Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Mina Dalirrooyfard
Mohammad Pedramfar
Erfan Tavakoli
Mojtaba Shokrian Zini
Sahand Seifnashri
Alireza Fallah
28th
Contents
Problems
Solutions
11
First Round . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Second Round . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Third Round . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
5
8
First Round . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Second Round . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Third Round . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Problems
First Round
1. (Morteza Adl) a and b are two integers such that a > b. If ab 1 and a + b are
relatively prime, and so ab + 1 and a b; prove that (ab + 1)2 + (a b)2 is not a
perfect square.
2. (Mohsen Jamali) There are n points in the plane that no three of them are collinear.
Prove that the total number of triangles whose vertices are from these n points
and having area equal to 1, is not greater than 32 (n2 n).
3. (Davood Vakili) Two circles W1 and W2 intersect at D and P . A and B are two
points on W1 and W2 respectively such that AB is their common tangent. Suppose
D is closer to AB than P . If AD intersects W2 again in C , and M be the midpoint
of BC , prove that:
DP M = BDC
4. (Arashk Hamidi) The coecients of P (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d are real and
min{d, b + d} > max{|c|, |a + c|}
prove that the equation P (x) = 0 does not have a solution in [1, 1].
5. (Davood Vakili) In triangle ABC , A = 60 . Let E and F be points on the
extensions of AB and AC such that BE = CF = BC . The circumcircle of ACE
intersects EF in K (dierent from E ). prove that K lies on the bisector of BAC .
6. (Mohammad Ali Karami) A school has n students and
there are some extra classes provided for them so that
each student can participate in any number of them.
We know that there are at least two participants in any
class. We also know that if two dierent classes have two
common students, then the number of their participants
are dierent. Prove that the total number of classes is
not greater than (n 1)2 .
Second Round
1. (Mostafa Eynollahzadeh) Let P (x, y) be a polynomial in two variables with real
coecients. The degree of a monomial is sum of the powers of x and y in it. Let
Q(x, y) be sum of the expressions in P (x, y) with highest degree. (For example if
P (x, y) = 3x4 y 2x2 y 3 + 5xy 2 + x 5 then Q(x, y) = 3x4 y 2x2 y 3 .) Suppose
there exists real numbers x1 , x2 , y1 and y2 such that
Q(x1 , y1 ) > 0 , Q(x2 , y2 ) < 0
prove that the set {(x, y)|P (x, y) = 0} is not bounded. (A subset S of the plane is
bounded if there exists a positive number M such that the distance of the elements
of S from origin is less than M .)
2. (Sina Jalali) We have put a rectangular parallelepiped with dimensions (2a + 1)
(2b + 1) (2c + 1) on an innite lattice plane with unit squares, where the vertices
of its bottom face are lattice points, and a, b and c are positive integers. We can
roll the parallelepiped in every four directions, and its faces are divided into unit
squares while the square in the middle of each face is black colored. If this black
square lies on a square of lattice, then it would become black as well.
Prove that if the numbers 2a + 1 , 2b + 1 and 2c + 1 are pairwise coprime, then
we can make every square of the lattice black by rolling the parallelepiped.
property.)
there exist distinct integers 0 t1 < t2 < ... < tk < n such that for every j
we have
xj+n = xj+t1 xj+t2 ... xj+tk
xi xi+s = 1
i=1
6. (Sepehr Ghazi Nezami) We dene a 12-gon in the plane to be good if it has these
conditions:
be regular.
be lled.
the origin be its center.
its vertices contain points (0, 1) ,
(1, 0) , (1, 0) and (0, 1).
Find the number of faces of the polyhedral with maximum volume that its projections on xy , yz and zx planes are good
12-gons. (It is clear that the centers of
these 12-gons coincide and is the origin of
the 3D-space.)
7. (Bijan Aghdasi) S is a set with n elements, and P (S) is the set of all subsets of
S . Let
f : P (S) N
prove that the number of elements in the range of f is not greater than n.
8. (Mohsen Jamali) Show that there exist innitely many positive integers n such
that n2 + 1 has no divisor of the form k2 + 1 except for n2 + 1.
