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Proceedings of
National Conference on
ISBN 978-93-83303-58-8
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1|Page
National Conference on
RAMEM-2014
Editor
Dr. Arup Kumar Baksi
organized by
Editorial Board
1. Professor Sukhendu Dey,
Dept. of Computer Science & Mathematics, India School of Mines University, Dhanbad.
3|Page
Preface
The National Conference on Recent Advances on Mathematics, Engineering and
Management [RAMEM -2014] focuses not only on isolated domain specific research
sharing but also will delve into the convergence of this trilogy and its possible triangulation.
The conference will be an endeavour to track the current research trends in Mathematics,
Engineering and Management and will reveal avenues for aspiring researchers to expand the
existing body of knowledge. The conference papers are expected to throw light on the
applications of the triangulation and its possible impact in academia and industry.
The conference has been organized by Bengal Institute of Technology and Management,
Santiniketan under the banner of the Industry Institute Partnership Cell (sponsored by All
India Council for Technical Education, New Delhi) and patronization of Camellia Group,
Kolkata. I, on behalf of the Organizing Committee of RAMEM-2014, welcome all the invited
guests, dignitaries, keynote speaker, session chairs, paper presenters and students to make this
conference a grand success.
4|Page
Contents
Preface---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
1. Sufficiency and duality for interval-valued optimization problems with generalized invex functions
Jonaki Banerjee-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8
2. Recurrence relations for radial matrix elements
Pritam Prasad Ray and Arun Kumar Bag-------------------------------------------------------- 17
3. Mathematical study of Love wave propagation in an irregular boundary surface homogeneous
medium over an inhomogeneous half-space
Santimoy Kundu, Santanu Manna and Shishir Gupta--------------------------------------22
4. Scheduled Tribe and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers: In Search of their Identity and rights.
Sukumar Pal and Ramprasad Das-------------------------------------------------------------31
5. Overall Satisfaction of the LICI customers vis--vis their convenient transaction with the insurer
Partha Sarathi Choudhury------------------------------------------------------------------------ 38
6. Transmission Coefficient of Double Quantum Well Triple Barrier Structure with Parabolic
Geometry in presence of Electric Field
Arpan Deyasi---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 47
7. Intervening effect of CRM dimensions on service quality perception-tourist satisfaction-destination
loyalty link: Hypotheses and model development
Arup Kumar Baksi and Bivraj Bhusan Parida------------------------------------------------- 55
8. Calculating Transmittance of Photonic Crystal under Different Polarization Conditions with Optical
Gain Factor
Rajashree Khan and Arpan Deyasi-------------------------------------------------------------- 68
9. Modeling of Semiconductor Laser Diode for Stabilization of Power Output by Optical Feedback
Scheme.
Santwanu Chattopadhyay-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 75
10. Securities in WSN: Issues and Challenges
Tanushree Karmakar, Biswajit Mondal, Jiban Dalal and Chandan Koner---------------
86
11. Designing of Intelligent Control System for Grinding Mill by Analyzing Time Domain Features
Sonali Sen, Jaya Sil and Arup Kumar Bhaumik-------------------------------------------------- 93
12. Band Structure and Density of States of Armchair Carbon Nanotube
Medha Guha, Labanya Saha, Amrita Ghosh and Arpan Deyasi----------------------------
100
13. Effects of Radiative heat and mass transfer on MHD mixed Convective Flow Over a Stretching
Sheet with Non-Uniform Heat Source/Sink
Hiranmoy Mondal and Sewli Chatterjee----------------------------------------------------105
14. Influence of moving fins with temperature dependent surface heat flux and multi boiling heat
transfer
Pranab Kanti Roy and Hiranmoy Mondal----------------------------------------------------114
5|Page
15. Comparison of Flooding and Gossiping Routing Protocols Using TOSSIM in Wireless Sensor
Networks
Raju Dutta, Debraj Paul, Shishir Gupta and Mukul K. Das-----------------------------125
16. Study the performance of Optical Communication & Characteristics comparison in SiC based one
dimensional three layered unit cell Photonic Crystal using SCILAB & MATLAB
Avik Chakraborty and Krishanu Mitra-------------------------------------------------------137
17. E-Learning: Changing role of librarianship on the Digital Environment
Amiya Kumar Das--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
146
18. Similarity flow to viscous flow and heat transfer of nanofluid over nonlinearly stretching sheet
Poulomi De, Hiranmoy Mondal and Uttam Kumar Bera----------------------------------158
19. Effects of nanofluids on MHD mixed convective heat and mass transfer over a non-linear
stretching surface with suction/injection
Shweta Mishra, Sukriti Roy, Hiranmoy Mondal and Uttam Bera------------------------167
20. An Assessment of Profitability Strength of Eastern Coalfields Limited (ECL) and Central
Coalfields Limited (CCL) during 2003-04 to 2012-13: A Comparative Study for Quality Decision
Making
Ganesh Chandra Chattopadhyay---------------------------------------------------------------- 181
21. Corporate Social Responsibility in developing countries like India
Habibar R. Biswas and Pradip Laha-----------------------------------------------------------
196
22. Characteristics of Atmospheric Boundary Layer in Pre monsoon and Monsoon seasons over
Kolkata
Sharadia Dey and Srimanta Gupta-------------------------------------------------------------- 215
23. Study on the system testing procedure for evacuated tube solar water heating system
Tarak Nath Chell-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
226
24. A Novel linear controller for grid connected Doubly fed Induction Generator (DFIG)
Chandan Dutta, Himadri Ghosh and Purushottam Mishra------------------------------------- 236
25. Study of Recent Development & Research Challenges in Cognitive Radio with the growth of
Wireless Communications
Moumita Majumdar, Krishanu Mitra and Avik Chakraborty-------------------------------- 252
26. Structural Relationship between Destination Image, Tourist Satisfaction and Destination Loyalty:
Model development
Arup Kumar Baksi and Nibir Khawash--------------------------------------------------------- 260
27. Least Square Curve fitting of heat and mass transfer rate with Rayleigh number in a cavity lled
with porous media with non-uniform boundary condition
Sabyasachi Mondal----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 267
28. Customer Relationship Management and Service Quality in Tourism: Application of Structural
Equation Modeling
Arup Kumar Baksi and Tapas Kumar Das------------------------------------------------------ 278
6|Page
288
334
36. Finding appropriate Training/Teaching Methods by analyzing the Gray Matter through Case
Studies
Arti Kumari, Deepak Kumar Pradhan, Arindam Mullick, Abhimanyu Kumar, Soumen
Bhowmik and Kishore Ghosh------------------------------------------------------------------344
37. Satellite image segmentation approach based on marker controlled watershed algorithm
Pinaki Pratim Acharjya and Jayshree Deb Sinha---------------------------------------------
7|Page
349
9|Page
ka L , kaU if k 0,
5. kA = {ka : a A} =
U
L
ka , ka if k < 0,
where k is a real number.
Let Rn denotes the n -dimensional Euclidean space. The function F : R n I is called an
interval-valued function, i.e., F ( x) = F ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) is a closed interval in R for each
x R n . The interval-valued function F can also be written as F ( x) = [ F L ( x), F U ( x)] , where
F L ( x), F U ( x) are real valued functions defined on Rn and satisfy the condition
F L ( x) F U ( x) for each x R n .
If A = [a L , aU ] and B = [b L , bU ] , we write A LU B , if and only if a L b L and aU bU .
It is easy to see that LU is a partial ordering on I . Also we can write A < LU B if and only if
A LU B and A B .
Equivalently, A < LU B if and only if
aL < bL ,
or,
or,
a U < bU ,
aL < bL ,
a U bU ,
aL bL ,
a U < bU .
Definition 2.1 (Mandal and Nahak (2011)). Let f : R n R be a differentiable function and
p , r be arbitrary real numbers. If there exist : R n R n R n , : R n R n R n and R
f ( x) f ( y )(>)
1
f ( y )(e p ( x , y ) 1) + P ( x, y ) P2 , for p 0, r = 0,
p
f ( x) f ( y )(>) f ( y ) ( x, y ) + P ( x, y ) P2 , for p = 0, r = 0,
hold, then f is said to be (strictly) ( p , r ) ( , ) -invex at y on Rn with respect to , .
Remark 2.1 It should be noted that the exponentials appearing on the right-hand sides of
inequalities above are understood to be taken componentwise and 1 = (1,1,...,1) R n .
Remark 2.2 All theorems in this paper will be proved only in the case when p 0, r 0
(Other cases can be dealt with likewise since the only changes arise form of inequality).
Moreover, without loss of generality, we shall assume that r > 0, p > 0 (In the case when
10 | P a g e
(IVP)
subject to g j ( x) LU 0, j = 1, 2,..., m,
g j , j = 1, 2,..., m,
j =1
j =1
LF L ( x* ) + U F U ( x* ) + j g Lj ( x* ) + j g Uj ( x* ) = 0,
(1)
j g Lj ( x* ) = j g Uj ( x* ) = 0, j = 1, 2,..., m.
(2)
( x* , L , U , )
( p, r ) 1 ( , ) -invex,
( p, r ) 2 ( , ) -invex,
respectively
FL
and
FU
are
j g Lj
and
and
j =1
j =1
That is,
F L ( x0 ) < F L ( x* )
F L ( x0 ) F L ( x* )
F L ( x0 ) < F L ( x* )
,
or
,
or
U
U
U
U
*
U
*
U
*
F ( x0 ) < F ( x )
F ( x0 ) < F ( x )
F ( x0 ) F ( x )
Since r > 0 , using the property of exponential function, we obtain
11 | P a g e
1 r{ F L ( x0 ) F L ( x* )}
1 < 0
r e
U
U *
1 e r{ F ( x0 ) F ( x )} 1 < 0
r
1 r{ F L ( x0 ) F L ( x* )}
1 0
r e
1 r{ FU ( x0 ) FU ( x* )}
, or e
1 < 0
1 r{ F L ( x0 ) F L ( x* )}
1 < 0
r e
or
U
U *
1 e r{ F ( x0 ) F ( x )} 1 0
( p, r ) 1 ( , ) -invexity of
FL
and
( p, r ) 2 ( , ) -invexity of F U at x* , gives
1
L
*
e p ( x0 , x* ) 1 + P ( x , x* ) P2 < 0
{
F
(
x
)}
1
0
p
*
1 {F U ( x* )} e p ( x0 , x ) 1 + P ( x , x* ) P2 < 0
2
0
p
1
L
*
e p ( x0 , x* ) 1 + P ( x , x* ) P2 0
{
F
(
x
)}
1
0
p
or
*
1 {F U ( x* )} e p ( x0 , x ) 1 + P ( x , x* ) P2 < 0
2
0
p
1
L
*
e p ( x0 , x* ) 1 + P ( x , x* ) P2 < 0
{
F
(
x
)}
1
0
p
or
*
1 {F U ( x* )} e p ( x0 , x ) 1 + P ( x , x* ) P2 0
2
0
p
1 L L *
p ( x , x* )
{ F ( x ) + U F U ( x* )} e 0 1 + ( L 1 + U 2 ) P ( x0 , x* ) P2 < 0.
p
On the other hand, since j 0, j = 1, 2,..., m, from the feasibility of x0 to (IVP) and (2), we
have
m
j =1
j =1
j g Lj ( x0 ) j g Lj ( x* ),
m
and
g
j
j =1
U
j
( x0 ) j g Uj ( x* ).
j =1
As r > 0 , using the property of exponential function from the above inequalities, we get
12 | P a g e
(3)
r{
j g j ( x0 )
j g Lj ( x* )}
1
j =1
e j =1
1 0,
r
m
m U
r{
j g j ( x0 )
j gUj ( x* )}
1
j =1
e j =1
1 0.
r
invexity of
j g Lj and
j =1
j g Uj respectively, at x* , gives
j =1
1 m
p ( x , x* )
j g Lj ( x* ) e 0 1 + 3 P ( x0 , x* ) P2 0,
p j =1
(4)
1 m
p ( x , x* )
j g Uj ( x* ) e 0 1 + 4 P ( x0 , x* ) P2 0.
p j =1
(5)
1 p ( x0 , x* ) L L *
U
U
*
L
*
e
F
(
x
)
+
F
(
x
)
+
g
(
x
)
+
j g Uj ( x* )
j
j
p
j =1
j =1
+ ( L 1 + U 2 + 3 + 4 ) P ( x0 , x* ) P2 < 0,
1 p ( x0 , x* ) L L *
1 F ( x ) + U F U ( x* ) + j g Lj ( x* ) + j g Uj ( x* ) < 0.
e
p
j =1
j =1
F ( y ) = F L ( y), F U ( y)
max
subject to
m
j =1
j =1
LF L ( y ) + U F U ( y ) + j g Lj ( y ) + j g Uj ( y ) = 0,
m
g
j
j =1
13 | P a g e
( y ) LU 0, j = 1, 2,..., m,
(6)
(7)
(8)
j =1
j =1
F ( x) LU F ( y ).
Proof. Suppose contrary to the result that F ( x) < LU F ( y ).
That is,
F L ( x) < F L ( y )
U
U
F ( x) < F ( y )
F L ( x) F L ( y )
, or U
U
F ( x) < F ( y )
F L ( x) < F L ( y )
or U
U
F ( x) F ( y )
Since L > 0, U > 0 , the above inequalities together with the feasibility of x to (IVP) and
(7) becomes
m
j =1
j =1
L F L ( x) + U F U ( x) + j g Lj ( x) + j g Uj ( x) < L F L ( y ) + U F U ( y )
m
j =1
j =1
+ j g Lj ( y ) + j g Uj ( y ).
The
above
inequality
m
j =1
j =1
together
with
( p , r ) ( , ) -invexity
of
L F L + U F U + j g Lj + j g Uj at y , gives
m
m
1 L L
U
U
L
F
(
y
)
+
F
(
y
)
+
g
(
y
)
+
j g Uj ( y ) ( e p ( x , y ) 1)
j
j
p
j =1
j =1
+ P ( x, y ) P2 < 0,
m
j =1
j =1
LF L ( y ) + U F U ( y ) + j g Lj ( y ) + j g Uj ( y ) < 0,
which contradicts (6). This completes the proof.
Theorem 4.2 (Strong duality). Let x* be a LU optimal solution to (IVP) at which KuhnTucker constraints qualification are satisfied. Then there exist *L > 0, *U > 0 and * 0,
such that ( x* , *L , *U , * ) is a feasible solution to (MWD) and the two objectives have the
14 | P a g e
j =1
j =1
*LF L ( x* ) + *U F U ( x* ) + *j g Lj ( x* ) + *j g Uj ( x* ) = 0,
*j g Lj ( x* ) = *j g Uj ( x* ) = 0,
which yields that ( x* , *L , *U , * ) is a feasible solution to (MWD) and corresponding
objective values are same. Further, if ( x* , *L , *U , * ) is not a LU optimal solution to
(MWD), then there exist a feasible solution ( y* , *L , *U , * ) to (MWD) such that
F ( x* ) < LU F ( y * ),
15 | P a g e
16 | P a g e
Keywords: Recurrence relations, matrix elements, central potential, power law potential,
bound state wave functions and energies, normalization constant.
1. Introduction
In recent times, the number of spatial dimensions has gained a special significance in that it
may be treated as a variable parameter instead of a fixed number. It was shown by Mlodinow
and Papanicolau (1980) that the Schrodinger equations for a large number of physical
systems can be approximately solved by considering a systematic expansion in powers of
1/N.
The recurrence relations for radial matrix elements for sth power of radial distance of a three
dimensional hydrogen atom were derived by Blanchard (1974). Hughes (1977) obtained the
recurrence relations for matrix elements for any spherically symmetric three dimensional
potential V(r). Ray and Ray (1982) obtained these recurrence relations involving the
normalization constants for three dimensional potential for the first time.
In this work we extend the work of Ray and Ray (1982) to N-dimensional systems and obtain
not only the radial matrix elements
bound state wave functions for the first time in the N-dimensional space.
17 | P a g e
(1)
where x1 , x2 , x3 ,...xN are related to N-dimensional spherical coordinates (r, 1, 2,..., N-1) as
follows
,
,
,
.
(2)
.
.
,
.
.
.
,
,
The generalized Laplacian operator may be expressed as
N
2 =
i =1
2
xi2
,
(3)
where
are
(4)
Using (2) to (4) , the N-dimensional reduced radial Hamiltonian may be written as ( in atomic
units where
18 | P a g e
= = m = 1)
(5)
where
(6)
The radial Hamiltonian
,
(7)
where
are the bound state reduced radial wave functions with the normalization
(8)
ie.
,
(10)
where,
(11)
and
is a function of r only.
Again the radial Hamiltonian H ' satisfies the reduced radial Schrodinger equation
and
,
are
1 d4 f d2 f
A=
+
4 dr 4 dr 2
D L '( L '+ 1)
2
V
(
r
)
2
E
'
r2
r2
df
2
D
3
df dV L '( L '+ 1) 2 D
D 3D d f 2 Df
dr d
+
f
+
+
r 4 r 4 dr 3
r3
r 2 dr
dr dr
r3
r 3
(16)
In (16), D =
1
[ L(l + 1) L '( L '+ 1)]
2
(17)
Confining our attention to central potentials (1) we find that
lim r L 1u nl ( r ) = C nl
r0
(18)
where C nl is the normalization constant of the bound state wave function unl (r) with energy
E. We obtain from (13), (14), (15), (16) with f = r s , the off-diagonal relations
(s21)unl rs
dV
un'l' +2(
ss21)unl rs1Vun'l'
dr
2
s1
s
(
s
1
)(
E
+
E
')
(
L
L
')(
L
+
L
'
+
1
)(
E
E
')
u
r
unl' '
n
l
1
(s+1)(s1)2 (LL')2
(s1)2 (L+L'+1)2 unl rs3 unl' '
CC 2
= nl n'l'
s1(
2'
L+1
)(2L+1
)
2
which holds for all s ( L + L ')
20 | P a g e
s , ( L + L' )
(19)
validity of (19) for a hydrogenic atom or for an isotropic harmonic oscillator in N-dimensions
by explicit calculations. The relations (19) may prove very useful in calculating properties of
physical systems using 1/N expansion method.
The diagonal radial matrix elements
and
.The off
atomic properties using perturbation theory beyond 1st order. They also find application in
any transition process, for example, in emission and absorption of light by a hydrogen atom.
References
[1] Blanchard P 1974, A new recurrence relation for hydrogenic radial matrix elements, J. Phys. B:
Atom.Molec.Phys., Vol. 7, PP 993 1005
[2] Hughes D E 1977, Recurrence relations for radial matrix elements obtained from hypervirial
relations, J. Phys. B: Atom.Molec.Phys. ,Vol .10, pp 3167 3174
[3] Mlodinow L D and Papanicolau N 1980, SO(2,1) Algebra and the large N expansion in Quantum
Mechanics, Annals of Physics, Vol. 128, pp 314 334
[4] Ray A and Ray P P 1981,Bound states of the exponential cosine screened Coulomb potential,
Phys. Lett A, Vol. 83, pp 383 389
[5] Ray A and Ray P P 1982, Off-diagonal generalizations of the virial theorem, Book of Abstract
4th National Workshop in Atomic and Molecular Physics, Mukherjee S C ,ed.(IACS, Kolkata) p110
[6] Ray A, Mahata K and Ray P P 1988, Moments of probability distribution, wave functions and
their derivatives at the origin of N dimensional central potentials, Am. J. Phys, Vol. 56, pp 462 464
21 | P a g e
( x) = ( neinpx + neinpx ),
(1)
n =1
2
, is the series expansion order.
p
24 | P a g e
11 12 13
2u
+
+
= 2
x
y
z
t
21 22 23
2 v
+
+
= 2
(2)
x
y
z
t
31 32 33
2w
+
+
= 2
x
y
z
t
where u, v and w are displacements along x, y and z directions respectively, ij are the
incremental stress components and is the density of the material in this medium.
In case of homogeneous medium Hookes law gives the stress component as
ij = ij + 2 ij .
(3)
1 u u j
where , 1 are Lames constants and ij = i +
. Let u1 , v1 , w1 and u2 , v2 , w2 be the
2 x j xi
displacement components along x, y, z directions for upper layer and lower half-space
respectively. Applying the Love waves conditions
u1 = 0 = w1 and v1 = v1 ( x, z, t )
(4)
for the medium of layer (M1)and half-space (M2). Using the condition (4), the stress-strain
v
v
relation will be
12 =
and 23 =
x
z
(5)
and other component will be zero.
The variation in rigidity and density for the medium M1 and medium M2 are consider as
= 2eaz
= 1
For, M1
and for M2
(6)
az
= 2e
= 1
Therefore, the equations of motion for Love wave in homogeneous medium (M1) and
inhomogeneous half-space (M2) can be written as
1
2 e az
2 v1 v1
2v
+ 1
= 1 21
2
z z
x
t
2 v2
v
+ 2 e az 2
2
z
z
x
(7)
az v2
=
e
2
t 2
(8)
respectively.
We assume the harmonic solution of equations (7) and (8) as v ( x, z , t ) = V ( z )e ik ( x ct ) where k is the
wave number and c is the phase velocity of Love wave. Now, applying method of separation
of variable we get the solutions of equations (7) and (8) as
(9)
v1 ( x, z , t ) = ( A1eikm1z + A2 e ikm1z )eik ( x ct )
This is the displacement of Love wave in homogeneous medium where m1 =
1 =
c2
12
1 ,
1
is the shear wave velocity, k is the wave number and A1 and A2 are arbitrary
1
constants.
25 | P a g e
a
z
2 ik ( x ct )
(10)
1
a2
c2
where, m2 = 1 + 2 2 , 2 =
is the shear wave velocity for lower half-space and B2
4k
2
1
is the arbitrary constant. Therefore, equation (10) represents the required solution of the
lower inhomogeneous semi-infinite medium.
4. Boundary Conditions
The propagation of love wave in this assumed model should satisfy the following boundary
conditions:
The upper surface of the homogeneous layer is stress free i.e.,
i) 23 12 = 0, At z = h
x M1
At the surface contact of upper layer and lower inhomogeneous half-space, the mechanical
displacement and normal stress components are continuous i.e.,
ii) At
(a) v1 ( x, z, t ) = v2 ( x, z, t )
(b) ( 23 ) M1 = ( 23 ) M 2
5. Dispersion relation
Using the above boundary conditions we get the relations from equations (5), (9) and (10) as
follows:
c2
ki( h )
e
A1 2 1
1
x
c
c2
ki( h ) 12 1
e
A2 2 1 +
=0
1
x
2
2
a
c
a
1+ 2 2 +
4k
2 2k
2
A1 A2 +
B2 = 0
2
i 1
c
1
2
A1 + A2 B2 = 0
c2
12
(11)
(12)
(13)
Eliminating the arbitrary constants A1 , A2 and B2 from the above equations (11) to (13) we get
c2
ki
2 1
e
1
12
1( h )
c2
ki
e
2 1 +
1
ki
c2
1
2
26 | P a g e
c2
12
1( h )
12
1( h )
a2
c2
a
1 + 2 2 +
4k
2 2k
2
=
2
i 1
c
12
c2
ki
e
+ 2 1 +
1
c2
12
1( h )
(14)
ta n k { h d c o s ( p x )}
c2
2
2 1 =
1
1
1+
a2
c
2
4k
c2
12
2
2
2
a
a2
c2
a
+
i 1+
2
2
2k
4k
2
2k
c2
2 1
d p s in ( p x ) ta n k { h d c o s ( p x )}
c2
2 1
1
(1 5 )
This equation gives the frequency equation of Love wave in a homogeneous medium with
irregular boundary surface over an inhomogeneous half-space.
