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RRC Training
RRC Training
Training facilities
Key Objectives
Roles
Safety Share
Assessment
Evaluations
Ablutions
Right of review
Refreshments / Breaks
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RRC Training
Code of conduct
www.safetyiss.com
Mobile phones
Laptops Emails etc.
Computer Access
Privacy
Questions
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www.safetyiss.com
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Minimum Standards
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Cold environments:
Dehydration
Muscle cramps
Heat stress
Lethargy
Headaches
Fainting
Control Measures
Hypothermia
Lethargy
Frostbite
Slip hazards
Freeze burns injuries
Heat exhaustion
Heat stroke
Burns, cancer, etc.
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Hot environments:
Cold environments:
Ventilation
Drinking water
Frequent breaks
PPE - insulating
Provide warm refuges
Job rotation
Appropriate clothing
Frequent breaks
Job rotation
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Workplace violence:
An act of aggression, physical
assault, or threatening behavior
that occurs in a work setting
and causes physical or
emotional harm to customers,
coworkers, or managers.
Broad definitions of workplace
violence also often include acts
of sabotage on work-site
property.
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Central Office
Cash handling
Lone working
Police
Representing authority
Social workers
Wearing a uniform
Traffic wardens
Railway staff
Estate agents
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General symptoms:
Late attendance
Increased absenteeism
Poor work quality
Reduced output
Dishonesty
Theft
Mood swings
Poor relationships
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Slip hazard
Trip hazard
A trip hazard is something that causes a person to catch one's foot on
and stumble or fall.
Example: Uneven or loose floor surfaces, Trailing cables, Objects left
on the floor.
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List some of the control measures that will reduce the incidence
involving the movement of people in the workplace.
3. Flying objects
Management principles:
Eliminate the hazard
4. Falling objects
Environmental conditions
Accident history
Narrow doorways
Maintenance requirements
2. Vehicle Hazards
Unstable objects
Number of people
Footwear
Wear and tear
Drainage for:
outdoor walkways
wet floors, e.g. showers
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List some of the control measures that will reduce the incidence
involving the movement of people in the workplace.
List some of the control measures that will reduce the incidence
involving the movement of people in the workplace.
Designated Walkways
Essential in many workplaces
Ensures that:
Pedestrians stay within designated areas
Pedestrian areas are free of hazards
Designated by:
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List some of the control measures that will reduce the incidence
involving the movement of people in the workplace.
construction?
2. Describe the steps in the hierarchy of control when
working at height?
Why??
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Construction includes:
Building works
Renovations
Maintenance activities
Demolition work
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Main risks:
worker falling
object falling
Accidents:
death
neck or spinal injury
broken bones
Storage of Materials
Sloping roofs:
Pitch (camber) greater than 10
Injury made worse by
acceleration down roof
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STACKING
Each stack should be of one
material only
Liquids, solids and gases in separate
A maximum stack height must
stores
be set
Oxygen stored separately
Stacks should be vertical
External stores away from buildings,
Pallets should be used to keep
drains or excavations
material off the ground
Internal stores constructed of fire Sufficient space must be
resistant materials and ventilated
allowed
Large stores should have 2 means of
around stacks for safe
escape
movement
Stores suitably signed
Stacks must be protected from
Hot works prohibited near storage area
being struck by plant
Machinery Hazards:
Vehicles Hazards:
Overturning of vehicles
Ejection of materials
Fire-fighting equipment
STORAGE OF FLAMMABLE
SUBSTANCES
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Controls:
Controls:
Guarding
Site layout
Maintenance
Proper use
Warning signs
Competent users
PPE
Competent drivers
Supervision
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Forklift Trucks
Cement Mixers
Dumper Trucks
Site Security
Public taking short cuts
Public right of way
Thieves
Children
Fragile roofs:
Signs
Secure gates
Security staff
Good lighting
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Electrical Hazards
Contact with overhead
power lines
Contact with buried
services
Don't forget, direct contact
isn't necessary: electricity
can arc !
Selecting Contractors
Factors to check:
Health and Safety Policy
Risk assessment
Qualifications of staff
Main Contractor:
Membership of professional
associations
Maintenance records
Previous clients
Accident history
Enforcement actions
Adequate resources
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RRC Training
List some of the control measures that will reduce the incidence
involving Construction hazards workplaces.