Third Round
1. (Hesam Rajabzadeh) In non-isosceles triangle ABC , let M be the midpoint of
BC , and let D and E be the foot of perpendiculars from C and B to AB and AC
respectively. If L and K be the midpoints of M D and M E , and T be a point on
LK such that AT ||BC , prove that T A = T M .
2. (Morteza Saghaan) For what integer values of n > 2, there exist numbers a1 , a2 ,
..., an N such that the following sequence is a nonconstant arithmetic progression?
a1 a2 , a2 a3 , ..., an a1
3. (Mohsen Jamali) There are n points on a circle (n > 1). We dene interval to be
an arc between any two of these n points. Let F be a family of these intervals
such that every element of F is a subset of at most one other element of F . An
interval is called maximal if it is not a subset of any other interval. Let m denote
the number of maximal elements of F , and a be the number of its non-maximal
elements, prove that:
m+
a
n
2
h2 =
h3
k
X
i=0
11. (Sepehr Ghazi Nezami) Let A0 , B 0 and C 0 denote the midpoints of sides BC , AC
and AB of triangle ABC respectively. Assume that P and P 0 are two variable
points such that P A = P 0 A0 , P B = P 0 B 0 and P C = P 0 C 0 . Prove that the line
P P 0 passes through a xed point.
12. (Mohsen Jamali) Let f : N N be a function such that for every a, b N,
af (a) + bf (b) + 2ab is a perfect square. Prove that for every a N we must have
f (a) = a.
10
Solutions
11
First Round
1. We know that
(a + b)2 + (ab 1)2 = a2 b2 + a2 + b2 + 1 = c2 = (a2 + 1)(b2 + 1)
now we prove that (a2 + 1, b2 + 1) = 1. Suppose the contrary, hence there exists a
prime number p such that:
p|a2 + 1, p|b2 + 1 = p|a2 b2
= p|a b or p|a + b
If p|a b, then p|ab b2 and since p|b2 + 1 then p|ab + 1 which is a contradiction
as we know (ab + 1, a b) = 1. The case p|a + b similarly reaches contradiction.
Now that a2 + 1 and b2 + 1 are relatively prime and their multiplication is a perfect
square, both should be perfect squares which is impossible because a2 + 1 can not
be one and the proof is complete.
2.
Let points A and B in the plane (with distance d), if there is a point
C such that the area of triangle ABC is 1, then the distance of C from line AB is
2
. i.e. the locus of such points consist of two lines parallel to AB at a d2 distance
d
from it.
proof: trivial.
lemma 2: The number of triangles with vertices A and B having area 1 is at
most 4.
proof: If there are more than 4 triangles with this property, then from lemma 1
and pigeonhole principle it concludes that 3 of the points must lie on one of the
two lines at distance d2 from AB which is a contradiction.
Now we count the number of triangles (T ) in this way that for each pair of points
there can be at most 4 triangles and we have counted each point at least 3 times,
hence
n
lemma 1:
4
2
= T n(n 1)
3
3
AP
= P AB
2
PB
P CB =
= P BA
2
hence 4P CB and 4P BA are similar, and since P M and P N are their medians,
the angles DP B = N P B = M P C .
12
on the other hand f (x) = |ax + c| takes its maximum over the interval [0, 1] in one
of its boundary points, i.e. f (x) max{|c|, |a + c|}, so
|a2 + c| max{|c|, |a + c|}
it follows from the hypothesis that d and b + d are positive, so bx + d > 0 for
each 0 x 1, hence similarly we can say that (considering minimum of g(x) =
|bx + d|)
|b2 + d| min{|d|, |b + d|}
hence
max{|c|, |a + c|} min{d, b + d}
ABC + ACB
= 60
2
and the quadrilateral ABT C is cyclic, so EBF = ACE = AKE and then
ABF = 180 EBF = 180 AKE = AKF , thus ABKF is cyclic.
Having EBK = CF K and BEK = F CK , and from BE = F C we con_
_
clude that 4KBE and 4KF C are congruent, so KC = KE = KC = KE ,
thus AK is the bisector of BAC .