Case II: If amplitude of the upper periodic surface is neglected,
this case is
considered for a homogeneous layer over inhomogeneous half-space with plane boundary
surfaces. Therefore the equation (15) is reduces to
a2
c2
a
1
+
4k 2 22 2k
c2
2
tan kh 2 1 =
c2
1
1
1
2
(16)
Case III: If the inhomogeneity parameter is neglected from the lower half-space then the
equation (16) reduces to
c2
1 2
2
c2
2
tan kh 2 1 =
1
1 c
2 1
1
(17)
This is the general dispersion equation of Love wave in homogeneous media, which is the
same relation as Ewing et al. (1957).
7. Numerical computation and discussion
In order to show the effects of inhomogeneity parameter, corrugation parameter and
non-dimensional wave number on the propagation of Love waves in an irregular boundary
surface homogeneous layer over an inhomogeneous half-space. For the computational
purpose, we represent some numerical data from Gubbins (1990) as
Layer
Homogeneous
Rigidity
1 = 7.45 1010 N / m 2
Density
1 = 3293 kg / m3
Inhomogeneous
2 = 6.34 1010 N / m 2
2 = 3293 kg / m3
27 | P a g e
and
. The different
a
, for curve 1, curve 2, curve 3, curve 4 and curve 5
2k
and
observed that phase velocity increases with the decreases of wave number and it is also
observed that dimensionless phase velocity decreases with the increases of inhomogeneity
parameter.
In figure 3 studies have been made to get the effect corrugation parameter. Curves of this
figure has been made for different values of ( x / h, ph ) and fixed value of ingomoheneity
parameter
taken as
and
Figure 2: Variation of dimensionless phase velocity against dimensional wave number for different
values of inhomogeneity parameter.
28 | P a g e
Figure 3: Variation of dimensionless phase velocity against dimensional wave number for different
values of ( x / h, ph ) .
8. Conclusions
Propagation of Love wave in an irregular boundary surface homogeneous layer overlying an
inhomogeneous half-space with plane boundary surface (upper) has been studied in details.
The solutions for displacements in the layer and half-space have been derived separately in
closed form. The dispersion equation of Love waves have been derived in three different type
cases. The numerical computations of particular cases are performed and effects of
inhomogeneity parameter and corrugation parameter are studied graphically. From the above
figures it may concluded that
(i) Dimensionless phase velocity of Love wave increases with decreases of nondimensional wave number kh.
(ii) The phase velocity increases with the increases of inhomogeneity parameter.
(iii) Dimensionless phase velocity decreases, as values of dimensionless corrugation
parameters ( x / h, ph ) increase.
(iv) Finally, when both the layer and half-space are homogeneous with plane surface
equation reduces to the general equation of Love wave by A.E.H. Love (1911) and Ewing et
al. (1957).
References
[1] Biot, M.A. (1965). Mechanics of Incremental Deformations. Wiley, New York.
[2] Chattaraj, R., Samal, S.K., Mahanti, N. (2013). Dispersion of Love Wave Propagating in Irregular
Anisotropic Porous Stratum under Initial Stress. Int. J. Geomech., 13, 402-408.
[3] Chattopadhyay, A., Gupta, S., Sahu, S.A., Singh, A.K. (2013). Dispersion of horizontally
polarized shear waves in an Irregular Non Homogeneous Self-reinforced Crustal Layer over a Semiinfinite Self-reinforced Medium. Journal of Vibration and Control, 19, 109-119.
29 | P a g e
30 | P a g e
Second picture we get from the language discourses. They were never recognized by
their dialects. As we all know that there are 645 tribal communities in India as identified by
the Government of India as on date. 2Language plays an important role in providing a space
for identity. A dominant discourse is that the number of tribal groups used their own
2
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Scheduled_Tribes_in_India
31 | P a g e
Thirdly, the tribes are never given importance of their rich resources.3 The community
remained stigmatized for many years and was sometimes categorized as animists and as a hill
tribe. For example, the Meenas remained as officially designated criminal tribe until 1952.4 In
ancient times the various tribes used to prepare coins in various kingdoms as they were
experts in preparing coins. A market is colloquially known as Mena Bazar in Delhi associated
by the name of Mena tribes. But during the colonial period the whole activity of such trade
and business were taken away by the so called British rulers. So our version shows that the
identity was and still is in peril.
4.
Our next story depicts about the indigenous people after being defeated by the
princely class flew away in the forest and started living there and became closely associated
with forest land. But they are the worst sufferers during the colonial rule. The British
earmarked those areas and classified as forest under The Indias Forest Laws 19275 and those
cultivating these lands or used shifting cultivation, technically converted as forest land. The
forest act in colonial period had no interest with tribal rights but to collect timber and
resources by the colonial government. The law says that when forest is declared, a single
official designated as Forest Settlement Officer enquired into and settled the land and forest
rights of the people. These powerful officials unsurprisingly either did nothing or recorded
only the rights of powerful communities.6 The Indias forests till 1972 were governed by two
main laws, The Indian Forest Act 1972 and The Wild Life (Protection) Act enacted in 1972.
The former empowers the government to declare any area to be a reserve forest, protected
forest, or village forest. The latter allows any area to be constituted as protected area namely
3
4
http://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/c-ancient.html
http://indiangovteducation.blogspot.in/
http://forest.and.nic.in/ActsNRules%5CIFA-1927.pdf
6
http://www.forestrightsact.com/what-is-this-act-about
5
32 | P a g e
Fifthly, government started thinking about the development of tribal areas in its
constitution and taking some development plan. One such reflection could be observed in
terms of declaring Scheduled Areas------ means the Scheduled Areas as referred to in
Clause (1) of Article 244 of the Indian Constitution. Scheduled Areas of Article 244(1) are
notified as per the Fifth Schedule7 and 8Tribal Areas of Article 244(2) are notified as per the
Sixth Schedule9. Sixth Schedule contains provisions as to the administration of tribal areas in
north-eastern states of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram. This law gives enormous
freedoms to set up autonomous Regional Council and every autonomous district has its own
autonomous District Council. The Regional Council or District Council have the power to
constitute village Councils or courts for the trial of suits and cases between the parties all of
whom belong to scheduled tribes within such areas. The District Councils, additionally, are
given the power to establish, manage and construct primary schools, dispensaries, markets,
cattle pounds, ferries, fisheries, roads, road transport and waterways in the district, which
gives them a stake also in many other fields, besides administration. The Regional Councils
and District Councils are also endowed with the power to assess and collect revenues. States
such as Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh have often demanded their tribal regions to be
notified in the Sixth Schedule in order to get more autonomous power.
The Fifth Schedule envisages notification of tribal-dominated areas as Scheduled Areas and
the formation of a Tribal Advisory Council (TAC) at the State level. Since these Scheduled
Areas are supposed to enjoy autonomy protected by the Constitution, the laws passed by the
7
http://www.tribal.nic.in/Content/DefinitionofScheduledAreasProfiles.aspx
http://mmpindia.in/Fifth_Schedule.htm
9
http://www.constitution.org/cons/india/shed06.htm
8
33 | P a g e
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchayats_(Extension_to_Scheduled_Areas)_Act_1996
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scheduled_Tribes_and_Other_Traditional_Forest_Dwellers_(Recognition_
of_Forest_Rights)_Act,_2006
http://swapsushias.blogspot.in/2012/05/panchayats-extension-to-scheduled-areas.html
11
34 | P a g e
36 | P a g e
37 | P a g e
Age
Income
Occupation
Educational
Qualifications
41 | P a g e
Demographic
Characteristics
Frequency
Male
192 (86.9)
Female
29 (13.1)
30 years
51 (23.1)
31 - 40 years
66 (29.9)
41 - 50 years
38 (17.2)
51 - 60 years
49 (22.2)
60 years
17 (7.7)
Rs.14999.00
30 (13.6)
Rs.15000.00 Rs.24999.00
102 (46.2)
Rs.25000.00 Rs.44999.00
70 (31.7)
Rs.45000.00
19 (8.6)
Salaried
174 (78.7)
Business
15 (6.8)
Professional
11 (5.0)
Retired
18 (8.1)
Housewife
3 (1.4)
High school
14 (6.3)
Graduate
56 (25.3)
Post-graduate
38 (17.2)
Professional
98 (44.3)
Std.
Deviation
Mean
Median Mode
1.1312
1.0000
1.00
0.33841
2.6154
2.0000
2.00
1.26905
2.3529
2.0000
2.00
0.82150
1.4661
1.0000
1.00
1.00226
3.1991
4.0000
4.00
1.08970
Locality of
Living
Any other
15 (6.8)
144 (65.2)
30 (13.6)
47 (21.3)
Mobile Phone
64 (29.0)
Modern Aids
Combination of
mobile & internet
* Percentage (%) in parenthesis
157 (71.0)
1.5611
1.0000
1.00
0.82138
1.4208
2.0000
2.00
0.90921
To understand the strength of the relationship of convenient transaction of the customers and
information technology, the simple regression analysis was performed in order to predict the
dependent variable from the independent variable (predictor) where convenient transaction
was considered as the dependent variable and information technology was considered as the
independent variable for this study. The results of simple regression analysis are given below
in the following tables:
Table 2: Variables Entered/Removedb
Model
1
Variables Entered
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Variables Removed
.
Method
Enter
R
.166
R Square
.028
Adjusted R Square
.023
Sum of Squares
5.989
211.703
217.692
df
1
219
220
Mean Square
5.989
.967
F
6.196
Sig.
.014
Model
1
(Constant)
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Unstandardized Standardized
Coefficients
Coefficients
t
Sig.
B Std. Error
Beta
3.306
.168
19.734 .000
.284
.114
.166
2.489 .014
42 | P a g e
Method
Enter
43 | P a g e
F
17.314
Sig.
.002
Unstandardized
Standardized
Coefficients
Coefficients
t
Sig.
B
Std. Error
Beta
3.708
.154
11.263 .006
(Constant)
1
CONVENIENT
.209
.096
TRANSACTION
a. Dependent Variable: OVERALL SATISFACTION
.186
2.235 .000
The above simple regression analysis results established that the dependent variable overall
satisfaction of the LICI customers has a strong relationship with the independent variable
convenient transaction of the customers with their insurer. In ANOVA result of Table 8, the
value of F = 17.314, p0.001 established the significance of the relationship between the
overall satisfaction of the customer and their convenient transaction. In Table 9, the
regression coefficients result shows that the standardized coefficient and corresponding tvalue of convenient transaction are = 0.186, t = 2.235, p<0.001 which also established that
in the present study, a positive and strong relationship exists in between dependent variable
overall satisfaction of the customers and independent variable convenient transaction of the
customers. Thus, the second null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis
Overall satisfaction of the customers is dependent of their convenient transaction with the
insurer is accepted.
From the above discussion, in the present context of the study, the following diagram has
been developed which indicates that information technology plays a significant role in
convenient transaction of the customers with their insurer which also has a positive impact on
the overall satisfaction of the LICI customers.
45 | P a g e
46 | P a g e
Physical properties of
heterostructure devices can be estimated from the knowledge of quantum transport processes,
and precise estimation of transmission coefficient is essential for the device with
incorporation of physical parameters [7-8].
Sen [2] reported the electron resonant tunneling through graded parabolic quantum well, and
I-V characteristic of such device was in good agreement with theoretical founding. Cruz [9]
calculated it for short-periodic superlattice structure, and later [10] employed transfer matrix
technique along with envelope function approximation to compute transmission coefficient.
Effect of electric field on Stark resonance condition is also calculated by Yuen [11].
Interband optical transitions in presence of midinfrared field [12] were computed for that sole
purpose as an optoelectronic application. Also intraband transitions in parabolic
multiquantum well structures is calculated for designing novel infrared detector [13], which
is a possible novel sensor using this type of geometrical structure. Author and co-workers
already calculated the effect of field on the similar structure for nonparabolic semiconductor
[14], but parabolic band structure consideration leads to the reduction of transmission
probability, as shown in this paper. Several numerical techniques have already been applied
by researchers to analyze electrical characteristics of double quantum well device such as
Variational method [15], Fourier Series method [16], Transfer Matrix approach [10],
Propagation Matrix method [17], Finite Difference method [18] etc. Comparing all these
methods, propagation matrix method is considered as one of the accurate techniques by the
authors because it can effectively be used to solve second-order differential equations with
simplicity, and results obtained by using this method are quite close to the experimental
results as suggested by earlier workers.
In this paper, probability of transmission of carriers in a double quantum well structure
surrounded by finite barriers is numerically computed when well geometry is regarded as
parabolic, and parabolic band structure is assumed. GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs material composition is
considered for simulation purpose. Effect of electric field on transmission coefficient is
analyzed for potential low biasing applications. Barrier width and well widths are
48 | P a g e
2 d 2
( z ) + V ( z ) ( z ) ( z ). z. ( z ) = E ( z ) ( z )
2 m * dz 2
(1)
where (z) is the electric field. Incorporating the concept of effective mass mismatch, i.e.
spatial variation of effective mass in Schrdingers equation, we obtain
2 1
( z ) + V ( z ) ( z ) ( z ).z. ( z ) = E ( z ) ( z )
*
2 z m ( z ) z
(2)
In order to avoid differentiating discontinuous functions and producing infinities, solution of
Schrdingers Equn (2) requires envelope function approximation that is both (z) and
(1/m*)((z)/z) are continuous by considering electron transport across the heterojunction.
In the barrier and well regions, modified Schrdingers equations are-
2
1
+ V b ( w ) ( z ) ( z ) ( z ).z. ( z ) = E ( z ) ( z )
(
z
)
2 z m b ( w ) * ( z ) z
(3)
where mb* & mw* are the effective masses of barrier and well regions, and Vb & Vw are
potentials respectively. For the double quantum well triple barrier structure under
consideration as shown in fig, wavevector for the problem may be defined as:
49 | P a g e
2m* (E qV j )
kj =
0.5
(4)
where the term Vj stands for potential function, which includes both Vb/w and field
component along the propagation direction.
Fig 1: Schematic picture of double quantum well triple barrier structure having parabolic geometry at zero bias
with GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs composition
j = A j exp[ik j z ] + B j exp[ ik j z ]
(5.1)
j +1 = C j +1 exp[ik j +1 z ] + d j exp[ ik j +1 z ]
(5.2)
where A and C are coefficients for the wave function traveling left to right in regions j and
j+1 respectively; B and D are the corresponding right-to-left traveling-wave coefficients. We
assume that BenDaniel Duke boundary conditions are satisfied in all the junctions.
Propagation between potential steps separated by distance Lj carries phase information only
so that
A j exp[ik j L j ] = C j
(6.1)
B j exp[ ik j L j ] = D j
(6.2)
This can be formulated as-
50 | P a g e
Aj
C j +1
B = M D
j
j +1
(7)
where
0
exp[ik j L j ]
M =
0
exp[ik j L j ]
(8)
Thus, propagation matrix for jth region can be written as:
m j k j +1
exp[ik j L j ]
1 +
m
1
j +1 k j
Pj =
2
m k
1 j j +1 exp[ik j L j ]
m j +1 k j
m k
1 j j +1 exp[ik j L j ]
m
j +1 k j
m j k j +1
1 +
exp[ik j L j ]
m j +1 k j
(9)
A flow of propagation matrix in different region of the concerned structure provides the
transmission matrix which can be defined asT (E) =
1
( P11 ) 2
(10)
3. Results and Discussion
The quantum structure considered for numerical analysis of transmission coefficient is double
well triple barrier one, where well is made by lower bandgap GaAs material, and barrier is
fabricated by higher bandgap AlxGa1-xAs material. It may be noted that the percentage of Al is
limited within 40% so that the structure always remain within type-I limit, so direct transition
between conduction and valence bands are allowed. This consideration helps to apply the
theoretical results into predicting the performances of optoelectronic devices. In this context,
for better result, conduction band discontinuity is considered at the junctions, and effective
mass mismatch is also taken into account following BenDaniel Duke boundary condition.
51 | P a g e
Numerical computation begins with equal well and barrier widths of the structure, where
material composition of barrier layer is modified within type-I limit. It is observed that by
increasing the Al composition, tunneling probability reduces, shown in Fig 2. This is due to
the fact that with increase of Al mole fraction, both potential barrier (i.e. conduction band
discontinuity) and effective mass mismatch at the junctions increase, and hence tunneling
probability reduces. By application of high electric field, it is revealed that tunneling
probability increases. This can be verified by the origin of resonance peak at lower energy
values. This is shown in Fig 3. This ensures the fact that application of bias enhances the
probability of tunneling, which is significant for low bias device operation. For simulation
purpose, zero potential level is considered at the bottom of the well, i.e., at the vertex of the
well region due to its geometry.
Fig 3: Comparative study Transmission coefficient with energy for different material composition of well layer in
presence of electric field. Fig 4: Trans coefficient with energy for different electric field for particular material
composition of barrier layer
By increasing the strength of electric field, resonance probability increases to a great extent.
This is plotted in Fig 4. Thus a suitable choice of bias voltage can provide the required
transmission at desired energy values. Also the existence of quasi-bound states becomes less
significant with higher field intensity.
Fig 5 shows that with higher barrier width, transmission probability reduces when well width
is kept constant for potentially symmetric structure. One interesting feature may be noted
down that with higher barrier width, the origin of first peak remains almost at same energy
value, where simulation is carried out considering barrier width is always lower than the well
52 | P a g e
Fig 5: Transmission coefficient profile with energy for different barrier width for GaAs/Al0.3Ga0.7As material
composition in presence of electric field. Fig 6: Transmission coefficient profile with energy for different well
width for GaAs/Al0.3Ga0.7As material composition in presence of electric field
4. Conclusion
Electronic properties of DQWTB structure are dependent on material composition and
dimensional configuration precisely when parabolic geometry is considered. In presence of
electric field, transmission coefficient increases, and eigenstates appear at lower energy
values. This analysis is far more important than rectangular structure as step potential
configuration is ideal and fabrication limitations in existing microelectronic technology
makes the well structure distorted. Parabolic profile is the closest mathematical
approximation is considered for predicting performances of such devices. Al composition is
varied within type-I heterostructure limitation so that structure can be made potentially
different, and resonant tunneling probability is computed for different cases. Existence of
quasi-bound states can be verified by studying the origin of resonance peaks, and varying
well widths and barrier thicknesses provides pictorial information of these states. This
analysis can be further extended to analyze complex one-dimensional confined structures.
References
[1] G. Goldhaber-Gordon, M. S. Montemerlo, J. C. Love, G. J. Opiteck, and J. C. Ellenbogen,
Overview of Nanoelectronic Devices, Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 85, No. 4, pp. 521-540, 1997.
53 | P a g e
54 | P a g e
The conventional
destination loyalty have not been thoroughly investigated, Chi and Qu (2008, p. 624)
claimed tourist satisfaction as critical to profitability. Although measuring tourist
satisfaction is not simple, several studies have been conducted to examine the influence
of customer satisfaction on loyalty (Gummesson, 1993; Anderson and Fornell, 1994; Um
et al., 2006; Hui et al., 2007). Gotlieb et al. (1994) asserted that positive satisfaction had
positive influence on tourists repurchase intention.
(2000); Petrick et al. (2001), and Jang & Feng (2006) highlighted that satisfaction is the
primary antecedent of revisit intention.
Importantly, there is an agreement among several scholars that satisfaction provided a
ground for revisit and positive word of mouth recommendations which are the indicators of
58 | P a g e
widely underlined
few studies disapproved the positive relationship between tourist satisfaction and revisit
intention (e.g. Um et al., 2006).
In tourist destination researches (e.g. Oliver, 1997; Yoon & Uysal 2005), tourist
satisfaction has been measured by different items such as overall satisfaction, performance,
expectation, and positive recommendation. Notably, Chi and Qu (2008) maintained loyalty
to be a better predictor of actual behavior compared to satisfaction. In this respect, Chen and
Tsai (2007) conclude that a key effect of tourist satisfaction that influences tourism
intentions for revisit both in short and long term is loyalty to the destination.
Researchers have verified the relationship between the tourist satisfaction and destination
loyalty (Chi and Qu, 2008; Yoon and Uysal, 2005) not in terms of revisit intention but also
through advocacy (Bigne et al, 2009; Murray and Howat, 2002; Yoon and Uysal, 2005).
Destination loyalty has been highlighted as one of the most important subjects in tourism
researches. In many studies, revisit intention and positive word of mouth recommendation
are noted as indicators of loyalty (e.g. Yoon & Uysal 2005; Chi and Qu, 2008). Several
studies have attempted to identify major antecedents of revisit intention including
satisfaction (Petrick et al., 2001; Kozak 2001), novelty seeking (Jang & Feng, 2007), image
(Chi & QU, 2008), motivation and satisfaction (Yoon & Usal, 2005), safety (Chen &
Gursoy, 2001), overall satisfaction (Campo- Martinez et al. 2010), cultural difference (
Chen & Gursoy, 2001), perceived value ( Petrick et al.,2001), past vacation experience(
Kozak ,2001), and the like. In this regard, notably, Jang and Feng (2007) asserted that even
though the extent of research finding is well focused on determinants of repeat visit
intention, it can be contested that understanding tourists revisit intention and their behavior
remains limited. Revisit intention has also been focused as an important issue from
economic perspective in tourism studies (e.g. Darnell & Johnson, 2001). Hsu et al. (2008)
observed preserving loyalty of established customer as a crucial contributor to the
achievement and profitability of business. Accordingly, the main reason why researchers
should consider revisit intention is the fact that globalization of markets, competitive
59 | P a g e
60 | P a g e
CRMD
PTSQ
TS
DL
CRM AD
PTSQ
TS
DL
Conclusion
The study aims to expand the research domain and shall contribute to the extant literature by
providing the intervening effects of CRM while linking perceived tourist service quality,
tourist satisfaction and destination loyalty. Further to this, the study reinforces the
applicability and integration of CRM dimensions (Yim et al, 2004) with the functional and
behavioural modalities of tourism industry. The moderating effects of CRM and CRM-AD on
PTSQ and TS, TS and DL and on the link PTSQ-TS-DL is likely to open up new research
frontiers whereby additional exploration to the dimensional impact of CRM on sectoral
tourist behaviours can be analysed. Existing literature emphasized the role of tourist service
quality towards influencing tourist satisfaction by using the conventional dimensions of
SERVQUAL. In future further extrapolations can be made to identify novel dimensions of
service quality to emphasize tourist dynamics.
References
[1] Ahmed, P.K. and Rafiq, M. (2003). Internal marketing issues and challenges. European Journal
of Marketing, 37(9), 1177-1186
[2] Aiken, L. S., and West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions.
Newbury Park: Sage.