Risk Factors
Control measures
Deterioration of materials
Unprotected edges
Unstable access equipment
Weather
Falling materials
crumbling brickwork, loose
tiles
bad storage of materials on
scaffolding
gaps in platform surfaces
open, unprotected edges
incorrect methods of getting
materials
to and from roof
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Prevent falls
Modifying a design
E.g. change design of structure
so that steel is erected at
ground level and craned into
place
lanyard
Minimise consequences of
fall by:
Providing a soft landing E.g.
safety nets, air bags, etc.
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List some of the control measures that will reduce the incidence
involving Construction hazards workplaces.
Demolition includes:
Demolition Controls
Total destruction
Dismantling of structures
Hazards:
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List some of the control measures that will reduce the incidence
involving Construction hazards workplaces.
Premature collapse
Work at height
Plant, vehicles, machinery
Live overheads
Buried services
Asbestos
Dust
Explosives
Biological hazards
Sharps
Manual handling
Guardrails:
Fully enclose the
unprotected edge
Robust
Securely fixed
High enough
No large gaps
Construction Management
Toe-boards
Toe-board fitted at edge
Brick-guards
List some of the control measures that will reduce the incidence
involving Construction hazards workplaces.
List some of the control measures that will reduce the incidence
involving Construction hazards workplaces.
Stepladders
Intended for short duration,
light work
Precautions:
Daily inspections before
use
Fully open
Locking devices in place
Firm, level ground
Dont work off top 2
steps
Avoid over reaching
Avoid side-on working
Controls
Sited away from live overheads
Solid, flat base
Hands on stiles, never on rungs
Correct angle (1:4 rule 75o)
Top of the ladder against solid
support
Ladder secured at the top, or:
guy ropes attached or,
ladder should be footed
Top of the ladder should extend
above working platform
Only one person on ladder at any
one time
Nothing should be carried while
climbing
Wooden ladders should not be
painted
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List some of the control measures that will reduce the incidence
involving workplace Excavation hazards.
List some of the control measures that will reduce the incidence
involving workplace Excavation hazards.
Hazards of Excavations
Crossing points
Access ladders
Ladders to extend 5
rungs above edge of
excavation
Collapse
Striking buried services
People falling in
Objects falling in:
vehicles
spoil
adjacent structures
Flooding
Hazardous substances
gases and vapours
contaminated ground
Precautions:
Preventing people from falling:
Barriers and toe boards
Good lighting and signs
Crossing points
Access ladders
Ladders to extend 5 rungs above edge of
excavation
Preventing material / vehicles from falling in:
Spoil heaps away from excavation
Barriers and signs
Stop-barriers (especially for reversing
vehicles)
Minimise vehicles close to unsupported
excavations
Hard hats, steel toe caps
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metal detectors
cable detectors
ground radar
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Battering
Shoring
Hand digging
Identification, support
where necessary
Mechanical digging
Basic Components of
Independent Tied Scaffolds
Precautions
Prevention of Collapse
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Trench box
Standards
Ledgers
Transoms
Horizontal tubes
Bracing
Diagonal tubes
Base plates
Sole boards
Work platform
Fully boarded
Guardrails
Toe-boards
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Side view
Front view
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List some of the hazards and control measures that will reduce the
incidence of injury involving Scaffolds.
Scaffold Ties
Reveal tie
Scaffold tube is
coupled to a
reveal pin
wedged tightly
across an
opening
Overloaded work
platform
Soft ground
Scaffold not tied in
Insufficient bracing
Standards not upright
Standards bent or
damaged
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High winds
Incorrect couplers
Scaffold struck by mobile
plant
Scaffold erected by
incompetent workers
Scaffold not inspected prior
to use
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List some of the hazards and control measures that will reduce the
incidence of injury involving Scaffolds.
List some of the hazards and control measures that will reduce the
incidence of injury involving Mobile Tower Scaffolds.
Inspection
Hazards:
Controls:
Periodically
Points to consider:
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extends into
the building
through the
opening
Guardrails
Not overloaded
Wheels locked
Firm, level ground
People, materials off mobile
tower when moved
Avoid overheads
Outriggers used
No climbing outside of
tower
Training
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List some of the hazards and control measures that will reduce the
incidence of injury involving Mobile Elevated Work Platforms.
Hazards:
Precautions:
Falls
Objects falling
Collapse
Overturn (toppling)
Contact with live
overheads
Unauthorised use
List some of the hazards and control measures that will reduce the
incidence of injury involving Working at height.
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Emergency Rescue
Training
Mechanical access:
Erecting/modifying scaffold
Driving MEWPS
Trained operatives
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Policy
Responsibility
Organisation
Systems
Monitoring
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List some of the hazards and control measures that will reduce the
incidence of injury involving hazards in vehicle operations.