6. Suppose Ai (2 i n) be the set of all classes with i participants. We will
. Since every 2-element subset of students are together in
show that |Ai | n(n1)
i(i1)
at most one class of each Ai , then the number of 2-element subsets of Ai multiply
the elements of Ai must be less than or equal to the number of 2-element subsets
n
of students, hence |Ai | ((2i )) = n(n1)
. On the other hand m = |A2 | + ... + |An |,
i(i1)
2
hence we have
m n(n 1)(
1
1
1
+ ... +
) = n(n 1)(1 ) = (n 1)2
2(2 1)
n(n 1)
n
13
Second Round
1. First note some points: (in the proof by the ray passing through origin and (x, y),
we mean the ray with origin as its start point)
We can suppose that (0, 0) , (x1 , y1 ) and (x2 , y2 ) are not collinear, otherwise
choose another point (x, y) out of this line such that Q(x, y) 6= 0 (if such
point doesn't exist then Q must be zero on all plane except a line, hence it
must be zero overall.) and with respect to the fact that the sign of Q(x, y)
is dierent from the sign of either Q(x1 , y1 ) or Q(x2 , y2 ), let it be Q(x1 , y1 ),
now we can replace (x2 , y2 ) by (x, y).
We know that Q is homogeneous so if we put k = deg(Q) we have Q(tx, ty) =
tk Q(x, y) and we have tk > 0 for t > 0 so Q(tx, ty) and Q(x, y) have the same
sign for t > 0.
If two rays passing through origin doesn't form a line together, then there
exists point (s1 , s2 ) on the rst ray, and point (t1 , t2 ) on the second ray such
that the distance of origin from the line passing through these points is greater
than an arbitrary M R+ . (this is trivial.)
For every (x, y) R2 that Q(x, y) 6= (0, 0), there exists S R+ such that
if A > S then P (Ax, Ay) and Q(x, y) are of the same sign.
proof of lemma. Note that if degQ = k then there exist homogeneous polynomials Q0 , ..., Qk2 , Qk1 such that degQi = i (0 i k 1) and
lemma.
let L(A) = P (Ax, Ay) , F (A) = Q(Ax, Ay) and Fi (A) = Qi (Ax, Ay), now since Q
and Qi are homogeneous we have
L(A) = P (Ax, Ay) = Ak Q(x, y) + Ak1 Qk1 (x, y) + ... + Q0 (x, y)
14
so this cell can be colored. If the center of the bottom face of the cuboid lies on
the (0, 0) cell of the plane, we can color all (x, y) cells where x+y is even. Without
loss of generality assume that a and b have the same parity and a + b is even, so
a + b + 1 is odd. Now by rolling the cuboid in the shown direction we can color
a cell that sum of its coordinates are dierent from the previous cell, and with
respect to what is said, we can color all of the plane cells.
Remark. The statement also holds for the hypothesis (2a + 1, 2b + 1, 2c + 1) = 1.
3. (a) Let an arbitrary point of the plane be origin, and suppose that the points
of the set A be {a1 , a2 , ..., an }. We dene S + b = {x + b|x S} where
S R2 , b R2 . Now we prove that the sets A + a1 , A + a2 , ... and
A + an have this property. First note that these are n translations of A.
Let Bi = A + ai (1 i n), since aj + ai Bi and ai + aj Bj , so
xij = ai + aj Bi Bj . Now if x Bi Bj and x 6= xij , then there must exist
j1 6= j and i1 6= i that ai1 +aj = x = aj1 +ai , hence xxij = aj1 aj = ai1 ai ,
so ai ,ai1 ,aj and aj1 form a parallelogram, a contradiction, therefore Bi Bj
has a single element.
Clearly, with respect to previous part, the intersection of every three of them
is empty, because if x Bi1 Bi2 Bi3 , then we must have ai1 +ai2 = ai1 +ai3 ,
so ai2 = ai3 and i2 = i3 a contradiction. Therefore part (a) is complete.
(b) Let an arbitrary point apart from a1 , ..., an be origin. Assume that a1 , ..., an
are complex numbers in this plane. Similar to the previous part we dene
15
now for every i1 ,i2 ,i3 and i4 that at least three of them are distinct we must
have ai1 ai2 6= ai3 ai4 , otherwise aaii1 = aaii4 and it means that the origin is
3
2
the center of a rotational homothety that brings the segment ai1 ai3 to the
segment ai2 ai4 . Clearly since the ways of choosing i1 ,i2 ,i3 and i4 are nite, we
can choose O in such a way that this won't happen, and the Bi Bj would
have one element in this case. Note that each one of the B1 , ..., Bn is a version
of S , since it is obtained from S by a rotational homothety about the origin.