[3] Anderson, E. W., and Fornell, C., (1994). A customer satisfaction research prospectus. In R. T.
Rust, Oliver, R. (Ed.), Service quality: New directions in theory and practice (pp. 241-268).
CA: Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks.
[4]
Anglim,
J.
(2007).
Structural
equation
modeling.
Retrieved
from
http://www.jeromyanglim.googlepapers.com (retrieved on 12-07-2013).
[5] Armstrong, G. and Kotler, P. (2003). Marketing: An introduction, 6th ed., Upper Saddle River,
NJ: Prentice Hall.
[6] Atilgan, E, Akinsy, S. and Aksoy, S., (2003). Mapping service quality in the tourism industry.
Managing Service Quality, 13(5), 412-422
[7] Avkiran, N. K., (1994). Developing an Instrument to Measure Customer Service Quality in
Branch Banking. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 12(6), 10-18.
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66 | P a g e
67 | P a g e
Abstract
Transmittance of one-dimensional photonic crystal is computed using transfer-matrix
technique under p and s-polarized conditions considering optical gain factor. GaN/AlxGa1-xN
material composition is considered for simulation purpose, and Adachis model is considered
to accurately incorporate the material parameter effect into calculation. Results are also
compared with that obtained under normal incidence. Computation suggests that the structure
can be used as optical bandpass filter, and optical gain/loss factor makes the filter
characteristics asymmetric. Material composition is also tuned to analyze the shift of
passband centered on 1.55 m. Results are important in designing the filter using
semiconductor-based photonic crystal for optical communication.
Keywords
One-dimensional photonic crystal, Transmittance, Semiconductor heterostructure, Optical
gain coefficient, P-polarization, S-polarization
1. Introduction
Electromagnetic wave propagation through one-dimensional periodic boundary is the subject
of research for a long years ago [1], and the concept of photonic band gap evolves a few
decades back [2] when the computation suggested the strucutres ability to restrict the
propagation in certain wavelength, and allow in other ranges. this novel property is exhibited
by photonic crystal, one of the pioneering development in the field of photonics. The
phenomenon can eb explained by using Braggs reflection [3], and the strucutre can be
utilized in designing optical bandpass filter [4]. The passive circuit concept can be possible to
realize only when layer dimensions have the order of light wavelength [5]. Materials exhibit
photonic bandgap can be used in designing photonic crystal fibre [6], which may replace the
68 | P a g e
a2 = t 21a1 + r12b2
(1)
b1 = t12b2 + r21a1
(2)
where rij and tij are reflectivity and transmissivity in passing from layer i to layer j.
69 | P a g e
Fig 1: Schematic picture of forward and backward waves in smallest unit of 1D photonic crystal
r12 = r21 =
n1 cos( 2 ) n2 cos(1 )
n1 cos( 2 ) + n2 cos(1 )
(3)
r12 = r21 =
n1 cos(1 ) n2 cos( 2 )
n1 cos(1 ) + n2 cos( 2 )
(4)
From the wave equations, transfer matrix corresponding to the interface can be obtained as
1 1
M T 1, 2 =
t r21,12
r21,12
(5)
Considering the phase factor of the field propagating through uniform medium, propagation
matrix is given as
0
exp[ jk1, 2 d1, 2 ]
P1, 2 =
0
exp[ jk1, 2 d1, 2 ]
(6)
where di is the propagation length in ith layer, and ki is the wavevector in that layer. Thus,
transfer matrix for the elementary cell is
M = M T 1 P1 M T 2 P2
(7)
For a perfectly periodic medium composed of N such elementary cells, the total transfer
matrix for such a structure is
M tot = M N
(8)
T=
1
2
M 11 (tot )
(9)
context is that higher gain factor distortates the filter characteristics. If optical loss factor is
included, then similar downward fall of transmittance is observed, as depicted in Fig 2b.
71 | P a g e
Fig 3 shows the variaiton for normal and oblique incidence. It is shown that with increase in
incidence angle, passband of the optical filter makes a right shift keeping the magnitude of
the photonic bandgap unchanged. The analysis holds for both type of polarized incidence.
But for p-polarized incidence, quality of the filter improves due to the enhanced reflectivity at
the edge of the filter profile; when compared with normal incidence. The reverse nature; i.e.,
detoriation of filter characteristics is observed when s-polarized wave is incident. Fig 3a
shows the nature for gain factor, whereas the effect due to loss factor is shown in Fig 3b.
Fig 3: Transmittivity profile with wavelength for normal and oblique incidence of electromagnetic waves (a) for
gain factor; (b) for loss factor
72 | P a g e
73 | P a g e
4. Conclusion
Transmittivity of one-dimensional photonic crystal is computed for incidence of s and ppolarized waves incorporating optical gain factor. Material composition is changed to observe
the effect on passband of filter characteristics. Oblique incidence makes a right shift of
passband around centered wavelength for both the polarization conditions. Gain factor
increases the magnitude of transmittance which is required for filter application.
References
[1] R. Loudon, The Propagation of Electromagnetic Energy through an Absorbing Dielectric,
Journal of Physics A, vol. 3, pp. 233-245, 1970.
[2] E. Yablonovitch, Inhibited Spontaneous Emission in Solid-State Physics and Electronics,
Physical Review Letters, vol. 58, pp. 2059-2061, 1987.
[3] A. Adibi, Role of distributed Bragg reflection in photonic-crystal optical waveguides, Physical
Review B, vol. 64, p. 041102, 2001.
[4] D. Mao, Z. Ouyang, J. C. Wang, A photonic-crystal polarizer integrated with the functions of
narrow bandpass and narrow transmission-angle filtering, Applied Physics B, vol. 90, pp. 127-131,
2008.
[5] E. Ozbay, Layer-by-layer photonic crystals from microwave to far-infrared frequencies, Journal
of Optical Society of America B, vol. 13, pp. 1945-1955, 1996.
[6] J. Limpert, T. Schreiber, S. Nolte, H. Zellmer, T. Tunnermann, R. Iliew, F. Lederer, J. Broeng,
G.Vienne, A. Petersson, C. Jakobsen, High-power air-clad large-mode-area photonic crystal fiber
laser, Optic Express, vol. 11, pp. 818-823, 2003.
[7] J. Hansryd, P. A. Andrekson, M. Westlund, J. Li, P. O. Hedekvist, Fiber-based Optical.
Parametric Amplifiers and their Applications, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics on Quantum
Electronics, vol. 8, pp. 506-520, 2002.
[8] E Istrate, E H Sargent, Photonic crystal heterostructures - resonant tunnelling, waveguides and
filter, Journal of Optics A: Pure and Applied Optics, vol. 4, pp. S242S246, 2002.
[9] A. Rudziski, Analytic Expressions for Electromagnetic Field Envelopes in a 1D Photonic
Crystal, ACTA Physics Polonica A, vol. 111, pp. 323-333, 2007.
[10] M. Vasiliev, V. I. Belotelov, A. N. Kalish, V. A. Kotov, A. K. Zvezdin, K. Alameh, Effect of
oblique light incidence on magnetooptical properties of one-dimensional photonic crystal, IEEE
Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 42, pp. 382-388, 2006.
[11] G. Shambat, M. S. Mirotznik, G. Euliss, V. O. Smolski, E. G. Johnson, R. A. Athale, Photonic
crystal filters for multi-band optical filtering on a monolithic substrate, Journal of Nanophotonics,
vol. 3, p. 031506, 2009.
[12] P. Reininger, S. Kalchmair, R. Gansch, A. M. Andrews, H. Detz, T. Zederbauer, S. I. Ahn, W.
Schrenk and G. Strasser, Optimized Photonic Crystal Design for Quantum Well Infrared
Photodetectors, Proc. of SPIE, vol. 8425, p. 84250A, 2012.
[13] Y. Gao, H. Chen, H. Qiu, Q. Lu and C. Huang, Transmission Spectra Characteristics of 1D
Photonic Crystals with Complex Dielectric Constant, Rare Metals, vol. 30, pp. 150-154, 2011.
74 | P a g e
optic al power(m W )
2.5
1.5
0.5
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
driving c urrent(am ps )
0.025
0.03
76 | P a g e
.................. (4)
Where,
gain is Zero,
is
Frequency
of
Description
Drive current
Value
8 x 10 -11 cm3
4 x 10 6 cm-3 s-1
0.45
2 x 10 17 cm-3
Planks constant
6.626 x 10 34 J.s
2.07 x 10 14 Hz
light
Table. 1
wave
3.5 x 10 17
2 x 10 4
4 x 10 9 sec
2 x 10 12 sec
3.0
1.602 x 10 19 C
0.4
is
calculated
as
= 0. Thus it is possible to find out the expressions for photon and carrier
(7)
or,
(8)
or, S(t) =
. (9)
Equations (8) and (9) are used for steady state modeling using MATLAB Simulink.
The steady state performance characteristics are shown below.
18
18
4.6826
x 10
16
x 10
14
4.6826
12
Electron density
4.6826
4.6826
4.6826
10
8
6
4
4.6826
4.6826
4.5
5.5
6
Time in sec
6.5
7.5
-8
x 10
78 | P a g e
0
0
0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05
current (amps)
4.6826
0.01
x 10
0.009
4.6826
0.008
0.007
4.6826
power (W)
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
4.6826
4.6826
4.6826
0.001
0
0
0.5
1.5
2
2.5
photon density (S(t))
3.5
4.6826
0
0.5
15
x 10
1.5
2
2.5
photon density S(t)
3.5
4
15
x 10
4. Derivation of state transition matrix and transfer function for small signals
To obtain the small signal response, it is required to linearize the nonlinear laser rate
equations. For this any arbitrary point close to threshold is chosen. This is because, the gain
compression term
y=
............................. (16)
Having obtained this state model, operating points (electron density, photon density) very
close to lasing region are chosen to find out the state transition matrix and transfer function
for each points. For any operating point ( Np, SP) the state model is
79 | P a g e
yp =
............................. (18)
Operating point
Electron density (NP cm-3)
12 X 10-3
5.3496 x1017
2.3521 x1015
15 X 10-3
5.5844 x1017
2.3172 x 1014
Table. 2
(Fig 6) and also the variation of electron density(N) with time rate of
with time is shown in the fig. (8). It is seen that the output optical power has
a steady value of 0.9 mW and the peak value is 3.75 mW .The maximum initial overshoot
is 2.85 mW
.
Fig.6 Phase plane S vs S dot
4
x 10
-3
o p t ic a l p o w e r in w a t t
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
3
4
t im e in s e c
7
x 10
-9
Fig.9 shows a simple optical feedback technique to reduce the high initial oscillations by
employing a silicon pin photodiode as optical sensor of laser output. Such a photodiode has a
stable long
term responsivity which remains constant over a wide temperature range. The
82 | P a g e
Fig.13
83 | P a g e
1 /G a
1
0 .5
u
N_ V S _ Nd o t
P ro d u ct2
o p ti ca l co n fi n e m e n t fa cto r,G a
sp o n .
2 e -4 e m m i si o n
fa cto r,b e ta
0 .4 5
driv e c urrent(am ps )
S te p
G a *b e ta
Di sp l a y
1 .6 0 2 e -1 9
E l e ctro n Ch a rg e ,q
u
1 / (q V a )
N(t)
1
s
I(t) / (q V a )
qVa
8 e -1 1
4 e -6
0 .4
a cti ve re g i o n vo l ,V a
P ro d u ct6
S co p e
In te g ra to r
sl o p e G a i n
co n st,
q u a n e ffi ,n
P ro d u ct5
2 e 1 7 N0
P ro d u ct4
1 /ta u n
1
G a *b e ta *N(t)/ta u n
ta u n
4 e -9
S_VS_Sdot
1
S (t)
1
s
u
M a th
Fu n cti o n 2
Co n sta n t5
In te g ra to r1
p h o to n _ d e n si ty
3 .5 e -1 7
P ro d u ct9
d p h i /d t
Co n sta n t4
G a i n co m p fa c,e p si l o n
S (t) /ta u s
P ro d u ct7
0 .5
ta u s
2 e -1 2
l i n e wi d th
e n h a n ce m e n t
fa cto r,a l p h a
p o we r W
P ro d u ct8
P ro d u ct3
5 .4 0 6 8 e -2 0
1
s
In te g ra to r2
p h a se
u
M a th
Fu n cti o n
h *n u
P ro d u c t 4
0 .4 5
o p t i c a l c o n f i n e m e n t f a c t o r, G a
P ro d u c t 6
2 e -1 2
P ro d u c t 5
ta u s
1 5 e -3
C o n st a n t 1
d ri v e c u rre n t
1 . 6 0 2 e -1 9
E l e c t ro n C h a rg e , q
u
1 / (q V a )
I (t ) / (q V a )
P ro d u c t 2
qVa
8 e -1 1
q u a n e ffi ,n
a c t i v e re g i o n v o l , V a
4 e -9
ta u n
1
C o n st a n t
sp o n .
e m m i si o n
f a c t o r, b e t a
t a u n / (1 -b e t a )
2 e -4
5 . 4 0 6 8 e -2 0
h *n u
v*h *u
P ro d u c t 9
P (t )
2 *G a *ta u s / V a *n *h *n
S (t )
V a *h *n *u / 2 *g a *ta u s
P ro d u c t 8
84 | P a g e
N (t )
85 | P a g e
Tanushree Karmakar
M. Tech Student, Department of CST,
Dr. B. C. Roy Engineering College, Durgapur
2
Biswajit Mondal
2
Research Scholar, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, WBUT, Kolkata.
3
Mr.Jiban Dalal
3
Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science & Engineering,
Dr. B. C. Roy Engineering College, Durgapur
and
4
Chandan Koner
4
Associate Professor, Department of Computer Science & Engineering,
Dr. B. C. Roy Engineering College, Durgapur
Corresponding author email: biswa.mondal@gmail.com
1
Abstract
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a promising and emerging technology which has various
futuristic applications in both mass civilian and military activities. The sensing technology
combined with processing power and wireless communication makes it lucrative for being
exploited in abundance in future. The inclusion of wireless communication technology also
incurs different types of security attacks. Due to the broadcast nature of WSN and lack of
tamper resistant hardware, security in sensor networks is one of the hottest research issues.
This paper focuses on the security of WSN and attack at different layered architecture of
WSN.
Keywords - sensor network, security, attacks, layers, data authentication.
I. Introduction
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a self organizing network of tiny sensor nodes which is
also called motes. The sensor node senses certain physical characteristics of its environment
such as vibration, temperature and sound etc.
Internet and ad-hoc wireless sensor network both are vulnerable to malicious activity. In the
same way, WSN are also vulnerable. It has proven that the attacks on wireless sensor network
are more dangerous than those on internet or other ad-hoc networks. The main reason is the
WSN consists of nodes with very limited resources but the adversary may have powerful
attacking resources such as long rang wireless communication capability, laptop with
wireless LAN capability. For these reasons security in wireless sensor network is a vital
86 | P a g e
So, we can conclude that it is impossible to use general secure communication technique for
WSN because of communication overheads and resource constraints.
Layers
87 | P a g e
Attacks
Jamming, Tampering
Collision, Jamming , Exhaustion.
Spoofing or replaying information,
Selective forwarding or black holes, Sink holes, Sybil attacks,
Wormholes, Hello flood.
Transport layer
Application layer
Attacks on reliability.
90 | P a g e
TRANSPORT LAYER
The main goal of Transport Layer is to establish communication for external network. The
most challenging issue in wireless sensor networks is to connect the sensor network with the
internet. Sometimes the adversary might be strong enough to reach up to the transport layer,
due to the attack being undetected at the lower layers. Transport layer attacks are injection of
false messages and energy drain attacks [4] and are classified as follows:
A. Data integrity attack:
This type of attack is mainly transport layer attack. The objectives of this attack are to falsify
sensor data and by doing so compromise the victims research.
B. Energy drain attack:
The aim of this attack is to destroy the sensor nodes in the network, degrade performance of
the network and ultimately split the network grid and consequently take control of part of the
sensor network by inserting a new Sink node [4].
92 | P a g e
Introduction
Particle grinding is an essential step to obtain particles with different range of breakage,
required for different purposes. However, the existing process is purely static and manual
since installation of any sensors in the mill is not feasible.
In the existing system of the mill [1], dozers are used to prepare the input mix (feed) with
different particle size. Each dozer corresponds to a particular size range of particles while
varying the speed of the dozer motor, the amount of dozing of each range has been
93 | P a g e
94 | P a g e
Proposed Approach
This section describes the method of capturing the acoustic signal and details of the
experimentation procedure.
2.1
Among various kinds of radiated energy sensors like heat, magnetic, light etc., the acoustic
sensor [5] is used in the work for the following reasons:
a) It works on radiated energy and its pattern of change is proportional to the change of
sensory response.
b) The change of operational condition of the mill does not require any hard real time
system.
c) With the help of the sensory response, the machines are identified based on the states of
operation and load conditions.
Sophisticated microphones with the specifications: Dynamic type, 1.8 mv sensitivity, 600
ohms Impedance and Frequency range- 100-12000 Hz are used as sensors to capture the
acoustic signal. Nearly, 16 sets of data are recorded from the mills when they are fully
operational and it has been observed that the difference of frequency is of the order of 0.4
KHz to 3 KHz. Sampling is performed for a duration of 0.5 second in 30 second gap for
testing purposes.
2.2
Experiment
The experimentations have been carried out in two modes such as in off-line mode and in online mode. Several works [3][5][7] have already been published to design and development of
a prediction of grinding process, finding of acoustic signatures, building of Knowledge Base,
and finally described stability analysis. In this work main concentration has been given in
analyzing the acoustic data in real-time mode. The block diagram of the proposed approach is
described in Fig. 1
Frame Blocking
Continuous
Sound
Windowing
FFT
Frame
PCA
Frequency
domain data
2.3 Conversion of Time domain data into Frequency domain data using
FFT
Frame Blocking
In this step the continuous sound signal is blocked into frames of N samples, with adjacent
frames being separated by M (M < N). The first frame consists of first N samples. In the
second frame M samples are considered after the first frame, and overlaps by (N M)
samples and so on. This process continues until the signals are accounted for within one or
more frames. Typical values for N and M are N = 256 (which is equivalent to ~ 30 msec
windowing and facilitate the fast radix-2 FFT) and M = 100.
Windowing
The next step is to windowing each individual frame so as to minimize the signal
discontinuities at the beginning and end of each frame. The concept is to minimize the
spectral distortion by using the window to taper the signal to zero at the beginning and end of
each frame. If we define the window as w (n), 0 n N-1, where N is the number of samples
in each frame, then the result of windowing is given in equation (1).
y i (n) = xi (n) w(n), 0 n N-1
(1)
(2)
0.6
0.03
0.4
0.02
0.01
0
Amplitude
Amplitude
0.2
-0.2
-0.4
-0.01
-0.6
-0.02
-0.8
96 | P a g e
6
Time
10
12
x 10
(a)
-0.03
50
100
150
Time
200
250
300
(b)
0.025
0.02
0.015
Frequency
Amplitude
0.01
0.005
0
-0.005
-1
-0.01
-0.015
-2
-0.02
-0.025
50
100
150
Time
200
250
300
(c)
-3
50
100
150
Time
200
250
300
(d).
Fig. 2. Plotting of (a) Time Domain of Load Condition1(LC1),(b) First Frame of LC1 after framing,(c) First frame of LC1
after windowing and (d) Frequency Domain of First frame- LC1
Principal components analysis (PCA) is a technique which takes large dimensional data, and
using the dependencies between the variables to represent it in a more tractable, lowerdimensional form, without losing too much information. PCA is one of the simplest and most
robust ways of doing such dimensionality reduction. In our work we have chosen this method
to find out some dependencies among the experimental data. If we consider one second
sample as input, it produces data around 50,000. In order to reduce complexity of the system,
important components or features are selected by applying PCA method on a matrix of size:
z256, where z is the number of frames, obtained in frequency domain. PCA returns the
principal component coefficients in the form of a pp matrix where each column containing
coefficients for one principal component. The columns are in order of decreasing component
variance.
3
Result
The features obtained by PCA are plotted using compass graph. A compass graph displays
the vectors with components (U, V) as arrows emanating from the origin. U, V and Z are in
Cartesian coordinates, plotted on a circular grid. The plot of empty condition of the ball mill
is shown in Fig.3. The same procedure is repeated for three different loaded ball mill
conditions (more or less each sample after 5 minutes) and the results are shown in Fig. 4, 5
and 6.
Now the parameters Radius and Angles are extracted from the plotting. Table 1 shows
different running conditions of the ball mill with respect to the parameters.
97 | P a g e
Load ball
Load ball
Load ball
mill1
mill2
mill3
0-30
0-30
0-30
0 40
Radius
(Relative Distance
from origin)
50o to 70o
Angel
Equally
placed within
opposite)
0-360o
Equally
0-360o
opposite)
98 | P a g e
Conclusions
The intelligent control system proposed in the paper provides closed loop grinding in real
time which identifies the particle size depending on the radius and angles of the circles
plotted using compass graph. It has also been observed that the proposed method is suitable
towards implementing the system on chip compared to the earlier work [8].
The model is
not only valid for the ball mill but also expected to work well with other different kind of
reactors/crushers/compound machines.
References
[1] W.A. Gills, Mineral Processing, Springer Verlag, Germany, 1991.
[2] B.A.Wills, Mineral Processing Technology, Pergamon Press, U.K., 1986.
[3] A.Bhaumik, J. Sil, and S.Banerjee, Hybrid Control of Tumbling Mill using NN based
Schematics, International Journal of Information and Computing (IJICS) vol.2, no. 1, 99.
[4] H.Taggert, Hand book of mineral processing, SME publishers, 1951.
[5] A. Bhaumik, J. Sil, S.Maity and T.Das, Designing an Intelligent Expert Control System Using
Acoustic Signature for Grinding Mill Operation, International Conference on Industrial Technology
( ICIT 2006), December 15-17, 2006, held at Mumbai, India, IEEE Catalog Number 06TH8924C,
ISBN 1-4244-0726-5, Library of Congress, 2006935034.
[6] C. C. Tan, N. F. Thornhill, R. M. Belchamber Principal component analysis of spectra with
application
to
acoustic
emissions
from
mechanical
equipment,
doi: 10.1191/0142331202tm067oaTransactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control October
2002 vol. 24 no. 4 333-353, SAGE Journals.
[7] A.Bhaumik, J. Sil, and S.Banerjee, Designing of Intelligent Hybrid Control System for Tumbling
Mill Operation, Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Information
Technology(CIT2003), Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 22-25 Dec. 2003, pp 246-249, Bhubaneswar,
India.
[8] S. Sen and A. Bhaumik : Design of Intelligent Control System Using Acoustic Parameters for
Grinding Mill OperationNational Conference on Advancement of Computing in
Engineering Research on 22-23March, 2013.
[9] Tom Hararik, Jozef Bocko, Kristna Maslkov Frequency analysis of acoustic signal using the
Fast Fourier Transformation in MATLAB 1877-7058 2012 , Elsevier Ltd.,2012.
