.30 W/m2K)

5,000m2 Building

10,000m2 Building

Capital cost savings on heating and


ventilation plant
= (USD) $77,887 = Dm 153,750

Capital cost savings on heating and


ventilation plant
= (USD) $155,775 = Dm 301,500

Energy usage reduction


= 83,158 Kwh per annum

Energy usage reduction


= 166,316 Kwh per annum

CO2 emissions reduction


= 16,475 kg per annum

CO2 emissions reduction


= 32,950 kg per annum

2:56
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

A COUSTIC P ERFORMANCE
INTRODUCTION

Most noises are made up of a number of individual

The purpose of acoustic design is to limit peoples

sounds at various frequencies, all added together, so to

exposure to noise, whether they are inside or outside

get a better picture of the noise a graph is used to show

the building. The cladding can play an important part in

the sound pressure level at various frequencies within

the design by absorbing the sound energy and/or by

the audible range.

acting as an internal or external barrier and resisting the


transmission of noise.

The cladding on a building can act simply as a

Building Norms do not specify acoustic performance


levels for roof and wall cladding and it is left to Planning,
Building

Regulation,

Noise Control

and

Environmental

Health

Departments to decide on the requirements for each


building, depending on location, noise sources, etc.

barrier to sound waves, making them go through and


thereby reducing their strength, or by providing absorbing
material and a perforated liner in the construction, internal
sound can be absorbed and acoustic reflections, and
hence reverberation times, can be reduced.

NOISE
A noise is a sound which can be annoying or
harmful. A noise is created by something vibrating, and
it spreads through the air as a series of pressure waves.
The greater the variation in pressure, the louder the
noise, and the faster the vibration, the higher the
frequency or pitch of the noise.

Noise source

Transmission

Reflection

Absorption

The following are typical examples of sound


pressure levels:
Aircraft taking off

120 dB

Heavy goods vehicle

90 dB

Office

60 dB

Sound Proof Room

10 dB

2:57
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

A COUSTIC P ERFORMANCE
SOUND REDUCTION INDEX
SRI dB
In general roof and wall cladding's resistance to
the transmission of noise from one side to the other is
indicated by the laboratory measured Sound Reduction

Index (SRI) measured in dB at a series of frequencies in

50
40
30

the audible range. The values for all Kingspan insulated


sandwich panels are shown opposite.
The sound reduction can also be expressed as a

20
10

single figure Weighted Sound Reduction Index, Rw. In


the case above Rw = 25dB. Although this is useful for

63
125
Frequency Hz

comparative purposes, the full noise spectrum should

250

500

1K

2K

4K

always be used for detailed design to ensure there are


no dominant frequencies in the noise which might
require very specific sound reduction treatment.

Sound absorption coefficient


0.2

ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT

The absorption coefficient of a material defines

how much sound it can absorb across the frequency

0.1

range. The more sound absorbed, the less is reflected


back into the room to cause reverberation.
Total absorption will occur if the material has an
63
125
Frequency Hz

absorption coefficient of 1. The acoustic results for all

250

500

1K

2K

4K

Kingspan insulated sandwich panels are as indicated below.


Acoustic Ratings for Kingspan Insulated Sandwich Panels
Product Reference

Insulation Core

Thickness (mm)

Sound Reduction Index (SRI)

KS1000 RW
KS1000 LP
KS1000 CR
KS1000 SM
KS1000 SX
KS1000 SF-B/M/E/F
KS1000 TF-B/M/E/F
KS1000 FR-B/M/E/F

Rigid Urethane
Rigid Urethane
Rigid Urethane
Rigid Urethane
Rigid Urethane
Rigid Urethane
Rigid Urethane
Mineral Fibre

40, 50, 60, 70, 80 & 100


45, 60 & 80
45, 60 & 80
40, 50, 60, 70, 80 & 100
40, 50, 60, 70, 80 & 100
40, 50, 60, 70, 80 & 100
40, 50, 60, 70, 80 & 100
60, 80, 100, 120 & 140

23, 25, 25, 26, 26 & 26


27, 27 & 27
27, 27 & 27
23, 25, 25, 26, 26 & 26
23, 25, 25, 26, 26 & 26
23, 25, 25, 26, 26 & 26
23, 25, 25, 26, 26 & 26
28, 29, 30, 30 & 32

2:58
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

A COUSTIC P ERFORMANCE
ENHANCED ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE

However this material is also a thermal insulator and


care must be taken to avoid creating condensation

Introduction

problems within the construction. Two solutions are

If improved acoustic performance is required, e.g.

therefore provided, one for relatively dry environments

higher sound reduction values or reduced reverberation

where there is very little moisture input into the air and/or

times, Kingspan insulated sandwich panels can be

reasonable ventilation, and the second is for higher

utilised as indicated below.

humidity applications such as swimming pools.