List some of the factors that will need to be consider when you need to
consider carrying out a risk assessment for work-related driving tasks
Risk Assessment
skid
collision
overturn of the vehicle
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List some of the hazards and control measures that will reduce the
incidence of injury involving hazards in vehicle operations.
List some of the control measures that will reduce the incidence of
injury involving Vehicle Operations in the workplace.
Risk Assessment:
review
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The Driver
Competency
Pre-journey checks
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Vehicle-free zones
Pedestrian-free zones
Traffic route layout
Segregation
Marked walkways
Separate access points
Good visibility
High-visibility clothing
Signage
Maintained roads/pathways
Avoid gradients
Tyre pressure
Parking brakes and servicing
Steering
Fuel, oil and water systems leak
free
Batteries and chargers
Lifting and tilting
systems/hydraulics
Audible warning, Lights,
Mirrors
The vehicle
Suitable for their intended use
Suitable for the environment and
conditions
Maintained in safe working order
Only driven by suitably trained,
qualified staff
Inspected routinely before use
Fitted (if necessary) with:
Seat for the driver (and any
passengers)
Training
Seat belt
Roll bar or roll cage
Guard to protect the driver in the
event of falling objects
Horn
Audible reversing alarm
Beacon or flashing light
The Vehicle
Suitability
Minimum
requirements,
standards
Insurance and MOT if
private vehicles used
Condition
Maintained
Pre-use inspections
Defect reporting
medical examination
eyesight checks
drugs policy
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List some of the hazards and risks that will contribute to an incident
involving forklift collisions.
Flexible deadlines
Distance
Scheduling
Time
Weather conditions
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Other vehicles
Pedestrians
Fixed objects
Entrance and exit points of particular concern:
bottlenecking of vehicles
blind spots
change in lighting levels
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List some of the hazards and control measures that will contribute
toward a forklift turnover incident.
FOCUS QUESTIONS
Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control
Explain work processes and practices which may give rise to work-related upper
limb disorders (WRULDs) in a factory workplace and
Explain the hazards, precautions and procedures to reduce the risk in the use of
lifting and moving equipment manual
Explain the hazards and the precautions and procedures to reduce the risk in the
use of lifting and moving equipment mechanical..
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Explain work processes and practices which may give rise to work-
Focus Questions
Risks
line?
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11
Outline what control measures could you suggest to reduce the risk
of MSD injuries?
(6)
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Task
Repetition
Force
Posture
Twisting
Rest
Environment
Lighting
Other environmental parameters
Equipment
Equipment design
Equipment adjustability
Adapt the workplace / task
Adapt workplace to the worker Not the
worker to the workplace!
Adapt the task - avoid or do it differently
review the tools / equipment used, the
workplace environment
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The task
Back injury
Tendon and ligament injuries
Muscle injuries
Hernias
WRULDs (Work-related-upper-limbdisorders)
Cuts, burns, dislocations and broken
bones
Rest breaks
Vertical distance
Lifting above shoulder height
Distance of load from body
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Stooping
Twisting
The Environment
The load
Weight
Size and bulk
Easy shape to lift?
Stability
Centre of gravity
Grip points/handles?
Is it hot, sharp, etc?
The Individual
Space restrictions
Floor condition
slippery?
uneven?