99 | P a g e
Abstract
In this paper, band structure and density of states of carriers of single-wall armchair carbon
nanotube are calculated. The linear combination of atomic orbitals and nearest neighbor tight
binding approximation is used for accurate computation. Wave-vector dependent
Hamiltonian is calculated by solving time-independent Schrdinger equation to study band
structure. With increase of distance between nearest neighbor, area of the first Brillouin zone
increases. Density of states increases with increases of lattice index. Results are useful in
designing armchair nanotube-based devices.
Keywords
Armchair nanotube, Nearest neighbor tight binding approximation, Linear combination of
atomic orbitals, Band structure, Density of states
1. Introduction
The electronic band structure and density of states are the two essential properties of a
nanostructure for analysis of its electrical and optical properties [1-2]. The exponentially
increasing research on carbon nanotube [3-5] is due to the fact of its immense possibility in
designing high performance electronic [6-7] and optoelectronic [8] devices. Zigzag and
armchair nanotubes are the two types thoroughly investigated [9-10] in the last decade with
different geometrical parameters. Band structure of this novel structure can be computed
from the dependence of propagation vector on energy, and its dependence on nearest
neighbor trims the shape of the first Brillouin zone. Density of states has a set of peaks,
which is symmetric w.r.t Fermi level. It also depends on lattice index of the tube, irrespective
of its metallic or semiconducting nature.
100 | P a g e
( )
(1)
Wave function satisfies Bloch theorem can be written as
j (k.r ) =
( )
1 N
exp
i
k
.
r
(
r
R)
j
N R
(2)
According to the theory of LCAO, total wave-function of the molecule is given by
(4)
Using Eq. (3), eigenvalue equation can be written in the following manner
(H OE) = 0
(5)
Where O is the overlap matrix. Considering one 2pz orbital per carbon atom, resultant
matrix can be written as
0
0
0
0
0 t 0 t exp(ik.a1 ) 0 t exp(ik.a2 )
h(k) =
+
+
+
+
0
0
t 0 0
0
t exp(ik.a1 ) 0 t exp(ik.a2 ) 0
(6)
where t is the distance between the matrix elements of neighboring C atoms, a1 and a2 are
lattice vectors corresponding to lattice indices m and n.
We consider
101 | P a g e
(7)
where h0 is the element of h(k) matrix as
0 h0
h(k) =
h0 0
(8)
The eigenvalue equation thus may be put into the following form
0.5
(9)
For a zigzag nanotube with circumferential vector along y-direction,
k=
bm
(10)
where 3 =(m-n). Using this relation, final eigenvalue equation may be written as
3ta
2 3
2
E(k) = 0 kx + 1
2
3b 2m
(11)
Density of states contributed by the lowest subband of metallic CNT is given by
D(E) = 22
1
8
[E E(kt )] =
L kt
3a0t
(12)
3. Results
Using Eq. (9), band structure of armchair nanotube is plotted for different values of nearest
neighbor distance, shown in Fig 1. Propagation vector is calculated with energy to calculate
the nature of first Brillouin zone, and from the figure, it is observed that with increase of
distance between two consecutive atoms, area of the zone increases. This is due to the fact
that larger separation distance increases the magnitude of propagation vector, so the
magnitude of its corresponding mirror image value from the central axis also increases. One
interesting feature may be noted in this context that symmetric nature is maintained
throughout the energy spectrum.
102 | P a g e
103 | P a g e
104 | P a g e
Hence, the objective of the present paper is to study the mixed convection boundary layer
flow and heat transfer characteristics over a stretching sheet submerged in a porous medium
with a uniform transverse magnetic field in the presence of thermal radiation, non-uniform
heat source/sink and Ohmic heating due to magnetic field as well as electric field. Linear
stretching of the sheet is considered because of its simplicity in modeling of the flow and
heat transfer over a stretching surface which is useful in understanding the interaction of flow
and temperature fields.
2. Mathematical formulations and governing equations
We consider a steady two-dimensional mixed convection flow of an incompressible, towards
a surface coinciding with the plane y=0 and the flow region y > 0. The x-axis is taken in the
direction along motion of the sheet and the y-axis is taken perpendicular to it. The flow is
generated by the action of two equal and opposite forces along the x-axis and the sheet is
stretched in such a way that the velocity at any instant is proportional to the distance from the
origin (x = 0). Further, the flow field is exposed to the influence of an external transverse
magnetic field of strength B = (0, B0 ,0) . Frictional heating due to viscous dissipation and
Ohmic heating due to application of magnetic field are considered in the present model. With
these assumptions the governing equations are given by
(i) The equation of continuity
u v
+
= 0,
x y
(1)
C
k 2 u
u
u
+ v = + 1 2
u b u 2 B02 u
x
y
y
k
k
+ g t (T T ) + g c (C C ) = 0 ,
(2)
T
T
1 T
1 q r B02 2
q
u
+v
=
+
u +
+
x
y C p y y C p y C p
C p C p
u
,
y
(3)
C
C
2C
+v
=D 2 .
x
y
y
(4)
where u and v are the velocity components along the x and y directions, is the density of
the liquid, T is the temperature of the fluid, Cb is the form of drag coefficient which is
independent of viscosity and other properties of the fluid but depends on the geometry of the
medium, k is permeability of the porous medium, Cp is the specific heat at constant pressure,
is the kinematic viscosity, is the electrical conductivity of the fluid, and k1 is the vortex
viscosity,
u = u w = bx, v = 0, T = Tw
u 0, T T , C C
=T
as
x
x
+ A0 , C = C w = C + A1 at y = 0 ,
l
l
(5)
u w *
A (Tw T )e + B * (T T ) ,
x
where A and B are the coefficients of space and temperature-dependent heat source/sink,
respectively. The case A*> 0 and B*> 0 corresponds to internal heat generation while A*< 0
and B*< 0 corresponds to internal heat absorption.
u = bxf ( ), v = b f ( ),
y,
where f is the dimensionless stream function and is the similarity variable. Substituting
these in Eq. (2), we obtain the following third -order non-linear ordinary differential
equation:
108 | P a g e
(6)
where Da 1 =
Grt=
kb
gt(TT)
b2l
B0 is Hartmann number,
b
(7)
gc(CC)
b2l
and
f ( ) 0,
f'()= 1,
as
at
=0,
(8)
Boltzmann constant and k* is the mean absorption coefficient. T4 can be expressed by using
4
3
Taylors series as T43T+4TT. Thus, we have from Eq. (3) as
16T3 T
T
T
1
+
u
+v
=
x
y C p y
3k y
B02 2
q
+
C u + C + C
p
p
p
u
.
y
(9)
The thermal boundary conditions for solving Eq. (9) depends on the type of heating process
considered. Thus non-dimensional temperature () and concentration () are defined in
PST case as
( ) =
(10)
where,
109 | P a g e
T T
,
Tw T
( ) =
C C
,
C w C
x
T T = A0 ( )
l
and
x
Tw T = A0 ,
l
(11)
2
x
C C = A1 ( )
l
and
x
C w C = A1 .
l
(12)
Finally, we obtain the non-linear ordinary differential equation for () and () in the form
(1 + Nr + ) + Pr ( f 2 f ) + 2 + Pr Ha 2 Ec f 2 + (1 + ) (A f + B )+ Pr Ec
f 2 = 0,
(13)
''+ Sc ( 'f 2 f ) = 0.
(14)
Corresponding thermal boundary conditions for () and () are given by
() = 1,
()= 1 at =0,
( ) 0, ( ) 0 as .
(15)
22
b l
Here the prime denotes the differentiation with respect to and Ec= D C is Eckert number,
0 p
3
Cp
16T
Pr=
is Prandtl number, Nr=
is thermal radiation parameter and Sc= is
3k
Schmidt number.
Cf =
w
u /2
2
w
, Nu x =
xq w
,
(Tw T )
Sh =
xmw
.
D(C w C )
(16)
The skin-friction on the flat plate w , rate of heat transfer q w and rate of mass transfer m w
are given by
110 | P a g e
w = ( + k1 )
T
C
u
, q w = , mw = D .
y y =0
y y =0
y y =0
(17)
Thus we get from Eq. (17) as
C f Re x
12
boundary layer on the temperature field. It is observed that the boundary layer generates
energy by increasing the values of A* , B * 0 (heat source) which causes the temperature of
the fluid to increase, which in turn results in increase of the flow field due to the buoyancy
effects. This is the main reason behind the temperature profiles to decrease, whereas in the
case of ( A* , B * 0) (absorption) the boundary layer absorbs energy resulting in the
temperature profiles to increase with increasing in the value of A* , B * 0 in the boundary
layer for fixed value of other physical parameter. Fig. 2 exhibit the variation concentration
profiles with for different values of Schmidt number Sc. It is observed that the effects of
increasing the value of Schmidt number is to decrease the concentration of the diffusion
species. Reduction in the concentration of diffusion species due to increase in the Schmidt
number can be demonstrated by replacing hydrogen (Sc = 0.32) by water vapor (Sc = 0.62)
and ammonia (Sc = 1.0) etc. in the said sequence.
111 | P a g e
4. Conclusions
The flow and heat mass transfer for a non-Darcy hydromagnetic flow over a stretching sheet
submerged in a viscous fluid saturated porous medium in the presence of non uniform heat
source/sink are solved in this study. The resulting partial differential
equations were
transformed to a set of ordinary differential equations and then these equations are solved
numerically using Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method with shooting techniques. The important
findings of our analysis are listed below:
(i) Increase in the Schmidt number Sc is to decrease the concentration profile.
(ii) The presence of space-dependent heat source/sink parameter is to decrease the
temperature profile.
112 | P a g e
113 | P a g e
Influence of moving fins with temperature dependent surface heat flux and
multi boiling heat transfer
Pranab Kanti Roya* ,
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Bengal Institute of Technology and Management Santiniketan-731236, India
Email: pranab38_skd@yahoo.com
and
Hiranmoy Mondalb*
b
Department of Mathematics
*
Bengal Institute of Technology and Management Santiniketan-731236, India
Email: hiranmoymondal@yahoo.co.in
a
Abstract
An analysis is carried out to study of the decomposition solution of one dimensional
temperature distribution in a straight fin is derived if various regimes of pool boiling occur on
the surface of a moving fin. A new type of a fan-integrated heat sink named a scroll heat sink
are analyzed. Experimental results show that measured flow rates of the coolant are almost
linearly proportional to the rotating speed of the moving fins. A theoretical model is also
developed to estimate the required pumping power and the thermal resistance, and validated
using experimental results. The moving fins are subjected different boiling regimes and its
performance is affected due to different heat transfer coefficient for large temperature
difference in the boiling regimes. The effect of Peclet number on the different boiling
regimes as such nucleate boiling, film boiling, natural convection and radiation into free
space are illustrated and explained.
Keywords: moving fin, decomposition method, heat transfer coefficient,
1. Introduction
In the recent years, the heat transfer from a moving surface has attracted the attention of some
researchers. There are some applications a material exchanges heat with the surroundings
through a furnace or channel such as extrusion of plastic, drawing of wires and sheet and
flow of liquids while it is in continuous motion[1-5]. Such problems can be modelled as a
moving fin as long as the criterion for fin approximation is specified. However in many
applications of various regimes of boiling heat transfer, such as convection, nucleate boiling,
film boiling and radiation into free space, the heat transfer is no longer uniform and heat
transfer coefficient can be expressed as an empirical function of the temperature difference
114 | P a g e
T T
h = hb
Tb T
The hb is the heat transfer coefficient at the fin base temperature Tb . T is the ambient
temperature boiling fluid medium. The value of n can vary in wide range between -4 to 5[7,
13] For example the exponent n may take the values , -0.25, 0.25, 2 and 3 indicating the
moving fin subject to laminar film boiling or condensation, natural convection, nucleate
boiling, and radiation into free space at zero absolute temperature, respectively The moving
fin is assumed to be gray and diffuse with constant emissivity .The thickness of the fin is
assumed to be small so that y-direction heat transfer from the fin appears to be small [14]
The one dimensional steady state energy equation with, constant thermal conductivity as it
moves with constant speed becomes,
T T
dT 2 C pU dT
hb
2
k dx
dx
Tb T
(1)
(T T ) = 0
kA
If = k C p is the thermal diffusivity of the material, is the density and C p is the specific
heat, k ,the thermal conductivity of the material, P , the perimeter and A is the crossectional
area of the fin. The axial coordinate x is measured from the slot from which the material
emerges and comes in contact with the surrounding boiling liquids.
Introducing the dimensionless parameters,
hb PL2
T T
x
UL
2
;=
; N =
X = ; Pe =
KA
Tb T
L
(2)
(3)
(4)
3. Decomposition method
Following the Adomian decomposition method analysis [9], the linear operator is
d2
LX =
defined as
dX 2
Consequently Eq. (1) can be written as follows
d
2 n +1
L X = Pe
+ N (4 )
dX
Applying inverse operator L1 on both sides the above equation can be written as
( )
d (0)
+ Pe L X
dX
1 m
+ N 2 L X n +1
1 m
1 m
d (0 )
= (0) + X
+ Pe L X Am + N 2 L X Bm
dX
0
0
= (0) + X
d
A3 = 3 ,
dX
1 m
d
0 dX
B3 = (n + 1) 3 0 + n(n + 1)1 2 0
n
n 1
n(n + 1)(n 1) 1 0
+
6
3
(5)
(6)
n2
and so on
With the boundary conditions [4] given in the equations and taking (0) arbitrary constant C.
The next iterates are determined from the following recursive relationship:
(7 )
m +1 = Pe L X 1 Am + N 2 L X 1 Bm , m 0
Therefore, the first five iterates are expressed as:
117 | P a g e
0 = C ,
n +1
N 2X 2
1 =
,
2
( n + 1 )C 2 n + 1 N 4 X 4 + Pe C n + 1 N 2 X 3 ,
2 =
24
6
3 n +1
6
6
( n + 1 )( 4 n + 1 )C N X + Pe ( n + 1 )C 2 n + 1 N 4 X 5 + Pe
3 =
720
60
2
4 n +1
8
8
( n + 1 ) 34 n + 5 n + 1 C
N X
4 =
+
40320
2 n +1
(
n + 1 )( 16 n + 3 ) C 3 n + 1 N 6 X 7
N 4X
2 3 ( n + 1 )C
Pe
+ Pe
5040
720
C
n +1
( n + 1 )(469
+ Pe
N
24
n +1
N 2X
120
n 3 66 n 2 + 69 n + 1 C 5 n + 1 N 10 X 10
5 =
+
3628800
( n + 1 ) 232 n 2 4 n + 4 C 4 n + 1 N 8 X 9 + Pe 2 ( n + 1)(34 n + 6 )C 3 n +1 N 6 X 8 +
Pe
362880
40320
2 n +1
4
7
n +1
2
6
4 ( n + 1 )C
N X
C
N X
Pe 3
+ Pe 4
5040
720
Upon summing those iterations, the 6-term approximation m to which is usually written
as
m 1
m = m = 0 + 1 + + m 1 ,
m 1
i =0
(8)
Where C represents the temperature at the fin tip that must lie in the interval (0, 1) can be
determined applying boundary condition (3) in Eq. (8) by using Newton-Raphson iterative
method.
4. Results and discussion
In the natural convection process the rate of evaporation of the liquid or the rate of formation
of bubbles are pretty small and it is observed with low heat transfer coefficient and low wall
superheat as shown in Figure 1. The bottom curve corresponds to Peclet number (Pe) is 2 and
top curve corresponds to Peclet number is zero which is the case of stationary fin. The
increasing the value Peclet number the convection gets stronger than the conduction and
temperature variation is gradual. The increase in Peclet number requires very low excess
118 | P a g e
Pe 0
Pe 0.5
Pe 1
Pe 1.5
Pe 2
0.9
0.8
N =1
n = 0.25
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
X
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
The process of nucleate boiling is observed comparatively for higher value of wall superheat
and heat transfer coefficient. The process is characterised by the formation of bubbles at the
preferred sites on a heating surface of the moving fin that is in contact with the surrounding
liquid and maintained at a temperature above the saturation temperature of the liquid. Figure
2 illustrates the effect of the Peclet number on the temperature in the fin subjected to nucleate
boiling (n=2).Top curve corresponds to Peclet number zero and bottom curve Peclet number
two. As Peclet increases, i.e. as the material moves faster, the time for which the material is
exposed to environment gets shorter, convection dominates and require low temperature to
initiate the nucleate boiling process as compared to stationary fin.
119 | P a g e
Pe 0
Pe 0.5
Pe 1
Pe 1.5
Pe
0.95
0.9
N =1
n=2
0.85
0.8
0.75
0.7
0.65
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
X
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
120 | P a g e
Pe 0
Pe 0.5
Pe 1
Pe 1.5
Pe 2
0.9
0.8
N =1
n = 0.25
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
X
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Pe 0
Pe 0.5
Pe 1
Pe 1.5
Pe 2
0.95
0.9
N =1
n=3
0.85
0.8
0.75
0.7
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
X
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
121 | P a g e
n
n
nn
0.95
0.9
N =1
Pe = 0
0.85
0.8
0.75
0.7
0.65
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
X
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Sl.
No
Table 1. The moving fins considering four regimes of boiling heat transfer when N=1
Moving fin [present study]
Effect of Peclet number
Index, n
n=0.25
(Natural
convection)
n=2
(Nucleate
boiling)
n= -0.25
(film
boiling)
n=3
(Radiarion)
Pe=0.5
Pe=1
Pe=1.5
0.730164805334 0.70655576054
0.681225109793 0.654164145495
0.577039146741 0.52369777889
0.465002940812 0.402928005096
Pe=2
n=2
0.751638510657
(Nucleate boiling)
n=-0.25
0.624169630566
(Film boiling)
n=3
0.779183029828
(Radiation)
n = -1
0.500000000000
n = -0.75
0.555569933566
n = -0.5
0.594450813008
n=0
0.648054274545
n = 0.5
0.684781456079
10
n=0
0.648054274545
11
n=1
0.712259408755
References
[1] Z. Tadmor, I. Klein, Engineering Principles of Plasticating Extrusion, Polymer Science and
Engineering Series, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 1970.
[2] E.G. Fisher, Extrusion of Plastics, John Wiley, New York, 1976.
[3] T. Altan, S. Oh, H. Gegel, Metal Forming Fundamentals and Applications, American Society of
Metals, Metals Park, OH, 1979.
[4] S. Kalpakjian, Manufacturing Engineering and Technology, Addison Wesley, Reading, MA,
1989.
[5] J. Szekely, Fluid Flow Phenomena in Metals Processing, Academic Press, New York, 1979.
[6] R. Das, A simplex search method for a conductive-convective fin with variable conductivity,
International journal of heat and mass transfer 54 (2011) 5001-5009.
[7] S. P. Law, R.H. Yeh, Fins with temperature dependent surface heat flux-1: Single heat transfer
mode, International Journal of Heat Mass Transfer 37(1994) 1509-1515.
[8] Arslanturk C., A decomposition method for fin efficiency of convective straight fins with
temperature-dependent thermal conductivity, International communication in heat and mass transfer,
32,831-841,2005.
[9] G Adomian, Solving frontier problems of physics: the decomposition method, Boston: Kluwer
Academic, 1994.
[10] M H Chang, A decomposition solution for fins with temperature dependent surface heat flux,
International Journal of Heat Mass Transfer 48 (2005) 1819-1824.
[11] Md. S. H. Chowdhury, T. H. Hasan, A new reliable algorithm based on homotropy-perturbation
method for power law fin type problems, Australian Journal of basic and Applied Sciences, 5(4): 4450, 2011,ISSN 1991-8178.
[12] Md. S. H. Chowdhury, I. Hashim, On decomposition solutions of fins with temperature
dependent surface heat flux: Multi boiling heat transfer, Proceedings of the 2nd IMG-GT regional
123 | P a g e
124 | P a g e
Abstract
Flooding routing protocol uses random packet broadcast in the network, which may cause
chaotic communication. Therefore nodes consume more power to send data to the destination
and consequently throughput of the network reduces drastically. To overcome this storm
Gossiping routing protocol is implemented, which mainly avoids the implosion and
overlapping problems that occur by Flooding. Gossiping reduces the number of packet
retransmissions and consumes less energy than flooding routing protocol. In this paper, we
compared Flooding and Gossiping protocols, using widely used operating system TinyOS
1.1.0 and nesC in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The protocols are simulated by TOSSIM
which is an integral part of nesC and comparison results between the protocols are shown
different graphs.
127 | P a g e
128 | P a g e
4. Flooding Protocol
The flooding is a traditional flat based routing Protocol. The main advantage of flooding is
that it requires no costly topology maintenance or route discovery. It uses broadcasting with
multihop delivery to send the packets to the whole network which will follow all possible
routes to its destination until the hop count exceed. This is a straight forward routing protocol,
and it is suitable for various network types. But the unlimited broadcasting of the packets in
the flooding scheme will cause the huge energy consumption to reach the destination from
source to sink and sometimes creates broadcast storm. The disadvantage of flooding as pointed
out in [6]: (i) Implosion: here duplicate packet may receive, (ii) Overlap: two sensor send a
packet and at the same time, (iii) Resource blindness: without changing nodes activity it
transmits packets, even if the sensor nodes dont have much power to operation.
A.Network Topology
129 | P a g e
V Gossiping
Gossiping routing protocol is proposed to overcome critical problems of the flooding which
avoids the implosion and other problem occurred by Flooding. In the gossiping protocol, it
broadcast the message to its neighbor shows in Fig 5 and then randomly selects one node
from the neighbor table as source to send packets. This improves the problem of heavy packet
overhead and reduces the number of packet retransmission and consumes less energy than
flooding protocol.
However, it may cause other problems, like packet loss and it suffers from latency of data
propagation. Because the sender randomly selects the neighbor node from router neighbors to
transmit data, the selected sensors may result farther than the shortest path between the
sender and the sink. Hence, this may extend the packet delay time.
A. Network Topology
Gossiping, instead of the broadcasting each packet to all neighbors the packet is sent to a
single neighbor chosen at random from a neighbor table. Having received the packet the
neighbor chooses another random node to send to. This can include the node which sent the
packet. This continues until the packet reaches its destination or the maximum hop the packet
is exceeded.
130 | P a g e
5.Component Diagram
Diagram of protocols using TinyOS Simulator is given in Fig 6. This is a pictorial view of the
software which is performing for simulation time. Tinyos provides a set of reusable system
components. An application connects components using wiring specification. That is
independent of component implementation. Each application
components it uses. Here this diagram says that two different components are connected by
respective interface. Interfaces are the only point of access to the component. Interfaces in
nesC are bidirectional. They contain commands and events and it is two types provides
interface and uses interface. Provides interface is implemented by developer of the
application and uses interface is already implemented in the system. Commands are typically
request to execute an operation i.e. sending some request for job such as message.send () this
command function is sending temp component to Main Component through StdControl
Interface. But event is the reply for this job which is sending through this same StdControl
interface from Main to temp.like send.sendDone() event function. Another example is, In this
diagram, suppose RouteFlood component is connect to Main component through StdControl
Interface(Provides Interface). RouteFlood sending the some commend message to Main and
the Main also sending an reply message for this request. Actually this diagram show the
visualization part of the wiring technology, which is in the configuration part.