This includes a layer of mineral wool which is a


very effective acoustic absorber.

APPLICATION FOR UP TO 65% RELATIVE HUMIDITY


Side Wall Application

Roof Application

60mm mineral
fibre, density
approx 30kg/m3

Insulated roof panel

Insulated
panel

Sheeting rail
Spacer support
system
Internal acoustic liner
options
a. 0.63mm profiled steel liner
b. 0.63mm profiled perforated
steel liner (mineral fibre wrapped
in plastic film)
c. 12mm board (density 900 kg/m3)
eg. plasterboard

60mm mineral
fibre, density
approx 30kg/m3

Purlin

Predicted SRI (dB)


Frequency Hz
Construction Method

63

125

250

500

1k

2k

4k

8k

Rw

insulated sandwich panel


a - 0.63mm profiled steel liner
b - 0.63mm profiled perforated liner
c - 12mm board

14
18
15
25

14
18
15
25

19
33
30
41

24
42
41
47

27
46
45
53

34
45
46
56

43
60
61
57

52
75
76
72

27
42
40
49

Predicted Absorption Coefficients


Frequency Hz
Construction Method
insulated sandwich panel
a - 0.63mm profiled steel liner
b - 0.63mm profiled perforated steel liner
c - 12mm board

63

125

250

500

1k

2k

4k

8k

0.10
0.68
0.35
0.37

0.13
0.53
0.64
0.30

0.12
0.11
0.86
0.20

0.05
0.08
0.91
0.15

0.05
0.06
0.90
0.10

0.05
0.05
0.94
0.15

0.05
0.05
0.80
0.10

0.05
0.05
0.55
0.05

Note: For high humidity applications please contact Kingspan Technical Services Department

2:59
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

H YGIENE
REGULATIONS

FOODSAFE INSULATED SANDWICH PANELS

Hygiene is the practice of cleanliness in order to

Kingspans Insulated Sandwich Panels with rigid

maintain health and prevent disease. It is therefore an

urethane cores comply with the current Food Hygiene

important consideration in buildings where food is

Regulations because they are totally filled with non-toxic,

processed, stored and distributed. It is equally important

homogeneous, closed cell insulation, preventing any

for other processes which require a clean environment,

vermin infestation and mould growth which can cause

such as the electronic and pharmaceutical industries.

health risk, particularly in the food and retail sectors.

The standards for food processing are defined in

They eliminate cold bridges, which ensures that

the EU Directive on the Hygiene of Foodstuffs

both surface and interstitial condensation will not occur.

(10883/92), which require that surfaces inside the

They can be supplied with foodsafe specification

building are smooth, free from dirt traps, impervious to

internal liners, which are specially designed for hygiene

moisture, are light coloured, and can be washed/

applications such as food processing and retail. These

cleaned easily.

internal lining systems fully comply with the EU

These Regulations are enforced by the Local

food/hygiene directive

Environmental Health Department which assesses the

All joints between individual panels, and between

suitability of the construction at the planning stage,

panels and internal trims have to be effectively sealed to

after installation, and throughout the operating life of

the same hygiene specification standards. The inherent

the building.

structural rigidity of the panels permits the seals to be

These Building Regulations & Norms are enforced


by the Local Authority Environmental Health Department

reliably installed and ensures they will not be broken by


the movement of the cladding.

which assesses the suitability of the construction at the

The internal lining systems must be easily wash

planning stage, after installation and through the

down/clean down and should not be prone to surface

operating life of the building.

or interstitial condensation as this could lead to the

The cladding must be easily cleaned and should not

formation of bacteria and mould growth.

be prone to surface or interstitial condensation, as this


could lead to the formation of bacteria and mould growth.

2:60
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

D URABILITY & L IFE C YCLE


INTRODUCTION

Therefore it is required that the other elements

Building owners and investors are demanding


higher quality, durability and improved performance

have a required design life of 25 years, including


fasteners, sealants and fillers.
Insulated sandwich panels require an adequate

levels from their investment.