(note that it is required that no two of ai s are collinear with origin for taking
it as center of this rotational homothety)
4. As said in the hypothesis, there are two points x, y with unit distance on a tile that
their corresponding points on other tiles are lattice points. Let z be another lattice
point in S , and let S 0 be a copy of S . Also let x0 , y 0 , z 0 S 0 be the corresponding
points to x, y, z . There are four possible places for z 0 shown in below gure, and
all of them are lattice points, therefore the total number of lattice points of each
of the copies of S are equal, let this number be k.
Assume that u be the number of tiles that has intersection with t t square, since
2
every tile has at most k lattice points of that square we have u (t+1)
, on the
k
other hand none of the tiles has any point outside the (t + 2d) (t + 2d) square, so
16
(t + 1)2 uk (t + 2d + 1)2
t2 us (t + 2d)2
(t + 1)2
(t + 2d + 1)2
k
(t + 2d)2
s
t2
(t + 2d + 1)2
(t + 1)2
k
lim
lim
k=s
t (t + 2d)2
s t
t2
xX 0
{z
Proof of lemma.
xX
{z
n
that by dening xi = x2n 1+i we can expand the sequence to negative indices.
Also note that xi xi+s can be written in the form of product of xi1 , , xin , because from the hypothesis we have xi = xin+t1 xin+tk , xi can be written
in the form of product of xi1 , , xin , now xi+s can be written in the form of
product of xi+s1 , , xi+sn , xi+s1 can be written in the form of product of
xi+s2 , , xi+sn1 and so xi+s can be written in the form of xi1 , , xin . Indeed every member of the sequence can be evaluated using n consecutive members
of this sequence, now since x2l = 1 for every l Z, according to what we said,
there exist 0 < u1 < u2 < < up n such that for every l Z we have
xp = xlu1 xlu2 xlup
hence
n 1
2X
i=1
{z
n
6. We show that the desired polyhedron has 36 faces. It is trivial that this polyhedron
is in the intersection of three 12-gonal prisms that their projections on the axis
planes are mentioned 12-gonals. Now for constructing the shape with maximum
17
volume we should consider the intersection of these three prisms. First consider
the prism corresponding to xy plane, the resulting shape is a 12-gon, now consider
the intersection of this shape with the prism corresponding to xz plane, we will
show that each face of the recent prism, adds exactly one face to the shape and
the intersection of this two prisms forms a polyhedron with 24 faces. For showing
this it is sucient to show that each face of the xz prism, intersects the xy prism,
because the xy prism and every face are convex, the desired intersection is also
convex, so it is connected and only adds one face. (because the projection of xy
prism on xz plane is a nite strip, it contains the 12-gon on xz plane)
So the intersection of these two prisms is a polyhedron with 24 faces which is convex, because it is the intersection of two convex shapes. On the other hand this
polyhedron contains the points (x, y, z) = (0, 1, 1), (0, 1, 1), (0, 1, 1), (0, 1, 1),
so it contains a square with vertices at these points, and the projection of this polyhedron on the yz plane totally contains the 12-gon corresponding to yz plane.
Similarly to the previous part, if we consider the intersection of this polyhedron
and the yz prism, rstly, every face of this prism, intersects the polyhedron, secondly since the polyhedron is convex, every face intersects the polyhedron in one
region and adds one face to the shape.
So for every face of the 12-gonal prism, one face adds to the polyhedron, therefore
the resulting shape has 24 + 12 = 36 faces.
7.
lemma.
then
proof.