Changes in level
Light levels
Temperature
Humidity
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Controls Modify
The Task:
The Load:
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Back injuries
sitting or standing in a fixed position
Back muscle strain
Ligament damage
Disc injury
Work-related Upper Limb Disorders
(WRULDs)
handling small components
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Tenosynovitis
Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS)
Vibration white finger
Eye strain
Temporary
Permanent industrial blindness
Fatigue and stress
due to infrequent rests and a
demanding work schedule
Smaller loads
Several workers
Stabilise loads
Mark centre of gravity
Attach handles
The Environment:
Automate
Rearrange workspace
Level floors
Additional lighting
The Individual:
Match individual
capabilities to the activity
Appropriate lighting
Ergonomically designed hand tools
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Elimination
Eliminate
Assess manual handling which remains
Use handling aids
Modify the:
task
load
environment
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Automation
Mechanisation
Conveyor systems
Forklift trucks
Pallet trucks
Cranes
Hoists
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Handling Aids
Before lifting
Trolleys
Barrel lifts
Gin wheels
Trucks
Hoists and lifts
The lift
Setting down
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Set the load down and then adjust its position using body weight
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Caged Platform
Truck
Two-wheeled
Platform Truck
Sack Truck
Pallet Truck
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Patient Hoists
Controls:
Trained workers
only
Follow
manufacturers
recommendations
Avoid uneven
ground and slopes
Use ramps over
steps
Safe working load
Secure Load
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Inspection needed
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General Requirements
Slidesheets
Wheelchairs
Can be powered though most are pushed
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Forklift Trucks
Pedestrian Pallet
Stacker
Pedestrian
Counterbalanced Truck
Four-directional Truck
Reach Truck
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Diesel-Powered Trucks
Battery-Powered Trucks
Risks:
Precautions:
Risks:
Charge batteries:
in well-ventilated areas
no ignition sources
Precautions:
Slip hazards
Environmental pollution
from large spills
Toxic exhaust fumes
Bulk storage of diesel
Use in well-ventilated
areas
Spill kits
Use gloves when
handling diesel
insulated tools
gloves
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Precautions:
Hazards:
secure
safe
well-ventilated
location
Falling objects
Being struck by the load
Entanglement in moving parts
Falls from height
Being struck while riding on
the platform of the lift by:
landing levels
parts of any enclosure
other projections
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Conveyors
Roller conveyor
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Belt conveyor
Screw conveyor
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Conveyors
Conveyors
Precautions:
Warnings to alert prior to moving
Guards on moving parts
Emergency stops
Guards beneath overhead conveyors to catch
falling objects
Barriers to exclude people
Information, instruction and training
No loose clothing/long hair/jewellery
Inspection and maintenance
Defect reporting system
Hazards:
In-running nips
Entanglement
Contact with moving parts
In-running nip
hazard
Entanglement hazard
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Cranes
Tower Crane
Mobile Crane
Tower Crane
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Mobile Crane
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Mobile Cranes
Mobile Cranes
Hazards
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Mobile Cranes
Lifting Accessories
Precautions:
Use within the safe
lifting capacity
Careful siting
Maintenance and
examination
Trained and
competent operators
Lift to be planned
and supervised
Banksman
(signaller)
Safety devices
Check weather
Use outriggers
correctly
Never lift the load
over a person
PPE
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Thorough examination:
Before it is used for the first time
Periodically
After an event that may have
affected its strength and stability
Overloading
Uneven or unstable ground
Not using outriggers
correctly
Use in high winds
Extending the jib or boom
too far
Structural failure
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FOCUS QUESTIONS
hazards of machinery
Hand held
power tools
Mobile work
equipment
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Machine
assembly
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Suitability
Restriction of Use
Task
Environment
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Workers
Maintenance Conditions
Management of operators
Maintenance staff
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Single machines
Condition-based maintenance
e.g. vehicle break pads
following routine inspection
Breakdown maintenance
emergency repairs
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Maintenance Risk
Maintenance Precautions
Safe system of work (see IGC Unit 1) to include:
Competent staff
Power sources isolated/locked off
Stored power released or secured or:
cover live parts with insulating material
use additional PPE
If dangerous moving parts are accessed:
run at very slow speed
fit purpose-made maintenance guards
Precautions for safe access
Use manual handling aids
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Statutory Inspections
Equipment Controls
Lifting equipment
Pressure systems
Buttons
Pull cords
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Environmental Factors
Operators
Operators should:
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Precautions
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Further Controls
Careful selection
task
environment
Instructions
manufacturer's instructions
in-house rules
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noise
dust
vibration
petrol
electrical equipment
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Focus Questions
1. What hazards can arise from the use of a hammer?
Mechanical hazards
hammers.
3. What hazards can arise from the use of a portable mains
powered drill?
Non-Mechanical hazards
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drills.
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Focus question
Crushing
Shearing
Cutting or severing
Entanglement
Drawing in or trapping
Impact
Stabbing or puncture
Friction or abrasion
High pressure fluid injection
Electricity
Noise
Vibration
Hazardous substances
Ionising radiation
Non-ionising radiation
Extreme temperatures
Ergonomics
Slips, trips and falls
Fire and explosion
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Two-Hand Controls
Non-Mechanical Controls
Machinery Guards
Fixed guards
Adjustable guard
Self-adjusting guard
Limitations
Adjustable/self-adjusting guards
Guard closed:
The guard is locked shut until the machine has
returned to a safe condition
The act of opening the guard stops the
dangerous parts of the machinery and
disables power
Limitations:
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Trip devices
Protective Appliances
Designed to keep operators
hands away from danger
Include:
machine
They include:
pressure mats
trip bars
photo-electric devices
Limitations??