Therefore designers and constructors need to

roof pitch for the drainage of water into the rainwater

ensure not only that the building will be satisfactory at

gutter systems. Any ponding of water on the surface of

handover, but also that it will continue to perform

the roof may lead to degradation of the protective

satisfactorily for its entire design life.

weather coating and is to be avoided.

This involves selecting the materials and

Insulated sandwich panels have no cavities and a

understanding how they perform, detailing the building

closed cell insulation core, and therefore, interstitial

accordingly and specifying maintenance schedules

condensation does not occur.


The durability of insulated sandwich panels is

when necessary.

primarily a function of the particular external coatings used.

INSULATED SANDWICH PANELS

Kingspan supply a full range of high performance

Insulated sandwich panels have been in use


worldwide for over 40 years, and are a proven form of
construction under all types of environmental conditions.
External coatings have a design life which is
dependent on the type and specification of the coating
as follows:External Coating
PES/Polyester
Pvf2
100 Micron Plastisol
200 Micron Plastisol
Colorcoat HPS200
Colorcoat Celestia
Plain Aluminium

coatings for both internal and external faces to meet all


environmental conditions.
The durability of the cladding may be determined
by details within the construction junctions which
cannot be inspected once the building is complete, so
care is needed at design and construction stages.

Life Expectancy to First


Maintenance - Years
10
15
10
20
25
17 to 21
40

It should be noted that to achieve the best long


term performance the building should be inspected
routinely, any accumulation of debris should be removed
from roofs, and any mechanical damage should be
touched up.
A long lifetime of insulation sandwich panels is
guaranteed by:

Contact Kingspan Technical


warranty period(s) confirmation

Services

for

During the design decision making process it is


essential to consider design life performance of the

materials and production technology used.


highly resistant weather coatings with a long-term
lustre, colour shade stability and minimum
maintenance.

external coating system as this establishes the benchmark


for design life of the roof and wall construction.
For example if a Colorcoat HPS200 Plastisol
weathering sheet is selected and this has an expected
life to first maintenance of 25 years*, therefore 25
years should be considered as the benchmark for
the whole system i.e. all components within the
system should perform for a period as close to 25 years
as is possible.

2:61
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

D URABILITY & L IFE C YCLE


FACTORS AFFECTING
LIFE CYCLE DURABILITY

TEMPERATURE
Temperature can affect the life of the coating and

It is important to recognise that virtually all

is an important design consideration for the panel itself.

materials can change physically over a period of time,

In general with a higher temperature degradation will

when subjected to environmental conditions, and this

occur more quickly.The temperature of the facing

can affect their performance and that of any

depends on the colour. In sunny summer time

construction in which they are used. Eg. Some plastics

conditions dark coloured faces can reach temperatures

tend to change colour and become less flexible after

of in excess of 80C, whilst light colours may only be

years of exposure to sunlight; and metals can corrode

55C under the same conditions.

because of moisture, and eventually loose their


strength. The rate of any change can be affected by

This means that dark colours are less durable than


the lighter ones.

temperature, pollution and mechanical stress.


In dark, dry conditions, at a steady ambient

FASTENERS, SEALANTS & FILLERS

temperature, and under no stress, many materials will

All fasteners, sealants and fillers detailed in the

last almost indefinitely. However most materials on a

product specifications, have service lives as shown in

building are normally subjected to a variety of changing

Section 3.

conditions which will gradually affect them.


These effects can be controlled by careful
selection of materials and design details so that it is
quite possible to construct a metal clad building which
requires only a minimum of maintenance, even in
relatively harsh environments.
Moisture and high temperature are arguably the
most important of these environmental agents.

ROOFLIGHTS AND SKYLIGHTS


GRP, Polycarbonate and PVC rooflights and
skylights will not have the same life cycle as the
Kingspan insulated sandwich panels because of the
effects of UV radiation. Designers and building owners
should plan to replace them after 15 to 20 years,
depending on the environmental conditions and
manufacturers recommendations.

MOISTURE
Moisture can lead to corrosion of metals and loss
of performance of thermal insulation. Most metal
cladding materials and many construction details are

WARRANTIES
Product warranties are provided by Kingspan for
specific projects when required.

selected to prevent, or at least slow down deterioration


through contact with moisture. To reduce the potential
for deterioration, moisture on surfaces and in
constructions should be avoided completely if at all
possible, but if it cannot be avoided then the wetting
time should be kept to a minimum.
Thus the steel components in metal cladding
systems are usually coated in zinc (galvanised), and the
cladding sheets themselves have additional coatings,
not only for decoration, but also for additional protection
from moisture.