now note that P (S) with operation forms a group ( as identity and A itself as
its inverse), with respect to this the sets
Bi = {x|f (x) i} (1 i m)
are subgroups of P (S) (let {1, 2, .., m} be the range of f ). Therefore by Lagrange's
Theorem |Bi |||P (S)|, so |Bi | is a power of 2, and since B1 ( B2 ( ... ( Bm = P (S)
and B1 has at least two elements (x B1 xc B1 ) hence
|B1 | 21 , |B2 | 22 , ..., |Bm | 2m = 2n 2m = m n
19
Third Round
1. Let H be the orthocenter of ABC , and let be the circle with diameter AH . Since
T A AH , T A is tangent to in A. On other hand BM = EM M EB =
_
(of ), hence M E is tangent to and so is
M BE = 90 C = HAC = EH
2
M D. Thus LK is the radical axis of point M and circle , and so the powers of
T with respect to M and are equal, which means
T A2 = T M 2 = T A = T M
13(2i1)
x1
24(2i2)
24(2i)
x
13(2i1)
2ik
1ik
but b2k+1 b1 = 2k + 1 so
2 4 (2k)
x2 = 2k + 1 x =
1 3 (2k 1)
1 3 (2k + 1)
2 4 (2k)
a2i+1 =
a2i =
p
2 4 (2i)
x (2k + 1)! = 2 (2i) (2i+1) (2k+1)
1 3 (2i 1)
1 3 (2i 1) 1 p
(2k + 1)! = 1 3 (2i 1) (2i) (2k)
2 4 (2i 2) x
therefore all of ai 's are distinct natural numbers, and the statement is true for all
n = 2k + 1.
3. Let the points be 1, 2, ..., n. We denote an interval by [i, j] where i, j {1, 2, ..., n}
and i < j . Let A = {[x1 , y1 ], [x2 , y2 ], ..., [xm , ym ]} be the set of maximal intervals of
F , we claim that 1 i, j m : xi 6= xj . If xi = xj then one of their corresponding
intervals must contain the other one, so the claim is proved. Similarly 1 i, j
m : yi 6= yj . Let X, Y denote the multi-set (the members of a multi-set need not
to be distinct) of all lower and upper endpoints of all intervals of F respectively,
and let [x, y] be a non-maximal interval of F , we show that either x / X {x}
20
now there exists d A such that d|ac, we claim that b|ac, if b - ac, since d
A {a, b} and (d, a) = 1, hence d|c. Similarly there exists e A that e|ad, if e = b
then
b|ad|ac
b|ac
b|ad
b|a(b, c, d) = a b|a a = b
b|ab
because we can choose these pairs in 2 ways, and if n 4 we have n2 > n. Now
if b, c, d, e be distinct, and let p be a prime factor of a, hence p|d or p|e, suppose
21
p|d, similarly suppose that p|c, therefore p|(a, c, d) which is a contradiction, so e.g
we must have b = d, hence
a|bc
a|be
a|b(c, e, a) = b
a|ba
which can't be true. Therefore |A| 3, now assume that A = {a, b, c} be good,
so (a, b, c) = 1, a|bc, b|ac and c|ab, thus a = pq such that q|b and p|c. Let b = qr
and c = pr0 , we have
c|ab pr0 |pq.qr r0 |q 2 r
OR
5. Since f (x) is surjective, there exists t R such that f (t) = 0, now let
x = y = t f (t) = 2f (2t) f (2t) = 0 (1)
x = 0 f (f (0) + 2f (y)) = f (0) + f (2y)
(1)
x = t f (t + 2f (y)) = f (2y)
f (f (0) + 2f (y))
f (t + 2f (y))
= f (0)
c = t f (f (0) + t) =
c=0
f (f (0))
=
(2)
c = f (0)
x = 0, y = 0
f (2f (0))
f (3f (0))
f (0)
f (0)
(2)
(3)
= 2f (0) (4)
= 2f (0) (5)
now by putting x = 0, y = f (0) in the rst equation, we obtain from (3), (4) that
(5)
f (3f (0)) = 3f (0) f (0) = 0 now if we put x = 0, it results that f (2f (y)) =
f (2y), so f (x + f (x) + 2f (y)) = f (2x) + f (2f (y)). Since 2f (y) takes all values in
R we can conclude that
f (x + f (x) + y) = f (2x) + f (y) (6)
22
by putting y = 0 we have
f (x + f (x)) = f (2x) (7)
so f (f (2x)) = f (2x), and since f (2x) takes all real values we have
a R : f (a) = a
6.
BK 0 QB 0 T N
.
.
=1
K 0Q B0T N B
but
TN
NB
CH
HS 0
, so
BK 0 CH
B0T
.