6. Simulation and Results
Flooding uses broadcasting with multi-hop delivery to send the packets to the whole network
which will follow all possible routes to its destination until the hop count exceed. In Fig 7
and Fig 10 nodes are broadcasting massage to the neighbor that selects the route and hop
131 | P a g e
The protocol execution was looked at visually using TinyViz. The graphical display showed
that packets were being sent to a random node within range. The TinyViz window is shown
132 | P a g e
133 | P a g e
Broadcast Count
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
1.5
Time(Sec.)
2.5
3
4
x 10
134 | P a g e
14
Energy
12
10
8
6
4
2
10
15
20
25
30
35
Sensor Node
40
45
50
45
40
Energy Consumption
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
Flooding
Gossiping
5
10
Hopcount
15
20
Conclusion
The Flooding and Gossiping protocols were implemented in TinyOS1.1.0 with some degree of
success. The basic evaluation of these protocols was carried out and different phase
comparison has been made and showed by different graphs. After heuristic simulation both the
protocols it is clear that performance gains by Gossiping are better than Flooding.
References
[1] Haas, Z.J., Halpern, J.Y., (2006) Gossip Based Ad Hoc Routing, IEEE Transactions on
networking, vol.14, pp.479-491.
[2] Frikha, M., and Ghandour, F., (2007) Implementation and Performance Evaluation of an
Energy Constraint Routing Protocol for MANET, 3rd International Conference of
Telecommunications (AICT07),
[3] Perkins, C.E., Royer, E. M., and Das, S., (2000) Ad-Hoc On Demand Distance Vector
Routing (AODV), draft-ietfmanet-aodv- 05.txt,
[4] Johnson, D. B., Maltz, D. A., and Hu, Y.C., (2003) DSR for Mobile Ad Hoc Network,
Internet-Draft, draft-ietfmanet-drs-09.txt,
135 | P a g e
136 | P a g e
Abstract:
The feasibility of using SiC multilayer films as one-dimensional (1D) photonic band gap crystals
was investigated by theoretical calculations using a transfer matrix method (TMM). In this paper
Silicon Carbide (SiC) based 1D photonic crystal with 3 layered unit cell are studied by transfer
matrix method to compare their various characteristics such as stop band width , pass band
width, centre band gap etc, by passing 1550nm wavelength light waves and the simulation has
been done by SCILAB as well as in MATLAB . Here the key factor is that one layer is always
we have taken as SiC based semiconductor material it help us to know the characteristics of a
light wave when it passes through semiconductor material.
Keywords: 1-D & 3-layered photonic crystal, Silicon Carbide (SiC), Transfer matrix method,
1550nm Light wave, SCILAB.
1. Introduction:
Recently, significant interest arises in the artificial periodic dielectric structures with a period
close to the wave-length of electromagnetic (EM) wave. Depending on the frequency
requirement of specific applications, the engineering of structures that are periodic in 2D and 3D
has been achieved for waves in infrared, microwave, and millimeter wave regions. For
wavelength shorter than infrared, only a few experimental and theoretical systems have recently
137 | P a g e
Photonic crystals
3. Transfer-matrix method:
The optical theory of thin-films was first presented in 1949 by Schuster [5]. The following year,
Abeles extended it to multilayers and formalized the computing technique called the transfer
matrix method (TMM). The basic formalism yields the amplitude of the electromagnetic field of
monochromatic waves reflected by and transmitted through the mentioned structure. The
139 | P a g e
4. Work Flow:
In this paper unit cell photonic crystal has been considered which has 3 layers. The refractive
indices (n1, n2, n3) of the two materials are related to the thickness of the layers (d1, d2,d3) as
n1d1=n2d2= n3d3=0/6
............. (1)
Where 0= Free space (vacuum) wavelength, whose value is taken here as 1550 nanometer,
since it is the most important wavelength for optical communication.
When an electromagnetic wave with S-polarization incidents on a unit cell of two materials a
and b, the reflection and transmission coefficient can be expressed as
................................ (2)
140 | P a g e
..................................... (3)
Where A is the complex amplitude of the electric field, and are angle of incidence and
refraction at the interface. Here S- polarized wave has its electric field vector confined
perpendicular to the plane of incidence. Here electric field E is in the y direction, so = (0, A,
0). Using S-polarization [equation (2) and (3)] we get the equation
............... (4)
.............................. (5)
Fig.3- A 2 layered unit cell Photonic Crystal where a and b indicates the two layers with
refractive indices n1 and n2.
141 | P a g e
M=
Here zm = d2 and zm1 = d1, where d1, d2 stated earlier. By the help of equation (6)
M=
.............................. (6)
We get the transmission coefficient value of overall matrix, and from equation (7)
MN =
........................ (7)
We can stack the matrix by 10 times to get the overall transmission coefficient for the entire
photonic crystal.
5. Computation of result using different parameters:
Using equation (6) transmission coefficient has been computed using SCILAB as well as in
MATLAB. For computation this paper takes the following parameters.
142 | P a g e
Fig.4- Graph between Wavelength (nm) Vs. Transmission Coefficient from MATLAB
143 | P a g e
Fig.5- Graph between Wavelength (nm) Vs. Transmission Coefficient from SCILAB 5.4.1
From the plot graphs we found that both the cases in this three layer photonic crystal Pass band
lies in between 850 nm 1320 nm (Approx), so Pass band width is 1320 850 = 470 nm. After
1880 nm we find the Pass band till the range investigates 2400 nm. We also find Stop band lies
in between 1320 nm to 1880 nm (Approx), where transmission coefficient value is 0. So the Stop
band width is 1880 1320 = 560 nm. In that graph Centre band gap lie is at 1600 nm (Approx),
so our wavelength shift towards the high frequency range.
7. Conclusion:
The design of Silicon Carbide (SiC) based 1D photonic crystal with 3 layered unit cell has been
presented by transfer matrix method and the simulation has been done in SCILAB & MATLAB.
The simulation result shows in both the cases that Stop band lies in between 1320 nm to 1880 nm
(Approx) wavelength. But 1550 nm wavelength is suitable for optical communication. So in our
future work we will varying material time to time to construct different combinations where one
thing must be caped in mind that whatever may be the combination one layer must be made of
Silicon Carbide (SiC) to get pass band range about 1550nm wavelength. It can be concluded that
144 | P a g e
References:
[1] Cheng, Chuan-Cheng, Nano Frabrication and Characterization of Photonic Crystals from California
Institute of Technology, 1998
[2] J. W. Haus, Photonic Band gap Structures in nanometer structures: Theory, Modelling and
Simulation (Ed: A. Lakhtakia), PHI, New Delhi, 2007, P. 45.
[3] J. D. Joannopoulos, S. G. Johnson, J. N. Winn, R. D. Meade, Photonic Crystals Molding the Flow of
Light, Princeton University Press, 2008.
[4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonic_crystal
[5] Schuster K, Anwendungder Vierpoltheorie auf die Probleme der optischen Reflexionsminderung,
Reflexionsverstarkung und der Interferenz filter, Annalender Physik, 6, 352356 (1949)
[6] Abel`es F, Recherches sur la propagation des ondes electromagnetiques sinusodales
dans les milieux stratify. Application aux couches minces, Annales de Physique, 5,
596640, 706782 (1950)
[7] A Chakraborty, Modelling and Simulation (using MATLAB) of Silicon Carbide (SiC) based 1-D
Photonic Crystal with 3 Layered Unit Cell, ISSN: 2277-9655 (May, 2013)
[8] http://cloud.scilab.in/
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Given the exploratory nature of this Paper in addressing interactions between e-learning
environments and librarianship, the scope is necessarily fairly broad. There will be some
146 | P a g e
147 | P a g e
Remote Learner-Teacher: In the e-learning environment, the learner and the teacher
need not to travel to a common physical location for the purpose of education. They can
be away from each other, yet achieving the goal of education through technological
means.
Course Material: The teacher (aptly called as facilitator) and or his institution prepares
course material. This includes curriculum, courseware, assignments, glossaries, citations
to other online and offline resources, quiz, lecture presentations, examination questions,
etc. The course material is made available in the electronic format; most of the time online.
Multimedia Nature: The course material being in electronic format can be in textual,
audio or video format. A typical course material can combine all these features.
148 | P a g e
Anytime Learning: The time is not a constraint to the e-learner, one can learn anytime
that suits his schedule. It is truly 24x7 learning system.
Facilitates Lifelong Learning: Being self-paced, e-learning can develop skills in the elearner which can be useful to him for lifelong learning.
149 | P a g e
E-learning is self-paced and gives students a chance to speed up to slow down necessary,
It is designed around the learner, and eliminates geographical barriers and opens up
broader education options,
Its accessibility makes scheduling easy and allows a greater number of people to attend
classes on demand access means learning can happen precisely when needed travel-time
is reduced or eliminated,
Overall students costs are frequently less in e-learning rather than tuition, residence,
food etc.,
Its potentially lower costs for companies needing training and for the providers,
It fasters greeters students interaction and collaboration, and also fasters greater
student/instructor contact,
It has the attention of every major university in the work, most with their own online
degrees, certificate and individual course.
150 | P a g e
Informal e-learning
Group-focused
Practice-driven
Organizational learning
Participants act as learners and
tutor
Multi way Interactions among
participants
151 | P a g e
Web sites and web2.0 communities, electronic performance support system, etc.
Access to Information Resources: In a step ahead the e-learning the library can setup
the Digital library. Digital Library will break all the barriers of data transfer. It can store a
large amount of information in various forms i.e., text, audio, video, graphic material.
Learners can make effective search for the information in digital libraries with
sophisticated search engines and download into his or her system.
Reference Services: In the Distance education Programme learner can use forms to
make research queries electronically. Reference services on the Internet are gaining more
popularity. Reference Librarian with the help of Internet can provide both short range and
152 | P a g e
Inter-Library Loan and Consortia Sharing: Today there is one or the other form of
network or cooperation is existing in the form of associations or consortia. Such as
INFLIBNET, DELNET, CALIBNET etc. Further each of the member libraries possesses
the computer, online systems and networks. The effective electronic transmissions of
document demand helps quicker inter library loans and information services.
Instruction and Training: One of the main problem in e-Learning system that learner
should have sufficient knowledge and skills of usage of Information Technology. In the
web based education require much training as the e-Learning involves different types of
multimedia files.
Interaction: There is a lack of interaction between learner and subject specialist. It may
possible for subject expert availability. But teacher may be possible to access via e-mail.
Some time face to face interaction can be made possible through online conferencing. ELearning designer should need to increase the interactivity.
Speed of Network: To access the learning material it is very much required to connect
Internet. As e-Learning involves multimedia file, higher speed of network with sufficient
bandwidth is required.
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Quality of the Services: To ensure the higher quality of the services to its user regular
survey is required to test the material and they should be repackaged on periodical basis.
Copyright: Libraries need to distribute copies of the same information to the distance
learners. So Librarian must be familiar with the sufficient rights to acquire intellectual
property.
One primary role of librarians is to provide leadership and expertise in the design, development,
and ethical management of knowledge-based information systems in order to meet the
information needs and obligations of the patrons. He should enrich his management skills for
organizing, managing and disseminating e-literacy to users.
Librarian should be able to satisfy all types of users especially research scholars and young
generation who uses internet frequently for the latest up gradation of the information. He should
be able to create his own website as an easier way to share with others what they know. He
should gather electronic information and create electronic pathfinders and front-end search tools
to help users for accessing the required information.
An Evaluator of Digital Resources:
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Mason (1998) noted that 'the more there is on the web, the harder it becomes to find. It is ironic
that organizing vast quantities of information is becoming a demanding issue for those involved
in developing the internet and reaping internet resources. This requires keen understanding of the
traditional library management issues and the skill of adopting those organism tools in new
environment.
Information retrieval is the most obvious skill a librarian demonstrates to the public. Adequately
skilled staff should be recruited to meet the increased demands of the knowledge society. With a
rapidly changing environment both within and outside the library, staff development programs
are essential to the continued success of the organization.
The modern trend is for the role of the librarian to move from that of a passive intermediary role
responsible for guiding patrons to appropriate information resources, towards that of a much
more proactive professional role which includes analyzing and repackaging information, content
information management and institutional digital repository management.
Librarians have to change their role in the e-learning environment by participating in e-learning
experiments and becoming involved in universities e-learning centers. A well learned must teach
155 | P a g e
E-Resource Managers:
Academic and research libraries have a major role in ensuring that they and their home
institutions remain vital players in the changing terrain of information and education. Faculty
may not be aware of copyright issues and do not know what material is electronically available
or licensed by the library. Virtual learning systems can be connected to library systems, through
the integration of library systems at the backend via the technology components, and through the
close liaison and involvement of library staff in VLE development.
13. Conclusion:
The E-learning system is successful when it is meaningful to all groups including instructors,
learners, support service staff, and the institution. It is meaningful to learners when it is easily
accessible, well-designed, learner-centered, affordable, efficient, and flexible and has facilitated
of digital library environment. Librarians must aware of the changing trends in education and
training and the impact that these trends have on the delivery of library services. Librarian can
take advantage of the opportunity provided by knowledge management, by promoting
themselves as library knowledge manager and Information Analysts, unbounded by library walls.
If Librarian is well trained he/she can give better services to the users .The time of the reader will
also be saved, definitely-learning really changes the conventional mode of education with the
help of the internet-technologies and learning management software. Librarian should continue
to educate their students, in this new concept of education, by which not we alone, but society as
whole be benefited.
Reference:
[1] Abubakar1, B. M. And Hassan, B. (2013) Strategies for Developing an e-Learning Curriculum for
Library and Information Science (LIS) Schools in the Muslim World: Meeting the Expectations in the
Digital Age. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 3(1), p 164 171.
[2] Cioglu, F. E. and Brown, S. (2001) Linking Online Learning Environments with Digital Libraries:
Institutional Issues in the UK. Libri, 51, p. 195 208.
[3] Ghoricha, L. G. (2013) Changing Role of Librarians Because of E-Revolution. International journals
of scientific research, 2(2), p. 181 182
[4] Hashim, L. B. and Haliza, L. B. (2012) Preparing New Era Librarians and Information Professionals:
Trends and Issues. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2(7), p. 150 156.
156 | P a g e
157 | P a g e
Abstract
The present paper aims to study the similarity solutions to viscous flow, heat and mass transfer
of nanofluid over nonlinearly stretching sheet in presence of thermal radiation. The governing
equations are transformed into a set of nonlinearly ordinary coupled differential equations which
are then solved numerically using appropriate boundary conditions for various values of physical
parameters. Favorable comparisons with previously published work were analyzed in details.
Effects of various physical parameters as well as local Nusselt number were depicted
graphically.
Keywords: Nanofluids; Viscous dissipation; stretching surface; diffusion; boundary layer flow.
1. Introduction
Now a days heat transfer performs an important role to improve the efficiency of several
industrial applications like, metallurgical processes, annealing and tinning of copper wires, glass
blowing, manufacturing of plastic and rubber sheets. Also it has many applications in
engineering processes, such as polymer extraction, wire drawing, manufacturing of foods and
paper, glass fiber production and many others. As nanotechnology has been used in worldwide
so many researchers have found interest to carry out their research works in nanofluids. A
nanofluids is a new class of heat transfer of fluids containing base fluids and nanoparticles.
Commonly we use water, oil and ethylene glycol as base fluids whose thermal conductivity is
very low, so to increase the thermal conductivities we use nanoparticles (metals like CuO, Cu,
158 | P a g e
lewis number Le, thermal radiation parameter Nr, prandtl number Pr. Highly non-linear
momentum and heat transfer equations are solved numerically using fifth-order Runge-Kutta
Fehlberg method with shooting technique.
2. Mathematical Formulations
Consider the steady laminar two-dimensional flow of an incompressible viscous fluid coinciding
with the plane y=0, with the flow being confined to y>0. Two equal and opposite forces are
introduced along the x-axis so that the wall is stretched, keeping the origin fixed. The
temperature at the stretching surface is seemed to have a constant value T
temperature has a constant value T . The boundary layer equations governing the flow,
temperature and nanoparticle concentration are given as follows:
u
x
u
u
v
y
(1)
= 0,
nf
u
u
+v
=
x
y
nf
T
T
+v
=
nf
x
y
C
x
+ v
C
y
159 | P a g e
= D
nf
2 u
y 2
2T
y 2
2C
y 2
nf
(2)
B 2 ( x )u
nf
nf
( c p )
nf
( p )
nf
q r
y
(3)
(4)
nf
nf
K
f
nf
= (1) +s, =
,(c p ) = (1)(c p ) +(c p )s, =
nf
nf
nf
f
nf
nf
(c )nf
(1)2.5
p
Where is the solid volume fraction of the nanoparticles.
Subject to boundary condition:
u = U w ( x ) = cx n , v = 0 , T = T w , H = H w at
u 0,
T T ,
H H
at
y = 0,
y
(5)
= y
u = cx
f ( ),
n 1
2
, ( ) =
T T
C C
, H ( ) =
,
Tw T
Cw C
c ( n + 1 )
v =
n 1
2
n 1
f ( )
f ( ) +
n +1
(6)
Using (6), the governing Eqs. (2), (3) and (4) can be written as:
2n ' 2
f + (1 ) 2.5 (1 + s ) ff "
f Mf ' = 0
f
n +1
1 + N
Pr
1
H
Le
+ f + Ecf
"
+ fH
'
(7)
(8)
= 0
"2
(9)
= 0
(Eckert number),
160 | P a g e
Le
H = 1
at = 0 ,
as
radiation parameter),
nf
nf
(Lewis number),
(10)
Pr
(Prandtl number), Ec
f
f
(c ) (T
p
nf
nf
2
0
2
w
w
nf
(u w
2
( x ) ) y
Nu
y=0
k
k
(T
x
T
T ) y
nf
Sh
y=0
Re
1 / 2
x
1 / 2
x
Sh
1
n + 1
(1 ) 2
1 / 2
n + 1
1 / 2
nf
"
(0 )
Re
1 / 2
x
Nu
nf
n + 1
k
k
(C
nf
) y
T
y=0
1 / 2
'(0 )
H '(0 )
becomes thin due to the existence of nanoparticles in the base fluid and so momentum boundary
layer increases with the increase in . While in Fig. 2 the thermal boundary layer decreases with
the increase in the nanoparticle volume fraction
161 | P a g e
Figs. 4-6 depicts variation of velocity, temperature and concentration for different values of M.
It can be easily seen from fig. 4 that the velocity is considerably reduced with the increase in the
values of M because the transverse magnetic field opposes the transport phenomena due to the
fact that the presence of the magnetic field produces a drag-force called Lorentz force which acts
in the opposite direction to the fluid motion which results in decrease the fluid velocity whereas
the thermal boundary layer and nanoparticle concentration profiles increases which can be seen
in figs. 5-6.
162 | P a g e
The effect of Eckert number Ec on the temperature are depicted in fig. 7. The thickness of
thermal boundary layer is greater than that in pure water. It can be seen that at increasing values
of Ec thermal boundary layer increases.
Fig. 8 illustrated the variation of concentration with different values of Lewis number Le. The
thickness of boundary layer concentration profiles decreases for large values of Le.
163 | P a g e
The effect of temperature profiles are shown in Fig. 9 for various values of thermal radiation
parameter Nr. It is important to note that heat is always transferred from the surface to the
ambient fluid and hence the thermal boundary layer increases for Nr=2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0.
The effect of Prandtl number Pr on the nanofluid temperature is depicted in Fig. 10. Evidently
Prandtl number depends on properties of fluid. It throws light on the relative importance of
viscous dissipation to the thermal dissipation. The thermal boundary layer decreases as we
increase the values of Pr.
164 | P a g e
The variation of local Nusselt number are illustrated graphically in figs. 11-12.In the dynamics of
fluid, we have to find out the quantity of heat exchanged between the body and fluid. At the
boundary the heat exchange between the body and the fluid takes place only due to conduction.
It can be noted that heat transfer rates decreases with the increase in Nr and M with the increase
in Ec the change in heat transfer rates increases.
4. Conclusion
Effect of flow field, heat and mass transfer of nanofluids over a stretching sheet is analyzed and
discussed in details. Governing equations are solved numerically using fifth-order Runge-KuttaFehlberg method with shooting technique. The effects of various physical parameters on
velocity, temperature are shown graphically.
Following conclusions are drawn from the numerical results:
165 | P a g e
and Pr.
166 | P a g e
1,3
Abstract
An analysis is carried out to study mixed convective heat and mass transfer of nanofluids over a
non-linear stretching sheet in the presence of suction/injection parameter, magnetic parameter
and thermophoresis effects. The governing similarity equations are transformed into ordinary
differential equations using a similarity transformation, and solved numerically by Runge-Kutta
fifth order with shooting technique. A comparison with previously published work is performed
and the results are found to be in good agreement. Numerical results of the local skin friction
coefficient, the local Nusselt number and the local Sherwood number as well as the velocity,
temperature and concentration profiles are presented for different physical parameters. The result
indicates that the local rate of heat and mass transfer depends on stretching index, Boit number,
Brownian motion parameter, and thermophoresis parameter and the suction and injection
parameter has significant impact in controlling the rate of mass and heat transfer in the boundary
layer.