2:62
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

R OOF /S KYLIGHTS
INTRODUCTION

ROOF/SKYLIGHT LAYOUTS

Roof/skylighting is considered to be the most

The arrangement of the roof/skylights can affect

effective way of introducing natural light evenly

the evenness of light distribution within the building,

throughout the floor plan of a building. This is especially

however, practical aspects in the construction and

true of large span industrial buildings, where the use of

design can dictate the layout required.

windows into the building walls would be unsatisfactory,


lighting only the area local to the perimeter.
Using natural daylight to save on the cost of
electrical lighting is an attractive proposition, however,
the reduced thermal properties of rooflights compared

Chequerboard Layout
This layout gives the most uniform light distribution
but involves a higher level of site work and increases the
number of end laps making it particularly unsuitable for
roofs with lower slopes.

with insulated sandwich panel cladding has to be


considered as the rooflights are in fact a cold bridge
and therefore increase energy usage costs during
colder weather periods.
Conversely roof/skylights generate solar heat gain
during warmer weather periods and the impact of this
has to be considered when controlling the internal
temperature levels.
The use of roof/skylights is a balance between the
benefits of natural lighting and the resulting increase in
heating and cooling costs to control the buildings
internal environment.
Typically roof/skylights represent 5/10% of the

Ridge Layout
These provide reasonable light distribution on
smaller span buildings.
Barrel vault or pyramid type designs are supplied
by specialist manufacturers for installation in conjunction
with Kingspans roof systems.

buildings roof area.


KS1000 RW/GRP Interlay Rooflights
These rooflights take the same form as the outer
skin profile of the cladding panel and can be laid in a
chequerboard, continuous or downslope layout pattern.
Ridge to Eaves Layout
This layout gives reasonably good light distribution
and is the simplest and most reliable construction.
Barrel vault and pyramid type roof/skylights are
highly suitable for this layout and can easily be
incorporated into all Kinspans roof cladding systems.

They are suitable for the whole KS1000 RW roof


panel product range.

2:63
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

R OOF /S KYLIGHTS
Barrel Vault and Pyramid Roof/Skylights

HEALTH AND SAFETY

Barrel vault and pyramid roof/skylights are

All roof/skylights are classed as fragile and it is

designed to be supported from the edge of the roof

vital that designers, installers and maintenance

panel and provide good a reliable form of construction

personnel are made aware and appropriate safety

on lower roof slopes. These roof/skylights must run from

measures are taken to protect anyone who has to work

the ridge towards the eaves and can be one to two

on the roof of a building. This involves safety notices and

panel modules wide. i.e 1000 or 2000mm

personnel using safety equipment when necessary.

Barrel Vault Rooflight

PREFERRED ROOF/SKYLIGHT SUPPLIERS


KLAHOS
Riegrova 175, 560 02 esk Tebov, Czech Republic
Tl/Fax.: 00 420 465 53 1112-3, 2112
E-mail:klahos@hrk.pvtnet.cz

Pyramid Rooflight

GRP and polycarbonate barrel vault roof/skylights


are double skin, factory assembled units which
incorporate bespoke upslope and downslope closures.
Pyramid roof/skylights are available with glazed
panels.

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
The strength of roof/skylight and is limited due to

KS1000 RW Interlay roof/skylights - Chequerboard layout

the type of materials used - GRP, polycarbonate and


glass and therefore individual design considerations are
required in terms of structural support, fixing, sealing
and deflection limitations.
Roof/skylight manufacturers must be consulted at
design stage to ensure that the correct specification and
performance parameters are allowed for.

2:64
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

R OOF P ENETRATIONS
SMOKE VENTS
Awning (not delivered by Kingspan)

KS1000 SM Roof Panel

Sleeve

Membrane hot air site welded

Thermal insulation in double jacket piping


Site applied insulation

SOAKER DETAILS
KS1000 RW Roof Panel
Square/Circular Type

Hot zinc
profile

Flashing

EPDM band

Site applied hard


mineral fibre insulation

Steel construction
Site applied insulation

2:65
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

W INDOW C ONSTRUCTION
Walls
Kingspans range of wall panel systems are designed to integrate with aluminium or UPVC framed windows, these
can be incorporated in continuous, non-continuous and curtain walling layout configurations.