=
K 0 Q HS
QB 0
B0T
QB 0
C0U
SC 0
the lemma is
CHN = CXN = CIN , because all are equal to half of arc B 0 C . So the
pentagon XHCN I and similarly the pentagon BP IY K 0 are cyclic. Suppose that
J 0 is the second intersection point of circumcircles of these pentagons. We have
J 0 HA = J 0 IC = J 0 Y H
so circumcircle of J 0 Y H is tangent to AC .
On the other hand we know that if a circle is
tangent to AC at H and to at Y 0 , then Y 0
is the inverse homothetic center of these two
circles and since C 0 and H are homothetic
so Y 0 should be on C 0 H , therefore Y = Y 0 .
Hence this circle is exactly the circumcircle
of J 0 Y H . So circumcircle of J 0 Y H is tangent
to . Similarly circumcircle of K 0 XJ 0 is also
tangent to AB and . We have
K 0 J 0 H = ACI + ABI = 180
BAC
2
= BIC = AHJ 0 + AK 0 J 0
and since AH and AK 0 are tangent to circumcircles of J 0 Y H and K 0 J 0 X , it follows that circumcircles of J 0 Y H and K 0 J 0 X are also tangent to each other. So
circumcircle of J 0 Y H is 1 and circumcircle of K 0 J 0 X is 2 . Also J 0 = J and
K 0 = K and IJH = 180 ICH = 180 IBK = IJK , so IJ is bisector.
DX
+ XE
= DOE
= 60
2
2
2
_
_
_
_
F D+DX
DX
FD
=
= F OD
2
2
2
XF R XDP =
=
PX
RX
QX
RX
=
XD sin
= (2r sin ) sin = 2r sin2
= XF sin XF R = XF sin(60 + ) = 2r sin2 (60 + )
= XE sin XEQ = XE sin(60 ) = 2r sin2 (60 )
p
Now if this property holds for a point not on the incircle, without loss of generality
we assume that the point is in the quadrilateral AEOD, let X 0 denote the point of
intersection of AX with the incircle (closer to A), a homothety with center A and
AX
as its coecient, maps X 0 , B, C to X, B 0 , C 0 respectively,
according to previous
AX 0
0 0 0
part since the incircle of A B C passes through X , we have XR0 = XQ+ XP ,
24
deg(g) kp 1
(I)
xp x k2
xp x k1
) Ak1 (x) + (
) Ak2 (x) + + A0 (x)
p
p
if we let h(x) = x px , it is obvious that h has integer value but it does not have
integer coecients. We have
p
(x + ap)p (x + ap)
xp x ap
g(x + ap)
h(x) a (mod p)
p
p
and Ai (x + ap) Ai (x) (mod p). Hence p|(h(x) a)k1 Ak1 (x) + , so for a
constant x, a takes all values module p, therefore
p|y k1 Ak1 (x) + + A0 (x)
(II)
lemma.
0 = yG =
in this way: let G be the centroid of these n points and assume that O be an
arbitrary point in the plane, let A0i be the reection of Ai over O, we dene Gi
to be the centroid of A1 , ..., Ai1 , A0i , Ai+1 , ..., An . According to what we said, the
line OG is a wise line for the point O, if we divide the points into two sets by
OG. (we can assign the points on OG to each of the sets) We claim that OGi
is a wise line, if A0i be in one side of OGi with points {Ai1 , Ai2 , ..., Aik }, then let
X = {Ai , Ai1 , Ai2 , ..., Aik } be one of the sets and Y = A X be the other set,
hence we have found n + 1 wise lines. Now we have to prove that there exists
innite points like O that these lines are pairwise distinct for them.
Suppose that for a point O, G and Gi are collinear with O, we have
~ = A~1 +A~2 +...+A~n
G
n
0
~ i = A~1 +A~2 +...+A~n A~i +A~i
G
n
~0
~
~ G
~ i = Ai Ai = 2 (A
~ i O)
~
G
n
n
this means that O, Ai and G are collinear, thus it is sucient that O does not lie
on lines A1 G, A2 G, , An G. Therefore the assumption that O,G and Gi are not
collinear is correct.
Now, suppose that O,Gi and Gj are collinear, and GGi = n2 Ai O. Hence the
triangles GGi Gj and OAi Aj are similar with ratio n2 , and assume that the center
of the homothety taking OAi Aj to GGi Gj is T . Now let the extension of Ai Aj
intersects OG in S , thus TT OG = n2 , TT OS = n2 , therefore
GO
GO/GT
n/2 + 1
1
2
=
= 2
=
=
GS
GS/GT
n /4 1
n/2 1
n2
2
in this case a homothety with center G takes O to S and we have OG
= n2
.