Push-sticks
Jigs
Clamps
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Specific Equipment
Office machinery:
Retail machinery:
Photocopier
Document shredder
Manufacturing
machinery:
Agricultural machinery:
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Compactor
Checkout conveyor
system
Construction
machinery:
Cement mixer
Bench mounted
circular saw
Cylinder mower
Strimmer
Chainsaw
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Electric shock
Heart fibrillation
Muscle Contraction
Burns
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Arcing
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Electrical Shock
Current (Ma) flowing
through the body
0.5 - 2
2 - 10
10 - 60
60 +
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Effect
Threshold of sensation
Tingling sensations
Muscle tremor
Pain
Muscle contractions
Unable to release grip
Unable to breathe
Ventricular fibrillation
Cardiac arrest
Extreme muscular
contractions
Burns
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Electric Burns
Direct contact
Current flowing through the body
Entry and exit point and internal
Causes
Electrical equipment may be faulty and
overheat
The system may be overloaded
Indirect contact
As result of arcing, fire or explosion following
an electrical accident
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Static Electricity
Arcing
Build-up of potential
difference (volts) between
surfaces
Caused by friction
Electric shock
Burns (direct, indirect)
Damage to eyes from UV radiation emitted
Surfaces become
"charged"
Spark caused on contact
with earth
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Focus Question
Secondary Effects
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Protection of Conductors
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Focus question
Outline what factors you think should be
considered when selecting suitable electrical
equipment for use on a construction site?
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Fuses
Fuses
Earthing
Isolation of supply
Reduced and low voltage systems
Residual Current Devices (RCDs)
Double insulation
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Circuit Breaker
Earthing
Electro-mechanical device
which does the same thing
as a fuse
Tamperproof
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Low Voltages
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Double Insulation
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Competent Persons
Knowledge
Ability
Training
Experience
Experience of electrical work
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Insulated tools
Designated work areas
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Buried Cables
May be struck during excavations
Can result in:
Usually uninsulated
Protect by:
Isolation
Safe systems of
work/permit-to-work
Barriers, signs, goal-posts
Banksmen
Non-conducting
equipment
Precautions
Check plans
Detection equipment
Expose by hand digging
Identify and label
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Emergency Action
Treat burns
Treat for physical shock
Ensure medical help is obtained
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User Checks
Damage to cable sheath
Applies to:
Fixed wiring systems
Damage to plug
User checks
Unsecured sheath
Wet or contaminated
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Group Question
Type of equipment
Manufacturers recommendations
Initial integrity/soundness of the equipment
Age of the equipment
Working environment
Frequency and duration of use
Foreseeable abuse of the equipment
Effects of any modifications or repairs
Analysis of previous maintenance records
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Advantages:
Demonstrates legal compliance
Detects faults not visible to the eye
Allows early removal/repair of unsafe
equipment
Identifies trends or patterns of faults
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FOCUS QUESTIONS
1. Outline what steps could be taken to control the presence
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What is Fire?
Definition: Fire is a rapid chemical process in
which oxygen combines with another
substance in the presence of a source of heat
Classification of Fires
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Class A
- solid materials
Class B
Class C
- gases
Class D
- metals
Class F
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Causes of Fires
Electrical equipment
Direct burning
Convection
Hot work
Smoking
inside
outside
Cooking appliances
Conduction
Heating appliances
Unsafe use & storage of
flammable liquids and gases
Radiation
Mechanical heat
Chemical reactions
Consequences of Fires
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Inspection
Identify Fire Hazards
Fuel sources
Heat/ignition sources
Oxygen sources
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Fuels
paper
packaging materials
furniture
highly flammable liquids and gases
Ignition sources
hot work
electrical equipment
portable heaters
Oxygen sources
oxygen cylinders
oxidising substances
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Fire prevention
Prevention of the spread of smoke and
flames
Fire detection and alarm
Fire-fighting equipment
Means of escape
Signs and notices
Lighting
Workers
Visitors/contractors/public
People in isolated locations
Special consideration to
vulnerable groups
Disabled/mobility impaired
Children/young persons
Visually or hearing impaired
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Review
Periodically
To keep assessment up to date
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Fire Prevention
Temporary Workplaces
Systems of work:
Hot processes
Machinery
Electrical equipment
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Good Housekeeping:
General tidiness
Waste control and disposal
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Minimise quantities
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Electrical equipment