TYPICAL HORIZONTALLY LAID PANELS

Continuous Windows

Non-Continuous Windows

Curtain Wall

2:66
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

W INDOW C ONSTRUCTION
Walls

TYPICAL VERTICALLY LAID PANELS


Continuous Windows

Non-Continuous Windows

Curtain Wall

2:67
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

R OOF D RAINAGE
TYPES OF GUTTER SYSTEMS

External Eaves Gutter

Eaves Gutter
Various plastic and light gauge metal eaves gutter
systems are available. The manufacturers data shows

the flow capacities for the individual shapes and lengths,


so the gutter/ outlet size, and downpipe arrangement
can simply be selected from their literature.

Eaves Highline Gutter

As these gutters are outside the building envelope

the design is less critical than for a valley, parapet or


boundary wall gutter.
Valley, Parapet and Boundary Wall Gutters
These

are

effectively

part

of

the

roof

construction and the consequences of overflow or

Valley Gutter

leakage are far more serious than for external gutters, so


their correct design and installation are very important.
As they are part of the roof they must also be

insulated to prevent heat loss and condensation. They


should be wide enough and sufficiently strong to allow
foot traffic and easy maintenance. Recommended
minimum widths of 500mm for valleys, and 300mm for

Parapet Gutter

parapet and boundary wall gutters. The gutters


therefore tend to be considerably larger and more
substantial than eaves gutters and may typically be
made of 3mm thick galvanised steel sections, which are
bolted together on site. Aluminium and GRP solutions
are also available.
In general the shape of these gutters will be
dictated by the roof slope, the design flow rate, and the
distance between downpipes. An additional freeboard
above the maximum water level of 2/5 maximum depth is
recommended (up to 75mm) to allow for splashing
and waves.
Care needs to be taken to ensure that the gutter

Boundary Wall Gutter

and outlets do not foul the structural steelwork.


Syphonic Drainage Systems
Kingspan gutter systems are suitable for integration
with all types of syphonic downpipe drainage systems.

2:68
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

L IGHTNING P ROTECTION
INTRODUCTION
Lightning is a natural hazard caused by the
discharge of static electricity from a storm cloud. It is a
very powerful phenomenon involving potentials of
typically 100 million volts and electric currents between
2000 and 200,000 amps. If it discharges to the ground
it can cause serious damage to unprotected property,
and can cause injury or death to people who are actually
struck or even if they are just in the vicinity of a strike.
Buildings and the people in them can be
protected from lightning strike damage and injury by
incorporating special lightning protection features into
the construction, which intercept the lightning discharge
and then conduct the electricity safely to the ground.
These lightning conductors are commonly seen on tall
chimneys, church spires, and other tall buildings.
However lightning strikes are a relatively rare
occurrence and the risk of a strike on a building might
be negligible. Statistically there is only a
probability of being killed by

1 in 2 million

NEED AND RISK ASSESSMENT

lightning. The designer

The

standard

discusses

the

need

for

therefore needs to assess if the cost of providing

protection. This may be obvious, as in the following

lightning protection to a particular building is really

cases:

justified.

1.

Risk of explosion.

2.

Large numbers of people.

3.

Essential public service.

The following notes summarise the principles

4.

Lightning is prevalent.

involved in the standard and show how a typical steel

5.

Very tall or isolated structures.

framed building clad with Kingspan insulated sandwich

6.

Buildings which are culturally or historically

The

designer

will

need

to

specify

the

installation of an appropriate system.

panels might be protected. Using a metal roof with a


minimum outer sheet thickness of 0.60mm can

important.
7.

Valuable contents.

eliminate the need for many of the special conductors

Where the need is not so clear the standard

normally required in a lightning protection system.

provides a method of assessment of the risks involved.

Considerable savings can be made on a system by


cladding the roof with Kingspan panels compared with
single membrane systems.
The notes are intended to be for guidance only
and it is recommended that a Lightning Protection
Systems Engineer should be consulted in every case
when a protection system is required.

2:69
FEBRUARY 2000

BUILDING DESIGN

L IGHTNING P ROTECTION
TYPICAL LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEM
Kingspan insulated sandwich panels fixed to steel
purlins on a steel frame in the normal way can form the
air termination and the necessary electrical connection

to the main steel frame. No additional special


components are required for the building, other than
earthing the columns as shown opposite.

EARTHING ARRANGEMENT

Low level bond to


steelwork and earth
termination

20 metres

Steel column

Gunmetal B bond

Concrete inspection housing


unit (335mm x 165mm)

25mm x 3mm PVC


covered copper tape

A clamp

2.4 metre long x


16mm earth rod

2:70
FEBRUARY 2000

Potrebbero piacerti anche