GS
Therefore it is sucient that O does not lie on the lines that are resulted by
2
homothety over G with ratio n2
from the lines Ai Aj .
(a + 1)(b + 1)(c + 1) 2
ab 4
cyc
sym
11.
First Solution. Let the homothety with center at G, centroid of ABC and
0
0
0
maps P to P1 , then we have PA10 PA0 = PB10BP 0 = PC10 PC 0 = 21 , so the
A0 B 0 C 0 , and ratio 1
2
circumcircle of A0 B 0 C 0 is the apollonius circle about P1 and P 0 with ratio 12 (i.e.
1
the locus of the points X with the property that XP
= 21 ). Let N denote the
XP 0
center of this circle, and let x = |P 0 P1 |, we have (S and T are intersection points
of the apollonius circle with P P 0 )
P1 T = x3
P1 S = x
NS =
P 1 S + P1 T
2x
x
4x
=
N P1 = , N P 0 =
2
3
3
3
note that N T = 2x3 is the radius of the apollonius circle, so x is constant, hence the
locus of P1 and P 0 are two circles with centers at N , on the other hand a homothety with respect to G takes P to P1 , so the locus of P is a circle centered at the
circumcenter of ABC . Now since P 0 maps to P1 with a homothety centered at N
, by combining
having ratio 41 , and P1 maps to P with a homothety with ratio 1
2
0
, therefore
these two homotheties P maps to P with a homothety with ratio 1
2
0
P P passes through the center of this homothety which is a xed point.
Second Solution.
~ we mean GK )
Let G be the origin, we have (so by K
~
~
~
~ 0 = B , C
~ 0 = C
~ 0 = A , B
A
2
2
2
~2 B
~ 2 ) = (2P~ + P~ 0 ).
BA
(1), (2) 43 (A
~2 C
~ 2 ) = (2P~ + P~ 0 ).
(2), (3) 43 (B
CB
note that the vectors BA and CB are independent vectors and the dot product of
them with 2P~ + P~ 0 is a xed value, so 2P~ + P~ 0 is determined uniquely. Now let X
0
~ = 2P~ +P~ 0 , hence X is the xed point
be a point on P P 0 such that XP
= 2, thus X
XP
3
that P P 0 passes through.
12. First note that if p be an odd prime, putting a = b = p results that 2p(p + f (p)) is
a perfect square, so p|p + f (p) and p|f (p). Now suppose that for a N, af (a) is
not a perfect square, therefore for a prime p we have p2k1 kaf (a) that k N. Let
af (a) = p2k1 s where s N, p - s, now put b = p2k so p2k1 s + p2k (f (p2k ) + 2a) is
27
a perfect square, which means p2k1 (s + p(f (p2k ) + 2a)) is a perfect square but the
term in the parenthesis does not have p factor which is a contradiction, so af (a)
is a perfect square. Now assume that p
p > f (1) be an odd prime, since
p p|f (p) so
2
p f (p), hence pf (p) + f (1)
p2) f (1) + 2p < 4 pf (p) + 4,
p + 2p < ( pf (p) +
because p f (p) so p pf (p), therefore 4 pf (p) 4p > 2p + f (1). So we
have
p
p
now since p|f (p) and pf (p) is a perfect square so f (p) = k2 p that k N. Now if
k 2 we have
p
3p > f (1) + 2p = 2 pf (p) + 1 4p + 1
so f (p) = p for any odd prime p greater than f (1), but above equation simultaneously proves that f (1) = 1, so for every odd prime p we have f (p) = p. Now
suppose for a N we have f (a) 6= a, so (b = p in which p is and odd prime)
(a + p)2 6= af (a) + p2 + 2ap, hence [af (a) + p2 + 2ap] (a + p)2 = af (a) a2 , but
the absolute value of left side of the equation is greater than or equal to 2(a+p)1
because the dierence of (a + p)2 with any perfect square except itself is at least
this value, so for any odd prime we have |af (a) a2 | 2(a + p) 1 which can't
be true for a constant a, so f (a) = a.
28