Hot work
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Smoking
Cooking activities
Arson
Mechanical heat
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Systems of Work
Housekeeping
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Flammable Liquids
Flammable liquids:
Clearly labelled
Suitable container
Provide ventilation
<0oC
Flash point
Very easy to ignite at room temperature
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Structural Measures
to Prevent Fire Spread
Flammables cabinet
should:
Compartmentation:
Keeping fire IN or OUT of area of building
Be fire resistant
Be lockable
Have fire-resistant
hinges/fastenings
Fire-resistant doors(self-closing)
Clearly signed
Built in spill-tray
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Fire Doors
Steel
Brick
Timber
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Concrete
Steel:
Encased in concrete
Coated with intumescent (fire resistant)
foam or paint
Steel
severely affected by high
temperatures
Brick
Insulation:
Timber
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Pipe penetrations
Gaps above ceilings
Air handling ducts
Lift shafts
Atex is EU legislation
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Dust
Explosive atmosphere
Zone 0
present for long periods
Zone 20
Explosive atmosphere
likely to occur
occasionally
Zone 1
Zone 21
Explosive atmosphere
not likely to occur
Zone 3
Zone 23
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Fire Detection
Smoke detectors
Detect small smoke particles
Two main types: ionising and optical
Heat detectors
May not detect fires that are giving off smoke but not
much heat
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Class of Fire
Carbon dioxide
A and B
Foam
A and B
Dry powder
Limitation of Extinguishers
All
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Siting of Extinguishers
Fire blankets
physically smothers fires, e.g. fat fires in kitchens
Hose reels
used in large buildings for fire teams
Sprinkler systems
sited in buildings and warehouses
automatically dowses the fire
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Maintenance of Extinguishers
Training
Inspection
Theory training
Types of extinguisher
Hands-on experience
Records kept in line with local regulations
Maintenance
Usually once a year
Certificated engineer
Inspection, testing, dismantling
Records kept in Fire Log (subject to local regulations)
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Fire Plan
Means of Escape
Should include:
Who is on premises
Action to be taken on discovering
fire
Means of escape
(shown on building plans)
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Travel Distances
Depends upon:
Doors:
Easy to open
Adequate width
Open in direction of travel
Not locked
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Emergency Lighting
Easy to understand
Clearly visible
Sited correctly
Regular maintenance
Routine inspection/testing
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Assembly Points
Evacuation Procedures
Safe location
Further escape possible if
needed
Must not impede fire-fighters
Clearly signed
'Refuges' for disabled workers
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Fire Marshals
Check if alarm is "real"
Training
Records kept
Fire drills:
Usually once a year
Records kept
Roll calls
Ensure all persons accounted for
May not be practical, e.g. supermarkets
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Information:
Fire safety procedures
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employees
contractors
visitors and the public
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Classification of Chemicals
Hazardous to Health
Biological Agents
Fungi
Physico-chemical
Bacteria
Toxicological
Viruses
Environmental
Prions
E.g. CJD
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Classification of Chemicals
Hazardous to Health
Chemical Classifications
Toxic
Small doses cause death or serious illness
Toxic
Harmful (Xn)
Harmful
Larger doses cause death or serious illness
Corrosive
Carcinogenic
Respiratory Sensitiser
Irritant
Inflames skin or mucous membranes
Irritant (Xi)
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Corrosive
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Chemical Classifications
Carcinogens
Cause cancer
Respiratory sensitisers
Cause asthma, e.g. flour dust, isocyanates
Skin sensitisers
Cause allergic dermatitis, e.g. eopxy resin
Mutagens
Causes hereditary genetic mutation
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FOCUS QUESTIONS
Routes of Entry
Inhalation
Ingestion
Absorption through the skin
Injection through the skin
inhalable dust
respirable dust (<7microns)
needlestick
cuts and grazes
bites
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Defence Mechanisms
Defence Mechanisms
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Respiratory defences
Skin Defences
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Sources of Information
Product Labels
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9. Physical/Chemical
properties
10. Stability and reactivity
11. Toxicological information
12. Ecological information
13. Disposal requirements
14. Transport information
15. Regulatory information
16. Other information
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Limitations of Information
Carbon
Monoxide
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Name of substance
Hazardous components
Risk phrases indicating danger
Precautions
Details of supplier
Manufacturers data sheets
Formula
CO
CAS
Number
630-08-0
STEL (15-Minute
Reference Period)
ppm
mg/m 3
ppm
mg/m 3
30
35
200
232
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When:
Advantages
Failure or deterioration of
the controls can result in
serious health effects
To ensure a WEL is not
exceeded
To check effectiveness of
control measures
After any change occurs
which could effect control
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Disadvantages