Key words: Magnetohydrodynamics; Mixed convection; Suction/injection
1. Introduction
A steady of hydromagnetic flow, heat and mass transfer over a non-linear stretching surface
could be very practicable in many applications in the polymer technology, plasma studies,
nuclear reactor cooling systems, textile and paper industries, boundary layer along material
handling conveyers, boundary layer control on airfoils, MHD generator. Gupta and Gupta [1]
167 | P a g e
The boundary layer flow and heat transfer due to nanofluids over a stretching sheet are
a thrust areas of current research. Such investigations find applications over a broad spectrum of
science and engineering disciplines. An important aspect of boundary layer flow of a nanofluid
over a stretching sheet is the heat transfer characteristics. It is crucial to understand the heat
transfer characteristics of the stretching sheet so that the finished product meets the desired
quality. This is due to the fact that the quality of a final product depends on the rate of heat
transfer at the stretching surface. Accordingly, Kuznetsov and Nield [8] have studied the natural
convective boundary layer flow of a nanofluid past a vertical plate analytically. They used a
model in which Brownian motion and thermophoresis effects were taken into account. Moreover,
Khan and Pop [9] used the same model to study the boundary layer flow of a nanofluid past a
stretching sheet with a constant surface temperature. Very recentlyWubshet and Shanker [10]
168 | P a g e
Mathematical Formulations:
We consider the steady mixed convective flow heat and mass transfer flow of a viscous,
nanofluid past a stretching surface coinciding with the plane y = 0 . Keeping the origin fixed two
equal and opposite forces are applied along the x axis which results in stretching of the sheet
and hence, the flow is generated. The non-uniform transverse magnetic field B ( x ) is imposed
along the y axis. The induced magnetic field is neglected as the magnetic Reynolds number of
the flow is taken to be very small. It is also assumed that the external electric field is zero and the
169 | P a g e
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Where u and v denote the velocity components in x and y directions, respectively. T and C
are the fluid temperature and concentration, respectively. is the kinematic viscosity, is the
electrical conductivity, is the density of the fluid, g is the acceleration due to gravity, T is
the coefficient of thermal expansion, C is the coefficient of expansion with concentration and
B ( x ) = B0 x s is the applied magnetic field where B0 is the transverse magnetic field strength.
is the thermal diffusivity, is the ratio between the effective heat capacity of the nanoparticle
material and heat capacity of the fluid, DB is the Brownian diffusion coefficient and DT is the
thermophoresis diffusion coefficient, The stretching surface has a uniform temperature TW and
the free stream temperature is T . Also, it has a uniform concentration CW and the free stream
concentration is C. The boundary conditions are
u ( x,0) = U ( x) = C1 x m , v( x.0) = vW ( x) = C 2 x n
T = TW = T + C 3 x r , C = CW ( x) = C + C 4 x r
u ( x,1) = 0, T ( x,1) = T , C ( x,1) = C
(5)
170 | P a g e
(blowing) and v 0 < 0 for blowing (suction), and v 0 = 0 corresponds to an impermeable sheet,
m 1
m 1
where s =
,n=
, and r = 2m 1
2
2
m + 1 U ( x)
2
=
x f ( )
2
x
m +1
T T
= ( ) =
TW T = C 3 x 2 m 1
TW T
(6)
C C
= ( ) =
CW C = C 4 x 2 m 1
CW C
=y
and v =
so the
y
x
Using the above similarity variables (5)-(6), following ordinary differential equations are
obtained from (2)-(4) as
2m 2 2
2
2
f ' ' '+ f f ' '
f '
Mf '+
Gr +
Gc = 0
m +1
m +1
m +1
m +1
1
2(2m 1)
' '
f '+ f '+ Nb ' '+ Nt ' 2 = 0
Pr
m +1
1
2(2m 1)
1 Nt
' '
f '+ f '+
' ' = 0
Le
m +1
Le Nb
(7)
Where primes denote differentiation with respect to , M =
B
is the magnetic parameter,
C1
g T (TW T )
2
0
g c (CW C )
is the local solutal Grashof number, GT =
is the local
C12 x 2 m 1
C12 x 2 m 1
D B (CW C )
Grashof number, Pr =
is the Prandtl number, Nb =
is the Brownian motion
DT (TW T )
parameter Nt =
is the thermophoresis parameter, Le =
is the Lewis number.
T
DB
GC =
171 | P a g e
(8)
2
is the dimensionless suction velocity which determines the
(m + 1) C1
Where f W = C 2
transpiration rate at the surface with f w > 0 for suction, f w < 0 for injection, and f w = 0
corresponds to an impermeable sheet. Computation of the velocity f ( ) , temperature ( ) , and
concentration ( ) allows the subsequent determination of important engineering design
quantities. The quantities of physical interest in this problem are the local skin friction
coefficient, the local Nusselt number, and the local Sherwood numbers, which are defined by
Cf =
U 2 (x)
u
w =
y (x,0)
Nux =
x qw
,
(Tw T )
Shx =
x mw
DB (Cw C )
T
qw =
y (x,0)
C
mw = DB
y ( y=0)
(9)
Using non-dimensional variables we obtain The wall shear stress, may be expressed in terms of
the local skin-friction coefficient, C f , as
1
C f Re x2 = 2
m +1
f ' ' (0)
2
(10)
The local Nusselt number, Nu x , or the rate of heat transfer may be expressed as
1
2
Nu x Re x =
m +1
' ( 0)
2
(11)
The local Sherwood number, Shx , or the rate of heat transfer may be expressed as
m +1
' ( 0)
2
x U ( x)
Where Re x =
is the local Reynolds number.
Sh x Re x 2 =
172 | P a g e
(12)
2.
Numerical Solutions:
The set of ordinary differential Eqs. (7) with the boundary conditions (8) are solved numerically
using the Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg scheme along with shooting method. The values of f ' , , are
known at . Thus these eight end conditions are utilized to produce six unknown initial
conditions at = 0 by using shooting technique. The most crucial factor of this scheme is to
choose the appropriate finite value of . Thus to estimate the value of ., we start with some
initial guess value and solve the boundary value problem consisting of Eqs. (10) - (12) to
obtain f ' ' (0), ' (0), ' (0) . The solution process is repeated with larger values of . Until two
successive values of f ' ' (0), ' (0), ' (0) differ only after desired significant digit. The .value of
may vary depending upon the physical parameters such as Prandtl number, thermal radiation
parameter, Brownian and thermophoresis diffusion parameter, magnetic parameter, and Lewis
number so that no numerical oscillations would occur. Thus the coupled nonlinear boundary
value problem of third-order in f , second-order in , has been reduced to a system of seven
simultaneous equations of first-order for seven unknowns. Now it is possible to solve the
resultant system of seven simultaneous equations by fifth-order Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg
integration scheme so that velocity, temperature and concentration fields can easily be obtained
for a particular set of physical parameters. The results are provided in several tables and with
discussion in the next section.
173 | P a g e
Pr
Table 1
Comparison of wall temperature gradient ' ( 0 ) for various values of Pr with M
= Gr = Gc = Nt = Le = f W = 0.0 and m = Nb = 1.0
Abel and Mahesha [17]
Present Results
1.0
3.0
1.0
1.92368
3.72067
10.0
1.000008
1.923679
3.720671
and
dimensionless concentration ( ) are depicted in Figs. 1-13 for various values of physical
parameters m , M , Gr , Gc, Pr, f W , Nb = Nt , Le .
Fig. 1 represents the graph of velocity profile for different values of non-linear stretching
parameter m. It is seen from these figures that the effect of increasing of non-linear stretching
parameter m is to decrease velocity profile near the plate.
Fig. 2 represents the graph of velocity profile for different values of magnetic field parameters
M. It is seen that the effect of increasing the strength of magnetic parameter is to decrease
velocity profile near the plate.
Fig. 3 and 4, represent the graphs of velocity profile for different values of local Grashof number
Gr and local solutal Grashof number Gc parameters. It is seen that the effect of increase of
values of these parameters is to increase the velocity profile near the plate and outside this range
no effect on velocity profiles is seen.
174 | P a g e
References:
175 | P a g e
[1] Gupta, P.S., Gupta, A.S., 1979. Heat and mass transfer on a stretching sheet with suction or blowing.
Can. J. Chem. Eng. 55, 744-6.
[2] Chen, C.K., Char, M.I., 1998. Heat transfer of a continuous stretching surface with suction or
blowing. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 135, 568-80.
[3] Gorla, R.S.R., Abboud, D.E., Sarmah, A., 1998. Magnetohydrodynamics flow over a vertical
stretching surface with suction and blowing. Heat Mass Transfer 34, 121-5.
[4] Anjali Devi, S.P., Kandasamy, R., 2002. Effects of chemical reaction, heat and mass transfer on nonlinear MHD laminar boundary layer flow over a wedge with suction or injection. Int. Commun. Heat
Mass Transfer 29, 707-16.
[5] Saddeek, M.A., 2007. Heat and mass transfer on a stretching sheet with a magnetic field in a
viscoelastic fluid though a porous medium with heat source or sink. Comput. Mater. Sci. 38, 781-7.
[6] Anwar, M.I., Khan, I., Sharidan, s., Salleh, M.Z., 2012. Conjugate effects of heat and mass transfer of
nanofluid over a nonlinear stretching sheet. Int. J. Physical Sciences 7(26), 4081-4092.
[7] Matin, M.H., Heirani, M.R., Nobari, Jahangiri, P., 2012. Entropy analysis in mixed convection MHD
flow of nanofluid over a nonlinear stretching sheet. Int. J. Thermal Science Technology 7, 104-119.
[8] Kuznetsov, A.V., Nield, D.A., 2010. Natural convective boundary-layer flow of a nanofluid past a
vertical plate. Int. J. Thermal Sciences 49, 243-247.
[9] Khan, W.A., Pop, I., 2010. Boundary layer flow of a nanofluid past a stretching sheet. Int. J. Heat
Transfer 53, 2477-2483.
[10] Ibrahim, W., Shanker, B., 2012. Boundary-Layer Flow and Heat Transfer of Nanofluid over a
Vertical Plate With Convective Surface Boundary Condition. J.Fluids Eng-Trans ASME 134/081, 203-1.
[11] Haddad, Z., Nada, A., Oztop, F., Mataoui, A., 2012. Natural convection in nanofluids: Are the
thermophoresis and Brownian motion effect significant in nanofluids heat transfer enhancement?. Int. J.
of Thermal Sciences 57, 152-162.
[12] Bachok, N., Ishak, A., Pop, I., 2010. Boundary-layer flow of nanofluids over a moving surface in a
flowing fluid. Int. J. of thermal Sciences 49, 1663-1668.
[13] Makinde, O.D., Aziz, A., 2011. Boundary layer flow of a nanofluid past a stretching sheet with
convective boundary condition. Int. J. of thermal Sciences 50, 1326-1332.
[14] Vajravelu, K., Prasad, K.V., Jinho, L., Changhoon, L., Pop, I., Robert, A. ,Gorder, V., 2011.
Convective heat transfer in the flow of viscous Ag-water and Cu-water nanofluids over a stretching
surface. Int. J. of thermal Sciences 50, 843-851.
[15] Hamad, M.A., Pop, I., Ismali, A.I., 2011. Magnetic field effects on free convection flow of a
nanofluid past a vertical semi-infinite flat plate, Non-Linear Analysis: RealWorld Applications 12, 13381346.
[16] Yacob, A., Ishak, A., Pop, I., Vajavelu, K., 2011. Boundary layer flow past a stretching/Shrinking
surface beneath an external uniform shear flow with convective surface boundary condition in a
nanofluid. Nanoscale Research Letters 6:314, 1-7.
[17] Abel, M.S., Mahesha, N., 2008. Heat transfer in MHD viscoelastic fluid flow over a stretching sheet
with variable thermal conductivity, nonuniform heat source and radiation Applied Math. Model. 32,
1965-83.
176 | P a g e
177 | P a g e
.
Fig.3. Effect of local Grashof number Gr on velocity distribution f ' ( ) .
178 | P a g e
179 | P a g e
Fig.8. Variation of the concentration profile for different values of Lewis number Le .
180 | P a g e
181 | P a g e
182 | P a g e
183 | P a g e
184 | P a g e
200304
200405
ECL
-18.25
-19.95
8.10
1.34
-33.35
-55.86
5.48
2.84
CCL
16.59
15.68
32.30
28.44
25.20
15.49
28.25
CIL
22.04
19.66
30.94
29.35
27.24
15.08
31.61
ECL
-11.88
-22.28
10.88
3.36
-32.21
-54.87
6.38
CCL
12.53
12.54
29.79
26.16
23.73
14.66
CIL
21.37
18.92
30.62
29.06
26.78
14.68
ECL
1.05
-14.57
18.23
10.12
-24.00
-44.35
12.40
9.61
19.37
CCL
24.16
22.46
41.18
39.25
33.68
23.29
37.50
39.79
34.03
CIL
30.10
28.24
39.68
39.74
37.06
25.02
41.59
42.47
45.51
ECL
62.37
66.62
57.34
58.83
63.27
69.71
63.21
64.75
68.26
69.08
CCL
35.57
38.6
31.44
32.75
36.67
44.58
41.28
41.51
57.00
CIL
47.19
49.09
44.02
42.74
46.78
52.99
47.90
48.86
54.21
ECL
-10.03
-23.06
10.69
3.91
-37.62
-75.11
9.30
2.74
CCL
11.11
10.30
21.91
17.97
14.74
8.82
18.95
CIL
17.55
15.35
22.74
19.96
17.09
9.29
19.72
1.
200506
200607
200708
200809
200910
201011
201112
201213
Mean
13.08
21.63
-7.49
23.91 319.09
30.94
26.18
31.43
25.05
6.68
26.67
32.90
34.17
36.64
27.96
6.93
24.80
1.81
11.65
20.64
-6.65
23.52 353.57
27.93
30.79
26.16
31.36
23.57
7.50
31.85
31.3
32.77
34.08
36.57
27.62
7.12
25.77
22.16
1.00
21.84 2179.77
36.87
33.22
7.24
21.80
45.27
37.47
7.24
19.33
64.34
4.19
6.51
53.74
41.31
8.46
20.47
52.47
48.63
3.76
7.73
16.01
22.02
-8.12
29.81 367.29
20.71
19.7
26.82
17.10
5.75
33.64
20.23
19.88
20.55
18.24
3.77
20.65
SD CV
2.
3.
4. Salary & Wages to Total Exp Ratio (SWTER) = (Salary & Wages / Total Exp.) *100
Source: Computed from the data given in Annual Reports and Accounts of ECL, CCL & CIL
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iii) Cash Profit Ratio (CPR): This ratio is calculated based on the following formula:
Cash Profit Ratio = (Cash Profit / Net Sales) * 100.
This ratio is more reliable indicator of performance in terms of cash generation as it is not
affected by the method of depreciation. It is very essential for a company to earn cash profit from
operations for smooth running of its day to day operating activities and for its survival.
Table 1 clearly shows that Cash Profit ratio of ECL is not satisfactory as compared to the
industry and CCL. ECL is lagging behind the industry and CCL. When industry maintains an
average of 37.47 percent of sales as cash profit and CCL maintains 33.22 percent of sales as cash
profit, ECL has failed to do so and has attained an average of 1.00 percent of sales as cash profit
during our study period. However, ECL has improved this ratio substantially from the lowest
- 44.35 percent in the year 2008-09 to 22.16 percent being the highest ratio in the year 2012-13
during our study period. Further, the reasons for negative ratios of ECL are mainly due to
increase in remuneration and retirement benefits for its higher workforce as compared to other
companies within the industry. For ECL, the highest degree of C.V. (2179.77 %) of cash profit
ratio indicates that this ratio of ECL has the highest volatility as compared to the industry and
other profitability ratios of ECL. Accordingly, we observe that cash profit ratio of the industry is
more uniform and stable in nature. Figure 3 showing graphical view of the cash profit ratio
exhibits that ECL has remarkable improvement after 2008-09 and accordingly has a sharp
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iv) Salary and Wages to Total Expenses Ratio (SWTER): This ratio is calculated below:
Salary and Wages to Operating Expenses Ratio =
(Total Salary and Wages for the period / Total Expenses) * 100.
This ratio indicates the portion of total expenses which is represented by salary and wages. A
high ratio which is above the standard or industry average is a cause of concern for a company.
For that we have computed this particular expense ratio to find out the impact of salary and
wages on total expenses and on profit of the company during the study period.
Table 1 exhibits that salary and wages to total expenses ratio of ECL is much higher than the
industry average as well as CCL. It has been since formation of ECL in November 1975. Thus,
right now this ratio for ECL is not at all satisfactory. The position of CCL is much better than
ECL and better than the industry up to 2010-11. On an average, ECL is spending 64.34 % of
total expenses for salary and wages. That is nearly 23 % more than the CCL and around 16 %
more than the industry average. We also observe that when industry pays 52.47 % of total
expenses for salary and wages in 2012-13 and CCL pays 53.74 %, ECL has incurred 69.08 % of
total expenses for salary and wages in 2012-13. This is mainly for huge work force in ECL as
compared to the industry. The lowest degree of C.V. of this ratio (6.51 %) for ECL indicates the
highest degree of consistency in this ratio as compared to the industry and CCL. This implies
that the proportion of wages & salaries to total expenses for ECL is roughly constant. This is a
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References
A. Books
[1] Banerjee, Bhabatosh: Financial Policy and Management Accounting, 7th Edn, PHI, N.Delhi.
[2] Chandra, Prasanna: Financial Management, 8th Edn, Tata McGraw Hill Ltd, New Delhi.
[3] M.Y.Khan & P.K.Jain: Financial Management, Text, Problems and Cases, 4th Edition, Tata McGraw
Hill Pub. Co. Ltd., New Delhi.
[4] Pandey I.M: Financial Management, 9th Edition, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., Noida
[5] Paul, S.K: Management Accounting, 3rd Edn, New Central Book Agency (P) Ltd, Kolkata.
[6] Ravi M. Kishore: Financial Management, 6th Edn. Taxman Allied Services (P) Ltd, New Delhi.
B. Articles & Research works
[1] Beynon, H. C. (1999). The Decline of King Coal. Wales: Cardiff University.
[2] Chakraborti, U. K. (1997). A Study of the Performance of Eastern Coalfields Limited (ECL) Since the
Nationalization of Coal Industry in 1973. University of Burdwan, Department of Commerce. Burdwan:
Unpublished PhD. Thesis submitted to The University of Burdwan.
[3] Chattopadhyay, G.C. (2011). An Assessment of Long-Term Solvency of Eastern Coalfields Limited
during 2000-01 to 2009-10. International Journal of Functional Management (ISSN 2319-1406, Issue- 2,
Vol-6, April-June 2013, pp 44-48).
1.Dey, A. K. (1993). Problems of Working Capital of Public Enterprises with Special Reference to ECL.
Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis submitted to The University of Burdwan, Burdwan.
[4] Dutt, K. L. (2007) Illegal coal Mining in eastern India:Rethinking legitimacy and limits of Justice.
Economic & Political Weekly , pp. 57-66.
[5] Dutta, R. (2000). Performance Appraisal of ECL and WCL: A Comparative Analysis (1986-87 to
1993-94). Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis submitted to The University Of Burdwan, Burdwan.
[6] Kumar, V. e. (2003). Hydraulic Stowing of Pond Ash in Underground Mines of Manuguru, India., VI,
pp. 1-10. Manuguru.
[7] Mehta, S. R., & Dasgupta, S. (2003). Why Longwall in India has not Succeeded as in other
Developing Country Like China. IE(I) Journal-MN , 17-20.
[8] Pan, S.K. (2003). An Analysis of Different Incentive Schemes and Their Effect on Human Resources
Develoupment - A case study in the Eastern Coalfields Limited.: Unpublished PhD. Thesis submitted to
The University of Burdwan.
[9] Rai, S. K. (2010). An Exercise in Cost Reduction in Coal Industry. Coal Mining Technology and
Management , 14 (1-4), 28-29.
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without
deception
or
fraud".
Following figure depicts how this environment takes meaning for a business firm as a network of
other organisations and institutions with which it must interact. In this context. Corporate social
responsibility is defined as an obligation of the organisation to act in ways that serve both its
own interests and the interests of its many external publics. These publics are considered
shareholders, the persons and groups who are affected is one way or another by the behaviour of
an organisation. They are people affected by the organisation's performance and who may be
affected in one way or another by its commitment to social responsibility.
Societal
Influences
Government
Influences
CORPORATE
SOCIAL
RESPONSIBILITY
DESICIONS
Ethical
Influences
Competitive
Influences
The three general meanings of social responsibility can be depicted as a continuum, as shown in
Table 1 The continuum formed by the three classes of socially responsible behaviour ranges
from an emphasis on profit making to an emphasis on social and economic concerns.
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Socially Obligated
Socially Reactive
Socially Responsive
The organisation's
the organisation's
The organisation's
responsibilities
social responsibilities
and citizenship
responsibilities
From the above table shows that at one extreme is social obligation business behaviour that
reflects the firm's economic and legal responsibilities. Social reaction occupies the middle
position behaviour that is demanded by groups having a direct stake in the organisation's
actions. The farthest extreme, social responsiveness is anticipatory, proactive and preventive
behaviour.
In the real world, a corporation can choose to be anywhere along the continuum. To be socially
reactive implies the firm's acceptance of social obligation as well. In a like manner, to be socially
responsive requires both social obligation and social reaction. In short, the three meanings refer
to different degrees of departure from the normal activities and performance of profit-seeking
business firms. Few terms have been defined in as many different ways as social responsibility.
Some of the more popular meaning include "profit making only," "going beyond profit making",
"voluntary activities," "concern for the broader social system," and "social responsiveness." Most
of the debate has focused at the extremes. On one side, there is the classicalor purely
economicview that management's only social responsibility is to maximise profits. On the
other side stands the socio-economic position, which holds that management's responsibility
goes well beyond making profits to include protecting and improving society's welfare.
2. BASIC COMMON FEATURES OF BUSINESS ENTERPRISES:
Some businesses are owned by a single individual and some by more than one individual. Some
businesses may be privately owned and some may be owned by the government whatever may
198 | P a g e
(2) Organisation:
Business requires co-ordination of factors of production. This coordination is effected through
organisation. Organisation means structural relationship between various factors in an enterprise
and refers to a completed body with all its correlated function Business pulsates with life through
organisation and so it is said that organisation is the very pulse and heart-beats, the circulation,
the respiration and the vital movement' of a business. So n business can be carried on without an
organisation and as, such, it is one of the basic common features of every business. Organisation
may be large or small, but every business must have on.
(3) Finance:
Business requires finance for its working. It is necessary to purchase land construct buildings,
buy different kinds of assets and raw materials, pay the employees during the period of
production activities, etc. The requirements of finance may be large or small, but ever business
requires some amount. A business without finance is like a stomach without food. S business
cannot sustain without finance and as such, it is one of the indispensable factors of ever business.
(4) Forecasting:
Business is carried on in anticipation of demand or market. It should store something or produce
something today for its marketing tomorrow. This means storing 01 producing in anticipation of
demand, or study of future events in advance. So it involves some amount of forecasting.
Forecasting is necessary to provide the customers with goods and services when they are in need
of them. So this is a common feature of almost all business enterprises.
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There are four phases of CSR Development in India which are follows
(a) The First Phase
(b) The Second Phase
(c) The Third Phase
(d) The Fourth Phase
The history of CSR in India has its four phases which run parallel to India's historical
development and has resulted in different approaches towards CSR. However the phases are not
static and the features of each phase may overlap other phases.
The First Phase:
In the first phase charity and philanthropy were the main drivers of CSR. Culture, religion,
family values and tradition and industrialization had an influential effect on CSR. In the preindustrialization period, which lasted till 1850, wealthy merchants shared a part of their wealth
with the wider society by way of setting up temples for a religious cause.
Moreover, these merchants helped the society in getting over phases of famine and epidemics by
providing food from their godowns and money and thus securing an integral position in the
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It depicts how this environment takes meaning for a business firm as a network of other
organisations and institutions with which it must interact. In this context. Corporate social
responsibility is defined as an obligation of the organisation to act in ways that serve both its
own interests and the interests of its many external publics. These publics are considered
shareholders, the persons and groups who are affected is one way or another by the behaviour of
an organisation. They are people affected by the organisation's performance and who may be
affected in one way or another by its commitment to social responsibility.
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Possession of resources:
managerial talent to provide support to public and charitable projects that need assistance.
10. Superiority of prevention over cures: Social problems must be dealt with and if necessary
solved at some time. Business should act on them before they become more serious and costly to
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Client and marketplace: It is expected for sustaining development of business with due skill,
care and diligence, client and market place should be considered first.
Workplace: for increasing productivity any corporate sector a healthy and safe working
environment.
Environment: The internal & external business environment has greater influence in the area of
CSR. There should be the aim for the suppliers who demonstrate global environmental and social
concerns, through continued commitment for actively engaging in CSR.
Community: Community has the greater impact for the prosperity of business. Health local
community enhances business profit by distributing goods and services in proper time with
reasonable prices and accurate quantity.