Expensive
Provides average of results
Tampered with
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Passive Samplers
No pumping mechanism
Long-term sampling
Gases and vapours
Sample diffused on to
absorbent surface
Laboratory analysis
Highly accurate
Can be used for personal
monitoring of TWA
Final concentration =
50 parts per million (ppm)
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Smoke Tubes/Sticks
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Simple devices
Generate inert smoke
Visualise air currents
Assess effectiveness of extraction
systems
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Limitations of Monitoring
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8 hours
Acute effects
Very high exposure for a short
time
Chronic effects
Lower exposure over longer
period
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Accuracy of results
Variations in personal exposure
Absence of a standard
Other exposure routes
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International Variations
UK
An 8hr TWA
A 15 minute STEL
USA
Threshold Limit Values (TLVs)
Published by American Conference of
Government Industrial Hygienists
Guidelines, no legal status
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Prevention of Exposure
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Elimination or substitution
Process change
Reduce exposure times
Enclosure or segregation
Local Exhaust Ventilation
PPE
Personal hygiene and protection
Health Surveillance/monitoring
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eliminate process,
change work,
e.g. screw rather than glue
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Enclosure or Segregation
Job rotation
Exclude non-essential personnel
Link to WELs
Enclosure
Totally enclose the substance
Prevent access to it
Segregation
Keep people away
Designated areas
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Periodic testing
Ensure air velocities are adequate
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Dilution Ventilation
for dust
where the contaminant is released at a point of source
WEL is high
formation of gas or vapour is slow
operators are not close to contamination
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Two types:
Respirators
filter contaminated air
Use and benefits Limitations
Cheap
Easy to use
Disposable
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Powered Respirator
Use and benefits
Intermediate level of filtration
Air movement cools wearer
Air stream prevents inward leak
Limitations
Heavy to wear
No tight face seal
Limited battery life
Limitations
No built in eye protection
Negative pressure inside
face-piece
Uncomfortable
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Compressed Air BA
Limitations
Limitations
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Self-contained BA
Pressurised cylinder
Limitations
Complete freedom of
movement
Supply is time-restricted
Selection of RPE
What factors do you think should be
taken into account when selecting RPE
for use by workers?
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Personal Hygiene
Other PPE
Hand protection
Hand-washing routines
Careful removal and disposal of PPE to
prevent cross-contamination to normal
clothes
Prohibition of eating, drinking and
smoking in work areas
Washing facilities
Changing facilities
Rest areas
gloves, gauntlets
chemicals, biological agents, infection
through cuts
Eye protection
spectacles, goggles,
visors
Body protection
overalls, aprons, whole body
protection
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Vaccination
Health Surveillance
Health monitoring
Hepatitis B
Tetanus
Typhoid
signs of disease
symptoms of chronic conditions,
e.g. flour workers have lung function tests to
check for asthma
Biological monitoring
checks for contaminants
within the body,
e.g. lead
Pre-employment screening
establishes a baseline
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Asbestos
Use:
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HIV/AIDS
Typical controls:
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
transmitted in body fluids, e.g. blood
health care workers, fire-fighters, police
Symptoms
jaundice, liver damage
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Typical controls:
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Cement
Harmful effects:
Typical controls:
Eliminating or reducing
exposure
PPE gloves, dust
masks, eye protection
Removal of
contaminated clothing
Good hygiene and
washing skin on
contact
Irritation of the:
eyes
respiratory tract
skin
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Legionella Bacteria
Legionnaires disease
Typical controls:
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Leptospira Bacteria
Silica
Component of rock
Quarries, pottery and construction industry
Inhalation hazard
Causes scar tissue to form in lungs
Typical controls:
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Typical controls:
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Wood Dust
Inhalation hazard
Causes asthma
Hard woods can cause cancer
Typical controls:
LEV
Vacuuming rather than sweeping
RPE
Health surveillance
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Waste
Duty of Care
Those who generate, handle, treat or
dispose of waste are under a duty of
care
Responsibility to ensure that it:
Waste is:
Something that is discarded or is going to be
discarded
General hierarchy of control
Reduce
Reuse
Recycle
Recover energy
Responsible disposal
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Is managed legally
Does not escape
Is transferred to an authorised person
Is adequately described
Is accompanied by correct paperwork
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Hazardous Waste
Substances:
Products:
highly flammable
toxic
batteries
refrigerators
carcinogenic
corrosive
freezers
televisions
Non-hazardous waste
Household waste, paper,
wood, biodegradable
materials