CRITICISM:
1. Violation of profit maximization: This is the essence of the classical viewpoint. Business is
most socially responsible when it attends strictly to its economic interests and leaves other
activities to other institutions.
2.
Loss of purpose: The pursuit of social goals leads to loss of business's basic purpose
economic productivity. Society may suffer as both economic and social goals are poorly
accomplished.
3. Costs: Many socially responsible activities dont pay their own way. Someone has to pay
these costs. Business normally passes them on to consumers in the form of higher prices,
4. Too much power: Business is already one of the most powerful institutions in our society. If it
pursues social goals, it would have even more power. Society has given business much power.
5.
Lock of skills: The outlook and abilities of business leaders are oriented primarily toward
profits and gains. Business people are not competent enough to deal with social issues and solve
social problems.
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Formal schools
In Health care ones goal is to render quality health care facilities to people living in the villages
and elsewhere through Hospitals:
In Infrastructure Development for setting up essential services that form the foundation of
sustainable development through:
Housing facilities
Dowryless marriage
Widow remarriage
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References :
[1] Chahoud, Dr. Tatjana; Johannes Emmerling, Dorothea Kolb, Iris Kubina, Gordon Repinski, Catarina
Schlger (2007). Corporate Social and Environmental Responsibility in India - Assessing the UN Global
Compact's Role.
[2] Understanding and Encouraging Corporate Responsibility in South Asia. MAY,2001.
[3] State of CSR in India& Executive summary and recommendations:CSR in India-perspectives for
business. 1 May 2007.
[4] Khanna, Parul; Gitika Gupta (January 2011). PARUL KHANNA Paper_Corporate_Social_Responsibility.
[5] Sathish, Ramya. "Corporate Social Responsibility in India - Putting Social-Economic Development on
a Fast Track".
[6] "Implications of Companies Act, 2013 Corporate Social Responsibility". Grant Thornton India LLP.
Retrieved 7 March 2014.
[7] "The Flag Off of CSR Rules: India Inc.s To-Do List for Compliance to Section-135". Forbes, 4
March 2014.
[8] William Haynes Entrepreneurship & Management.
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2.2. Methodology
The data set explored in the present study has been categorized into Pre monsoon and Monsoon
season which is further sub-categorized on the basis of time that is 00 UTC data and 12 UTC
data. The data sets have been arranged properly to obtain the Mean, Standard deviation and
Variance of the important meteorological parameters. The mean of each parameter at different
pressure levels (surface, 925 hPa, 850 hPa) have been compiled to obtain the Vertical Profile of
that particular parameter in Pre monsoon and Monsoon seasons both at 00 UTC and 12 UTC
within the boundary layer.
2. Result and Discussion
In both Pre monsoon and Monsoon seasons, the temperature gradually decreases with increase in
altitude. At all the three pressure levels, temperature is slightly higher in Pre monsoon season
than in Monsoon season in 00 UTC (Fig. 1) and 12 UTC (Fig.2). At 00 UTC, the surface
# REF! #REF!
a)
P
(h
sl
e
v
el
er
us
se
r
P
Pr e s s u r e lev e l s (h P a )
temperature difference between the Pre monsoon and Monsoon season is significant.
#REF! #REF!
0
0
0
# RE F! # RE F!
0
0
0
1
Temperature(K)
# RE F! # RE F!
Tempera ture(K)
Dew point temperature gradually decreases with altitude in both Pre monsoon and Monsoon
season. In both 00 UTC (Fig.3) and 12 UTC (Fig. 4), the difference in dew point temperature in
pre monsoon and Monsoon season at three different pressure levels gradually increases with
217 | P a g e
925
At 00 UTC, the relative humidity gradually decreases with increase in altitude in monsoon
season. In Pre monsoon season, relative humidity increases from surface to 925 hPa pressure
level and then decreases upto 850 hPa pressure level (Fig. 5). At 12 UTC, the relative humidity
remains almost constant in all the three pressure levels with slight increase in 925 hPa (Fig. 6).
Like 00 UTC, the relative humidity increases from surface to 925 hPa pressure level and then
decreases upto 850 hPa pressure level in Pre monsoon season. In both 00 UTC and 12 UTC, the
relative humidity is considerably higher in Monsoon season than in Monsoon season.
925
218 | P a g e
At 00 UTC (Fig. 7) and 12 UTC ( Fig.8), the mixing ratio gradually decreases with increase in
altitude in Pre monsoon and Monsoon seasons. The mixing ratio remains considerably higher in
monsoon season than in Pre monsoon season.
850
925
At 00 UTC (Fig. 9) and 12 UTC (Fig. 10), the surface wind is south-easterly in Pre monsoon and
Monsoon seasons. But at 925 hPa and 850 hPa pressure levels, wind blows from the south-west
direction. At 12 UTC, the surface wind is south- easterly and south-westerly wind blows at 925
hPa and 850 hPa pressure levels. But at 00 UTC, south-westerly wind prevails at all the three
pressure levels within the boundary levels. The surface wind is slightly higher in Pre monsoon
season both at 00 UTC and 12 UTC.
925
925
0
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At 00 UTC, the potential temperature is much higher at the surface in Pre monsoon season than
in Monsoon (Fig. 13). At 925 hPa, the potential temperature decreases slightly in Pre monsoon
season and again it increases at 850 hPa pressure level. In Monsoon season, potential
temperature gradually increases with increasing altitude. At 12 UTC, potential temperature
gradually increases with increase in altitude (Fig. 14). But at all the pressure levels within the
boundary layer, potential temperature is higher in Pre monsoon season than in Monsoon season.
925
220 | P a g e
925
925
#REF! # REF!
)a
P
h(
sl
ev
e
L
er
us
se
r
P
#REF! #REF!
#REF! #REF !
a)
P
h(
lse
0
ve
l
er
us
se 925
r
P
#REF! #REF!
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.5
1
Eq uivalent potential temperature (K)
Fig. 16 -Vertical profile of Equivalent p otential
temperature(K) in Pre monsoon(April-May)
and Monsoon(June-July) in different p ressure
levels (hPa) within the Boundary Laye r at 12
UTC
Temperature gradually decreases with increase in height in both thunderstorm and nonthunderstorm days (Fig 17). The temperature is maximum at the surface. Thunderstorm days
show higher temperature at all the three pressure levels (i.e. surface, 925 hPa, 850 hPa) than the
non-thunderstorm days. This result infers that high temperature is required for the occurrence of
thunderstorm.
In thunderstorm days, dew point temperature is maximum at the surface (Fig. 18). At 925 hPa, a
small decrease in dew point temperature is observed. But at 850 hPa level, the dew point
temperature shows a sharp decrease in thunderstorm days. In non- thunderstorm days, dew point
temperature shows a gradual decrease with increase in height from the surface. In thunderstorm
days, the moisture incursion is higher at different levels, that is why the rate of decrease of dew
point temperature with altitude is less rapid than in non- thunderstorm days. The gradient of dew
point temperature (i.e. dTd/dz) is steeper in thunderstorm days than in non-thunderstorm days.
221 | P a g e
Thunderstorm days
Non-thunderstorm days
Thunderstorm days
310
)
K
( 300
re
ut
ar 290
ep
m
e 280
T
t
in 270
o
P
w
e
D
305
300
295
290
285
surface
925
surface
925
Pressure lev els (hPa) 850
Fig. 18 -Variation of Dew Point
Temperature on Thunderstorm days and
Non-thunderstorm days at three pressure
levels within boundary layer over Kotkata.
850
Relative humidity increases from surface to 925 hPa pressure level and then gradually decreases
till 850 hPa pressure level in both thunderstorm and non-thunderstorm days (Fig. 19). This shows
that 925 hPa pressure level has the maximum moisture content. But the amount of moisture is
higher in all the pressure levels (surface, 925 hPa and 850 hPa) in thunderstorm days than in nonthunderstorm days.
In thunderstorm days, the mixing ratio increases from surface to 925 hPa pressure level an then
gradually decreases upto 850 hPa pressure level (Fig. 20). Due to south- westerly wind direction,
moisture incursion from Bay of Bengal occurs which increases the mixing ratio at 925 hPa .But
at 850 hPa pressure level, the wind is north-westerly. So the dry air flow results in decrease of
mixing ratio at that level. In non- thunderstorm days, the mixing ratio gradually decreases with
increase in altitude.
Thunderstorm days
Non-thunderstorm days
80
)
%
( 60
yit
di 40
m
u
H 20
ev
it
al
0
e
R
Non-thunderstorm days
)g
20
/kg
(
iot 15
a
R10
g
ni
xi 5
M 0
surface
925
850
Pressure levels(hPa)
Fig . 19- Variatio n of Relative Humidity on
Thunderstorm days and Non-thunderstorm
days at three pressure level s within
boundary layer over K otkata.
222 | P a g e
Thunderstorm days
25
surface
925
850
In both thunderstorm and non-thunderstorm days, potential temperature gradually increases with
increase in altitude (Fig. 23). Under normal, stably stratified conditions, the potential temperature
increases with height and vertical motion is suppressed .
223 | P a g e
CONCLUSION
Little solar radiation is absorbed in the boundary layer, most is transmitted to the ground where
typical absorptivities on the order of 90% result in absorption of much of the solar radiation. It is
the ground that warms and cools in response to the radiation, which in turn forces changes in the
boundary layer via transport processes. Indirectly, the whole troposphere can change in response
to surface characteristics, but this response is relatively slow outside the boundary layer.
In the present study, the variation of different meteorological parameters have been extensively
studied for a time duration of ten years (1997-2006) which portrays the boundary layer structure
over Kolkata in Pre monsoon and Monsoon seasons and also in Thunderstorm and Nonthunderstorm days. The vertical profile of different parameters within the boundary layer shows
characteristic trend in Pre monsoon and Monsoon seasons over Kolkata.
Although thunderstorms are rarely considered to be boundary layer phenomena, their interaction
with the boundary layer is noticeable. Before and after thunderstorm, important meteorological
parameters show characteristic changes within the boundary layer. In fact thunderstorms can
modify the boundary layer in a matter of minutes by drawing up boundary layer air into the
cloud, or by laying down a carpet of cold downdraft air.
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Keywords - evacuated tube solar collector, single phase open water in glass, solar domestic hot
water system, storage tank, thermosyphon.
1. Introduction
The thermosyphon flow can be designed as illustrated in Fig. (1); it can work with either forced
or natural flow in domestic water storage and distribution. The evacuated tube designed for
single-phase open thermosyphon consists of two concentric borosilicate glass tubes sealed
at the lower end. The selective coating at the outside of the inner glass tube increases solar
absorption and reduces heat radiation losses. Heat absorption at the inner tube develops a
buoyant ow of water up the tube and this is displaced by an inow of coldwater from the
tank.
The key important point of these systems is that the storage tank is always located higher than
the collector. The solar radiation after passing through outer glass tubes fall on the inner glass
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Fig. (2) Solar hot water system experimental rig with open thermosyphon type.
Table 1
Technical data of the experimental solar hot water system
Collector type
Open
Heat transfer fluid in tubes
Water
Length of tube
2.05 m
Inner/outer diameter of tube
47 mm/ 58 mm
Numbers of tube
15
Collector Area
2.18 m2
Volume of water in tank
120 L
Collector tilt angle
45o, south-facing
Tube thermal properties
Absorptance 94%, emittance 6%
Storage tank is an open steel tank complete with thermal insulation. Table 1 shows the key
collector parameters. This experimental rig was installed at the roof laboratory of our
university campus. Copper-constantan thermocouples were fixed at different positions of the
solar collector system, including the connecting pipes and storage tank for temperature data
acquisition. Performance data were recorded in both cold and hot periods of the year. The
water was consumed (and emptied)only in the evening hours. The automatic refilling took
place in the early morning. For computer model calibration/validation purpose, hot water in
tank can remain unused (no drawn-off) during consecutive test days.
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Qc
t
Ta
Tad
Tm
Ts
Tsfn
Tsfd
Tsid
USys, d
UL
Overall heat loss coefficient of solar collector, W/m2 K
t
Time duration of solar test, s
sys,o
Maximum efficiency of the system
hsys
Efficiency of solar hot water system averaged over the test period
()eff
Effective transmittance absorptance product of the solar collector for
solar radiation
Up
Overall heat loss coefficient of piping, W/m2 K
Us
Overall heat loss coefficient of storage tank, W/m 2 K
The following energy balance equation would determine the thermal performance of the solar
hot water system during the day-time
Rate of change in Rate at which useful Rate at which energy
energy contents of energy is supplied to is lost from water in
storage tank
tank by solar collector the ambient air
(3.1)
Rearranging and integrating equation (3.1) with respect to time, between the time period t1 to t2
during which the energy is collected, one gets
t 2d
t 2d
(MC)s(Tsfd Tsid) = AaF' GT()eff , dt (AaF' UL + AsUs + ApUp ) (Ts Ta )dt
t1d
t1d
(3.2)
The total energy incident on the collector during the time period from t1d to t2d is given by the
following expression
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t 2d
Qc = Ac GTdt
t1d
(3.3)
(3.4)
Where
sys =
(MC)s(Tsfd Tsid)
t 2d
Ac GTdt
t1d
t 2d
AaF' GT ( )eff.dt
t1d
sys,0 =
t 2d
Ac GT.dt
t1d
Usys, d =
t 2d
(T
X = t1d
(3.5)
(3.6)
(3.7)
Ta )dt
t 2d
GTdt
t1d
(3.8)
The system validation test can be start 3.50 hour before solar noon at test area (Kolkata, West
Bengal) and the process was running till 3.50 hour after solar noon. I this duration all data was
recorded through automatic data logger. Collecting data put into the equation 3.6 and find out
system efficiency on that particular day and also find out the system performance X. Number of
conjunctives data plotted and find out total performance of the solar water heating system [7].
Number of data was rejected due to low radiation, rain, cloudy condition, high wind flow or
some time system failure.
231 | P a g e
E ffic ie n c y
0 .6 0
0 .4 0
0 .2 0
0 .0 0
0 .0 0
0 .0 2
0 .0 4
0 .0 6
0 .0 8
X (m 2 K /W )
(4.1)
232 | P a g e
Fig. (5) Flow Chart Develop Coding For Automatically Evaluating System Efficiency & X
in Different Scan Time Interval
In fig. 6 show the different radiation pattern and temper pattern with different time interval. It
was find out increase the time interval then increase the system efficiency. The table 2 show that
233 | P a g e
1 2 0 0
D a te
O
T
F
T
R a d ia t i o n ( W / m 2 )
1 0 0 0
n
w
iv
e
e
o
e
n
: 3 0 -0 3 -2 0 1 0
m in
m in
m in
m in
u
u
u
u
te in
te in
te in
te in
te rv
te rv
te rv
te r v
a
a
a
a
l
l
l
l
8 0 0
6 0 0
4 0 0
2 04 0
8
1 0
1 0
1 2
1 4
1 6
1 2
1 4
1 6
3 6
T e m p e ra tu re ( C )
3 8
3 4
3 2
3 0
2 8
T im
e ( H o u r s )
Fig. (6) Variations of Solar Radiation and Ambient Temperature in Different Interval
Scans Time.
Table:2
1 min
Date
interval
2 min interval
5 min interval
10 min interval
0.3547220
0.3549640
0.3564320
0.0000860
0.0242502
0.0003280
0.0924892
0.0017960
0.5064347
Efficiency
30-03-10
234 | P a g e
0.3546360
Efficiency
Deviation
% of Deviation
5. Conclusion
Our experimental and numerical works on evaluating the performance of common types of
evacuated tube solar water heaters for domestic hot water
described. Our experimental results indicate that, for applications in the subtropical
climate of India the daily thermal performance of the single-phase open thermosyphon
solar collector is better in domestic hot water application as well as aspect of cost of the
system.
It is observed that the efficiency of the system gradually increases with the increase in scan time
interval. The possible reason of the better performance is due to the fact that the integration
average of the solar radiation over the longer scan interval will make the radiation profile less
fluctuating.
Acknowledgments
The work described in this article was supported by the grants from the Regional Test Centre
(Solar Thermal) at School of Energy Studies, Jadavpur University.
References
[1]
A. El Fadar, A. Mimet, A. Azzabakh, M. Perez-Garcia, J. Castaing. Applied Thermal Engineering
29 (2009) 12671270. Study of a new solar adsorption refrigerator powered by a parabolic trough
collector.
[2]
A. El Fadar, A. Mimet, M. Perez-Garca. Solar Energy 83 (2009) 850861.Modelling and
performance study of a continuous adsorption refrigeration system driven by parabolic trough solar
collector.
[3]
Bo-Ren Chen, Yu-Wei Chang, Wen-Shing Lee, Sih-Li Chen. Solar Energy xxx (2009) xxxxxx.
Article in press. Long-term thermal performance of a two-phase thermosyphon solar water heater.
[4]
C.D. Ho, H.M. Yeh, T.W. Cheng, T.C. Chen, R.C. Wang. Applied Energy 86 (2009) 14701478.
The influences of recycle on performance of baffled double-pass flat-plate solar air heaters with internal
fins attached.
[5] Hamid El Qarnia. Energy Conversion and Management 50 (2009) 247254. Numerical analysis of a
coupled solar collector latent heat storage unit using various phase change materials for heating the water.
[6]
I. Budihardjo, G.L. Morrison. Solar Energy 83 (2009) 4956. Performance of water-in-glass
evacuated tube solar water heaters.
[7] John A. Duffie & William A. Beckman., Third edition, 2006. Solar Thermal Engineering of Thermal
Processes.
235 | P a g e
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Among all the available technologies, the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) is most
accepted because it combines the advantages of reduced converter ratings for power conversion
and an efficient power capture due to the variable speed operation.[2]. Among these, a wind
energy conversion system integrated with a DFIG is the most popular option to harness wind
energy due to varying nature and unpredictability of the wind speeds. A DFIG offers advantages
of improved efficiency, reduced converter rating, reduced cost and losses, easy implementation
of power factor correction, variable speed operation, and four quadrant control of active and
reactive power control capabilities [3],[4]. Due to variable speed operation, total energy output is
20%30% higher in case of DFIG, so capacity utilization factor is improved and the cost per
kWh energy is reduced.
237 | P a g e
In this paper, the two parts of the linear controller for DFIG ,one is the grid-side
controller(GSC) and the other one is the rotor side controller(RSC) is taken into consideration
.The vector control scheme is applied to GSC and Instantaneous Reactive Power Theory is
applied to the RSC .This new linear controller is simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK platform.
The conventional linear controller using synchronous Reference Frame Theory is also simulated
in the same platform. Now a comparative study is done between the proposed linear controller
and the conventional linear controller .Simulation studies say how the new linear controller gives
better performance than the conventional one.
2. Doubly Fed Induction Generator
DFIGs are variable speed generators with advantages compared to other solutions [7].They are
used more and more in wind turbine applications due to easy controllability, high energy
efficiency and improved power quality. Fixed speed generators and induction generators had the
disadvantage of having low power efficiencies at most speeds. To improve the efficiency,
controlled power electronics converters are commonly used. Voltage source inverters are used to
convert the voltage magnitude and frequency to match the grid values. As power converters in a
238 | P a g e
The gearbox has the role of matching the speed between the blades and the rotor. The
transformer couples the generator to the grid adjusts the voltage of the machine to that of the
239 | P a g e
the decoupled d-q vector control concept .The fundamentals of vector control implementation
can be explained with the help of fig. 2 where the machine model is represented in a
synchronously rotating reference frame. The inverter is omitted from the figure, assuming that it
has unity current gain, that is, it generates currents ia , ib and ic as dictated by the corresponding
commands currents ia* , ib* and ic* from the controller. A machine model with internal
conversions is shown on the right. The machine terminal phase currents ia, ib and ic are
converted to Ids and Iqs component by 3 / 2 transformation These are then converted to
synchronously rotating frame by the unit vector components cos and sin before applying
them to the d-q machine model as shown in the fig 2. The controller makes two stage of inverse
transformation, as shown, so that the control currents ids*and iqs* corresponds to the machine
current ids and iqs, respectively. The transformation and inverse transformation including the
inverter ideally do not incorporate any dynamics therefore; the response to ids and iqs is
instantaneous.
240 | P a g e
Machine
Transformation
The grid side control strategy is explained through a block diagram below in fig 3. Here, the DC
link voltage is compared with a reference voltage and fed to a DC voltage regulator which in turn
produces the grid-side converter control reference current. The d and q grid controller currents
are obtained .After being compared with their corresponding reference currents they are finally
fed to the current regulator from which we finally obtain the grid controller voltage to be fed to
the
PWM
generator
for
generating
the
required
pulses.
241 | P a g e
(1)
(2)
(3)
Where,
iLmag =
Equations for q-axis current :
Uaq = (-ubd + ucd)/
Ubq = (3uad +ubd - ucd)/
Uaq = (-3uad +ubd - ucd)/
242 | P a g e
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
Fig.-5 Block diagram showing application of IRPT to current measurement block of Rotor Side Controller
Application of IRPT to the current measurement block that is production of d and q axes
rotor current (Ird and Irq respectively) is done.
MATLAB Modeling and Simulation
MATLAB Model of Grid Side Controller:
The Grid Side Controller for DFIG is modeled and simulated using the MATLAB and its
Simulink and Sim Power System toolboxes. The MATLAB model of the Grid Side Controller is
shown in Figure-6. The model contains of three main blocks namely the DC voltage
regulator,current regulator and the grid side pulse generator .The DC voltage regulator regulates
the DC link voltage of the capacitor, the current regulator regulates the current and also produces
Vd and Vq components of voltage and the grid side pulse generator produces pulses to be fed to
the Grid Side Converter . The system data are given in Appendix.
Vdc_nom
Vdc_nom
Iq_ref
Idq
Idq
Vd
Vdc
Vdc
DCVoltage
Regulator
Vdq0
Idq_gc
4
w
3
Vdqs
Vdqs
Vd
Idq_gc
Vq
Vdq0
Vq
5
Current
Regulator
Uctrl_grid_conv
Uctrl_grid_conv
PLL
Theta_PLL
GridsidePulse
Generator
243 | P a g e
Vdqs
Vdqs
[Idqs]
Idqs
Idqs
Id_ref
Tem_cmd
Tem
2
Idr_ref
[w]
Flux Controller
Vd
Vd
Vq
Vq
Iq_ref
Vdq0
Vd
11
Vd
7
Idqr
12
Iqmax
wr
Iqmax
8
Qref
Vdq0
Idqr
Pulses_rotor_conv
wr
Current
Regulator
4
Theta_PLL
Iq_ref
Qref
9
1
Pulse_rotor_conv
PLL
Qmeas
Qmeas
10
Vmeas
Vmeas
Voltage
Regulator
A.
distribution system exports power to a 120-kV grid through a 30-km, 25-kV feeder. A single line
to ground fault causes voltage sag that drops the stator voltage to 0.5 p.u. is introduced at 0.03 s
for 0.13s duration (i.e. 4 cycles at 60Hz).
Various parameters were taken into consideration for the like the stator flux, stator current,
dc-link voltage, rotor speed and electromagnetic torque. The graphical analysis is carried out to
find out how the proposed linear controller gives better performance than the conventional linear
controller. The results for conventional linear controller are seen in fig 8(a) to 8(i).