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Spill Containment
Spill kits
Drain covers
Training
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FOCUS QUESTIONS
NEBOSH International General Certificate in
Occupational Safety and Health
Unit IGC2
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Noise
Health effects:
Temporary:
reduction in hearing
(temporary threshold shift)
ringing in ears
Permanent:
tinnitus
noise-induced hearing loss
(permanent threshold shift)
Physical damage to hearing mechanisms
Stress
Safety issues:
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Occupations at Risk
Terminology
Construction workers
Uniformed services
Decibel (dB)
Frequency
Loud music
pitch
human ear detects 20Hz to 20,000Hz
A-weighting
Industrial machinery
C-weighting
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Decibel Levels
Measurement
in dB(A)
0
Noise Assessment
Sound
20-30
50-60
65-75
Quiet library
Conversation
Loud radio
90-100
140
Power drill
Jet aircraft on take-off at 25m
Dosimeters
worn by worker
personal noise exposure
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Noise assessment
Information, instruction and
training
Provide hearing protection
Duration of exposure
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Noise assessment
Reduce noise exposure by engineering
means, SFRP
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Hearing Protection
Receiver
Acoustic haven
Hearing protection
Eliminate
Substitute
Modify process
Damping
Silencing
Maintenance
Pathway
Insulation
Isolation
Absorption
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Advantages
Limitations
Uncomfortable
Efficiency affected by long
hair, spectacles etc
Must inspected, cleaned and
maintained
Reusable
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Hearing Protection
Hearing Protection
Ear plugs
Advantages
Limitations
Disposable
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Hearing Protection
Health Surveillance
Attenuation
Audiometry allows:
Removal/exclusion of such
workers from high noise areas
Investigation of noise controls
to rectify problems
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Whole-Body Vibration
Damage to spinal discs
Vertigo
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Occupations:
dumper truck driving
aircraft cabin crew
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Vibration Assessment
Vibration dose is
determined as a personal
exposure to vibration
averaged over 8hrs
Vibration dose determined
by:
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Control of Vibration
Source:
Duration:
Eliminate
Substitute
Change work method
Maintenance
Limit time
exposed
Job rotation
Pathway:
Person:
Isolate
Health Surveillance
Health surveillance allows:
PPE
Removal/exclusion of such
workers from vibration sources
Investigation of vibration sources
rectify problems
to
Reproduced under the terms of
the click-use licence
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Radiation
Two types:
Ionising
higher energy
can change the structure of atoms
Non-ionising
lower energy
heating effects
does not change the structure of atoms
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Alpha Particles
Alpha particles
Beta particles
X-Rays
Gamma rays
Neutrons
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Occupational uses:
- smoke detectors, medical labs
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Beta Particles
X-Rays
Occupational uses:
- sterilisation, thickness gauges
Occupational uses:
- medical radiography
- baggage security
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scanners
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Gamma Rays
Neutrons
Very penetrating
Health effects:
Occupational uses
- industrial radiography, e.g. pipelines
Occupational uses
- nuclear power stations
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Cancer
Genetic mutation
Birth defects
Time
Distance
Shielding
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Time:
Shielding
Minimise exposure
Dose proportionate to time
Half life
Distance:
Shielding:
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Dose Limits
Radon Gas
Recommendations on exposure:
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Radon Gas
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Non-Ionising Radiation
Types
Sources
Health Effects
Ultra-violet
(UV)
Sunlight
Arc welding
Skin burns
Arc eye (photokeratitis)
Skin cancer
Visible light
Infra-red (IR)
lasers
Temporary blindness
Microwaves
Food preparation
Telecommunications
Radiowaves
Radio, TV
radar
Types
Protection
Visible light,
lasers
Internal heating
Organ damage
Infra-red (IR)
Internal heating
Organ damage
Microwaves
Safe distance
Isolate and lock off
Radiowaves
Safe distance
Isolate and lock off
Arc Eye
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Health Surveillance
Health Surveillance
Skin checks
Respiratory checks
Exposure records
Sickness records
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Stress
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Stress is:
An adverse reaction to excessive
pressure
Health effects:
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Causes of Stress
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psychological
physical
behavioural
serious ill-health if prolonged
Change
Demands
Control
Support
Relationship
Role
- uncertainty
- excessive
- weak
- poor
- difficult
- undefined
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Effects of Stress
Psychological
Low self-esteem
Depression
Heart rate
Blood pressure
Headache
Dizziness
Behavioural
Sleeplessness
Poor
concentration
Poor decisionmaking
Mood swings
Irritability
Alcohol
consumption
Drug misuse
Absence from
work
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Control
Support
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Sweating
Skin rashes
Muscle tension
Physical
Anxiety
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