244 | P a g e
245 | P a g e
.
Fig.-8(f) THD evaluation of rotor current of conventional linear controller
Here for the same system but with the proposed linear controller similarly a voltage sag that
drops the stator voltage to 0.5 p.u. is introduced at 0.03 s for 0.13s duration (i.e. 4 cycles at
60Hz) .The same parameters for comparison are considered and results are seen below in fig 9(a)
to 9(i).
246 | P a g e
247 | P a g e
Type of
Controller
used
%
of % of
THD in THD
in
Stator DC
Current link
voltage
Conventional 73.60% 80.57%
Linear
Controller
33.46% 77.85%
Proposed
Linear
Controller
% of
THD
in
Rotor
speed
% of
THD
in
Torque
79.80% 59.87%
51.89% 57.82%
THD Analysis: Total harmonic distortion is an important criterion for power quality
improvement. For the basis of presented harmonics in a power line THD is being calculated.
This table created by the help of MATLAB FFT Analysis Result. The level of THD for the
conventional linear controller and the proposed linear controller is presented in this table. From
this presented table we can see that the proposed linear controller gives much better performance
248 | P a g e
3. Conclusion
This paper has presented the DFIG using the conventional linear control system using
Synchronous Reference Frame Theory. Then the Instantaneous Reactive Power Theory is
introduced .In the latter part of this paper this theory is applied in the rotor side control of the
linear controller .The corresponding simulation has been done in MATLAB/SIMULINK
platform .Finally a comparative study has been done between the performance of the two linear
controllers ,one is conventional linear controller using Synchronous Reference Frame Theory
and the other is the linear controller modified by Instantaneous Reactive Power Theory. A few
parameters have been selected for comparison like stator flux, stator current, dc-link voltage,
rotor speed and electromagnetic torque.
While conducting the comparative study it is seen that the total harmonic distortion of the
stator flux, stator current, dc-link voltage, rotor speed, electromagnetic torque of the proposed
linear controller is much lesser as compared to that of the conventional controller. Stator flux
becomes smooth and its oscillations are well damped out .Stator current oscillations are well
damped and they behave smoothly and remain in their limits. The dc-link voltage also becomes
smoother. Rotor speed and electromagnetic torque have much lesser harmonics as their
oscillations are quite damped out. So the application of Instantaneous Reactive Power theory on
the rotor side control of the linear controller of the DFIG improves its performance thereby The
simulation results presented shows good accuracy with results.
APPENDIX
AC line voltage: 415 V, 50 Hz
3 phase Transformer1:DY configuration, turns ratio= 1:1
3 phase Transformer2:DY11 configuration ,step down
Transformer
3 phase Transformer3:YY,turns ratio=1:1
Discrete PWM generator: 3 arm bridge, 6 Pulse,
Frequency =1080 Hz.
Inverter specification: 2 IGBT based 3 arm six pulse bridge
Carrier frequency =1080Hz
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251 | P a g e
ABSTRACT
Recently licensed and unlicensed frequency spectrum facing of a massive demand by the rapid
growth in wireless communications. Here cognitive radio plays an important role to overcome
poor spectrum utilization problem and increase the spectral efficiency by utilizing unused
frequency bands. Using complex calculations, cognitive radios can identify potential
impairments to communications quality in their environment, for example, interference, path
loss, shadowing and multipath fading. They can then adjust their transmitting parameters, such as
power output, frequency, and modulation to ensure an optimized communications experience for
users xG and xMax are registered trademarks of xG Technology. In this paper we have discuss
the research challenges about key functionalities of spectrum & recent development of cognitive
radio.
Keywords: Cognitive radio networks, Spectrum sensing, OFDM Based Cognitive radios,
Research Challenges in Cognitive Radio.
1. Introduction:
In Wireless communication the radio frequency spectrum is a very important medium which
make a bridge between transmitter and receiver. The government or the government aided
organization like Tele communication Regulatory Authority of India regulate and licence the
252 | P a g e
Cognitive radios (CR) are able to monitor, sense, and detect the
conditions of their operating environment, and dynamically reconfigure their own characteristics
to best match those conditions.
2. COGNITIVE RADIOS KEY BENEFITS:
Cognitive Radio offers optimal diversity (in frequency, power, modulation, coding, space, time,
polarization and so on which leads to:
Spectrum Efficiency- This will allow future demand for spectrum to be met and is the basic
purpose of implementing CR.
Higher bandwidth services- Demand of MBMS is constantly on the rise which will be
facilitated by the implementation of CR & Improved Quality of Service (QoS) (latency, data rate,
cost etc) Suitability, availability and reliability of wireless services will improve from the users
perspective [4].
Future-proofed product- A CR is able to change to services, protocols, modulation, spectrum
etc. without the need for a user and/or manufacturer to upgrade to a new device.
Common
hardware platform- Manufacturers will gain from economies of scale because they no longer
need to build numerous hardware variants, instead using a single common platform to run a wide
range of software. This also assists in rapid service deployment.
Benefits to the
Licensee- CR can pave the way for spectrum trading, where licensees would be allowed to lease
253 | P a g e
1. CRN with infrastructure- Here CR base station plays an important role for all
communications. Through CR base station all the user can access licensed and unlicensed
spectrum bands they can also access the primary base station through licensed channels by only
specifying MAC (Medium Access Control) protocol with different access technology.
2. CRN without infrastructure- CR users communicates with other CR users through an ad hoc
(without infrastructure) connection on both licensed and unlicensed spectrum channels.
There are three major challenges to design the cognitive radio network architecture
254 | P a g e
allocation of spectrum channels, dynamic spectrum access, and different environments and
polices. The key function spectrum decision is introduced to resolve this challenge.
iii) Seamless communication cognitive Radio Network want to provide seamless
communication to the CR users when primary network want the specific portion of the spectrum.
The key function spectrum mobility and spectrum sharing are introduced to resolve this problem.
4. Cognitive Radio Capabilities:
a) SPECTRUM SENSING:
Spectrum sensing is the ability to measure, sense and be aware of the parameters related to the
radio channel characteristics, availability of spectrum and transmit power, interference and noise,
radios operating environment, user requirements and applications, available networks
(infrastructures) and nodes, local policies and other operating restrictions. It is done across
Frequency, Time, Geographical Space, Code and Phase.
b) Spectrum Analysis:
Spectrum Analysis is based on spectrum sensing which is analyzing the situation of several
factors in the external and internal radio environment (such as radio frequency spectrum use by
neighbouring devices, user behaviour and network state) and finding the optimal communication
protocol and changing frequency or channel accordingly. It is also known as channel estimation.
c) Spectrum Decision Making:
Spectrum Decision Making calls for reconfiguration for the channel and protocol required for
constantly adapting to mobile changing environments and adjustment of output power or even
alteration of transmission parameters (such as modulation formats (e.g. low to high order QAM),
variable symbol rates, different channel coding schemes) and characteristics by the Cognitive
radio devices. CR should be able to use multiple antennas for interference nulling, capacity
increase or range extension.
255 | P a g e
ii)
Waveform Based
iii)
Cyclostationary Based
iv)
v)
All above are Non-cooperative spectrum sensing techniques. There is some cooperative
cognitive radio spectrum sensing system also there where sensing will be undertaken by a
number of different radios within a cognitive radio network [7]. For example (a) Centralized (b)
Distributed (c) Relay- Assisted which shown in Fig.2
Fig
.2- Classification of Cooperative Sensing (a) Centralized (b)Distributed (c) Relay Assisted
5. OFDM BASED COGNITIVE RADIO:
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) signal can be considered as group of
narrow band signals, and by increasing the number of subcarriers, the bandwidth of each
Subcarrier becomes narrower.
By choosing the subcarrier spacing to be less than the coherence bandwidth of the channel, each
subcarrier is going to be affected by a flat channel and thus no channel equalization is
needed[8,9].
a) Issues of concern in OFDM:
Mutual interference should be carefully considered when designing cognitive radio systems.
256 | P a g e
Efficient Spectrum Utilization- Waveform can be easily shaped by simply turning off
some subcarriers, where primary users exist.
Spectrum sensing-Inherent FFT Operation of OFDM eases spectrum sensing in frequency
domain [10].
Advanced antenna Techniques-MIMO techniques are commonly used with OFDM
mainly because of the reduced equalizer complexity.
Adaptation / Scalability Parameters includes- FFT size subcarrier spacing, CP size,
modulation, coding, subcarrier power.
Multiple accessing & spectral allocation- Support for multiuser access is already
inherited in the system.
Interoperability WLAN, WMAN, WRAN, WPAN all use OFDM as their PHY
techniques.
6. RESEARCH CHALLENGES:
Although cooperative sensing improves detection accuracy, it increases network traffic, resulting
in higher latency in collecting information due to channel contention and packet retransmissions.
257 | P a g e
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8. REFERENCES:
[1] Samuel Cheng Foundation of cognitive radio systems, 2012, Janeza Trdine in Croatia.
[2] H. Zheng and L. Cao Device-centric spectrum management, IEEE DySPAN, Nov. 2005, pp. 56-65.
[3] R. Menen, R. M. Buehrer and J. H. Reed Outage probability based comparison of underlay and
overlay spectrum sensing techniques IEEE DySPAN, Nov. 2005, pp. 101-109.
[4] X. Lin and S. Shankar Sensing-based opportunistic channel access, Mobile Networks and
Applications, 2006, pp. 577-591.
[5] S. Geirthor, L. Tong, and B. Sadler A measurement-based model for dynamic spectrum access in
WLAN channels IEEE Military communication conference, Washington, D.C., USA, Oct 2006.
[6] Joe Evans, U. Kansas Gary Minden, U. Kansas Ed Knightly Technical Document on Cognitive
Radio Networks IEEE Communications, Sep. 2006.
[7] J. Mitola III Cognitive radio: an integrated agent architecture for software defined radio, Ph.D.
Thesis, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2000.
[8] SIDDHARTH JAIN and RAVI BAID JAIN SPECTRUM SENSING METHODS IN COGNITIVE
RADIO B.Tech Thesis, National Institute of Technology,Rourkela,2011.
[9] S. Haykin Cognitive Radio: brain empowered wireless communications IEEE Journal on Selected
Areas in Communications, Feb 2005, pp. 201-220.
[10] I. F. Akyildiz et al Next Generation/Dynamic Spectrum Access/ Cognitive Radio Wireless
Networks: A Survey, Elsevier Computer. Networks J, Sept 2006, pp. 2127-2159.
[11] Chao Chen, Yu-Dong Yao Investigation of Primary User Emulation Attacks in Cognitive Radio
Networks Ph.D. dissertation, Stevens Institute of Technology 2010.
[12] Federal Communications Commission Notice of proposed rulemaking and order: Facilitating
opportunities for flexible, efficient, and reliable spectrum use employing cognitive radio technologies ET
Docket No. 03-108, Feb 2005.
259 | P a g e
Nibir Khawash
Lecturer, Dept.of Management
Camellia School of Business Management
E.mail- khawashnibir@yahoo.co.in
Abstract
Destination image has been apprehended to be critical in moulding tourist satisfaction which, in
the long run, culminates into destination loyalty. The paper investigates the relative importance
of destination image on tourist satisfaction and destination loyalty and focuses on developing a
structural model for testing.
Keywords: Destination image, Tourist satisfaction, Destination loyalty
1. Introduction
India has several main varieties of cultural tourism destination in different areas of the country,
like: a) Monumental heritage related with art and architecture b) the religious heritage c) the
natural heritage d) traditional arts and crafts e) music and dance.
In Santiniketan, West
Bengal(WB) has all the above mentioned varieties of cultural tourism destinations and for that
reason, foreign tourists (especially Asian) love to visit this places to must have a profound
cultural impact in broadest sense, where all tourism destinations in India involves at least an
aspect of cultural contact and is therefore potentially cultural tourism. Thus tourism in India is a
very vital component to play as a foreign exchange earner. Tourism is the largest service industry
in India, with a contribution of 6.23% to the national GDP and 8.78% of the total employment in
India. The number of Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTAs) in India during 2010 increased to 5.78
million as compared to 5.17 million in 2009. The growth rate of 11.8% in 2010 for India was
260 | P a g e
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Image
262 | P a g e
263 | P a g e
Tourist
satisfaction
Destination image
Destination
loyalty
Fig.1: Structural model involving the variables
Conclusion
The structural model developed on the basis of literature reviewed and research gap identified
thereof may be tested for robustness through structural equation modeling (SEM) approach by
using a confirmatory factor analysis test to check for the fit indices of the factors. The model
may be further extrapolated by taking into consideration a number of moderating variables
relevant to induce effects on the link addressed in the title.
References
[1] Jamaludin,Mazlina. Johari,Shazali. Aziz,Azlizam. Kayat, Kalsum. Raheem Mohamad Yusof,
Abdul .(July, 2012).Examining Structural Relationship between Destination Image, Tourist
Satisfaction and Destination Loyalty. International Journal of Independent Research and Studies
IJIRS. Vol. 1, No.3, 89-9.
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266 | P a g e
(1)
where T and S are the thermal and concentration expansion coecients, respectively. In the
cartesian coordinate system, the fundamental governing equations are as follows:
where, X and Y are the distances measured along the horizontal and vertical directions
respectively; U and V are velocity components in the X-and Y directions respectively; T and C
denote the temperature and concentration respectively; , and D are kinematic viscosity,
thermal diusivity and mass diusivity respectively; P is the pressure and is the density; T h
269 | P a g e
Here x and y are dimensionless coordinates along the horizontal and vertical directions
respectively; u and v are dimensionless velocity components in the x-and y-directions
respectively; and S denote the dimensionless temperature and concentration respectively; p is
the dimensionless pressure parameter. Using these dimensionless variables, we obtain the
following dimensionless governing equations from the equations (2) (6):
270 | P a g e
w
t = 0 for 0 : x, y : 1:
HereheN, Le, Pr, GrC, GrT, Ra and Da are buoyancy ratio, Lewis number, Prandtl number, solutal
n
Grashof number, thermal Grashof number, Rayleigh number and Darcy number respectively.
u(x, y) = 0 = v(x, y),
(22)
The heat transfer coecient in terms of the local Nusselt number
(Nu)
is
Nu
=
()/(n),
where
(x, y) = 0, S(x, y) = 0,
(23)
w
t > 0 forat0the
: x,left
y : 1:
n denotes
the normal direction to a plane. The local Nusselt number
vertical wall and
he
bottom
n walls are dened as
u(x, 1) = u(x, 0) = u(0, y) = u(1, y) = 0,
(24)
Nul = ()/ (x) |x=0 and Nub= ()/ (y) |y=0
v(x, 0) = v(x, 1) = v(0, y) = v(1, y) = 0,
(25)
271 | P a g e
GrT
3.
Solution procedure
Now the iteration process is described [7] to obtain the solutions of the basic equations with
appropriate boundary conditions. In the derivation of pressure-Poisson equation, the divergence
n
term at n-th time level (Dij ) is retained and evaluated in the pressure-Poisson iteration. It is done
n
because the discretized form of divergence of velocity eld, i.e, Dij is not guaranteed to be zero
initially.
The solution procedure starts with the initializing the velocity eld. This is done either from the
result of previous cycle or from the prescribed initial and boundary conditions. Using this
velocity eld pressure-Poisson equation is solved using Bi-CG-Stab method. Knowing the
pressure eld, equation for umomentum, vmomentum, temperature and concentration (see
Fig. 2) are updated to get u, v, and S at (n + 1)th time level. Then using the values of u and v at
(n+1) th time level, the value of the divergence of velocity eld is obtained and checked for its
5
limit. If its absolute value is less than 0.510 and steady state is reached then iteration process
stops, otherwise pressure-Poisson equation is solved again for pressure.
Grid independence test is provided in Table 1 for various grid sizes when Pr =0.7, Le =2.0, N =
3
1, Da = 10 and Ra = 10 . It is important to note that as the number of grid points are increased,
the number of iterations required for getting the converged results for | min | drastically
increases. But when the number of grid points increases from 80 80 to 160 160, no
signicant change found in the value of | min |. Hence, all the results are computed taking 80
80 grid points.
A Comparison of the average Nusselt number at the hot wall (x = 0) in absence of
concentration equation, thermal radiation and heat generation of the generalized model in the
272 | P a g e
non-Darcian regime with same boundary conditions and N =0,Pr =1, Da = 10 , =0.4 is made
with Nithiarasu et al. [8], Medeiros et al. [9] and Mahapatra et al. [10] for various values of
Rayleigh number in Table 2. It is noted from this table that an average Nusselt number increases
with increase in the value of Rayleigh number and from this table it is observed that a very good
agreement has been obtained with the previously published results.
Tables 3 and 4 show a least square curve tting of average Nusselt number and average
Sherwood number with Rayleigh number at bottom and left vertical walls for uniform and nonuniform boundary conditions. The tted model is of the form,
The values of coecient and power with Standard Error of Least Square Curve tting
formula of average Nusselt number or Sherwood number with Rayleigh number at bottom and
left vertical walls for uniform and non-uniform boundary conditions when Pr =0.7, Le =2.0, Da =
3
10 and N = 1 is found from Tables 3 and 4. The following relation are obtained for cases a and
b (for uniform boundary conditions) and c and d (for non-uniform boundary conditions) as
follows:
Case a:
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It is observed from the Tables 3 and 4 that the standard error of estimation is very low, so the
relation obtained for average Nusselt number and average Sherwood number as function of
Rayleigh number would result into almost same values as obtained from numerical computation
of the set of dierential equations with appropriate boundary conditions. Thus it is interesting to
found that without wasting much time on computation, relations from Eqs. (83) to (86) can well
be used for estimating average Nusselt and average Sherwood number for various values of
Rayleigh number.
Conclusion
The main objective of the current investigation is to study the Least Square Curve Fitting of
average Nusselt number and average Sherwood number with Rayleigh number of a nonuniformly heated and concentrated cavity lled with porous media. Least Square Curves are
tted of average Nusselt number and average Sherwood number with Rayleigh number when Pr
3
=0.7, Le =2.0, Da = 10
and N = 1 at the bottom and left vertical walls for uniform and non-
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[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
T. Basak, S. Roy, A. Matta and I. Pop, Analysis of heatline for natural convection within porous
trapezoidal enclosures: Eect of uniform and non-uniform heating of bottom wall, Int. J. Heat Mass
Transf. 53 (2010) 59475961.
M.A. Teamah, Numerical simulation of double diusive natural convection in rectangular enclosure
in the presences of magnetic eld and heat source, Int. J. Thermal Sciences 47 (2008) 237-248.
W.J. Minkowycz, E.M. Sparrow, G.E. Schneider, R.H Fletcher, Handbook of Numerical Heat
Transfer, Wiley, New York, 1988.
S. Roy and T. Basak, Finite element analysis of natural convection ows in a square cavity with
non-uniformly heated wall(s), Int. J. Engineering Science 43 (2005) 668-680.
M. Karimi-Fard, M.C. Charrier-Mojtabi and K. Vafai, Non-Darcian effects on double-diusive
convection within a porous medium, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications, 31 (1997) 837852.
T.R. Mahapatra, D. Pal and S. Mondal, Eects of buoyancy ratio on double-diusive natural
convection in a lid-driven cavity, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 57 (2013) 771-785.
T.R. Mahapatra, G.C. Layek and M.K. Maiti, Unsteady laminar separated ow through constricted
channel, Int. J. Non-linear Mechanics, 37 (2002) 171186.
P. Nithiarasu, K.N. Seetharamu, T. Sundarararjan, Natural convective heat transfer in a uid
saturated variable porosity medium, Int. J. Heat Mass Trans., 40 (1997) 39553967.
J.M. Medeiros, F. Marcondes, J.M. Gurgel, Natural convection in a porous cavity using the
generalized model with uniform porosity, XV Brazilian Congress of Mechanical Engineering, in
CD-ROM, Aguas de Lindoia, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1999.
T.R. Mahapatra, D. Pal and S. Mondal, Non-Darcian natural convection and radiation in a cavity
lled with uid saturated porous Medium, Nonlinear Analysis: Modelling and Control, 17(2)(2012)
223237.
Table 1.
3
3
Grid independence test when Pr =0.7, Le =2.0, N = 1, Da = 10 and Ra = 10 .
Table 2.
Comparison of average Nusselt number NuH |x=0 in absence of concentration equation,
thermal radiation and heat generation of the generalized model in the non-Darcian regime
6
with same boundary conditions and N =0,Pr =1, Da = 10 , =0.4.
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Table 3.
Computed values of coecient and power with Standard Error of least square curve
tting formula of average Nusselt number with Rayleigh number at bottom and left
vertical walls for uniform and non-uniform boundary conditions when Pr = 0.7, Le =2.0,
3
Da = 10 and N =1.
Table 4.
Computed values of coecient and power with Standard Error of least square curve
tting formula of average Sherwood number with Rayleigh number at bottom and left
vertical walls for uniform and non-uniform boundary conditions when Pr = 0.7, Le =2.0,
3
Da = 10 and N =1.
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Abstract
Service quality and Customer relationship management has been postulated to be pivotal factors
to satisfy customers in service industry. This paper focuses on modeling these two variables in
the perspective of tourism industry.
Key words: service quality, customer relationship management, tourism
Introduction
Customer relationship management (CRM), an offshoot and spin-off to relationship marketing,
has been observed as a continuous paradigmatic shift in managing relationship with customers
by identifying the changing notions of customer attitudes, perceptions and behavioural
manifestations in the context of their apprehension and expectation to be served as (Peppers and
Rogers, 2004). Conceptually, CRM evolved from three basic foundations of marketing
management: (a) customer orientation, (b) relationship marketing and (c) database marketing
(Yim et al, 2004). Adoption, practice and implementation of CRM gained momentum among
academicians and corporate houses (Gruen et al, 2000; Rigby and Ledingham, 2004; Srivastava
et al, 1999; Thomas et al, 2004). CRM has been widely used by the sales personnel in
augmenting their relationship with the customers (Widmier et al, 2002) to improve sales
forecasting, lead management and customization (Rigby and Ledingham, 2004). Inspite of its
wide application, CRM, lacked a cohesive definition and identification of its dimensions. Yim
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responsiveness,
compensation, and contact. Collier and Bienstock (2006) extended service quality research on
e-service quality to include both Web site interactivity and outcome quality. Unlike the
previous studies, this study used a formative model instead of a factor model including three
second-order dimensions to conceptualize e-service quality. Three hundred and thirty eight
college students participated in the survey. The results found that customers evaluated the
design, information accuracy, privacy, functionality, and ease of use of a Web site in the
process for placing orders. This process quality had positive impact on their perception of
the outcome quality of the transaction. In addition, the handling of service is recovery
positively influenced customer satisfaction. Lastly, they found that there was a mediating effect
of customer satisfaction on the relationship between recovery and outcomes to behavioral
intentions. McElwee and Redman (1993) used a model of service quality dimensions
(SERVQUAL) developed by Parasuraman et al. (1985, 1988) as a basis for an adapted
model for higher education. In view of the framework structure of SERVQUAL, their main
emphasis was placed on functional (interactive) aspects of quality. Hill (1995) also investigated
the implications of service quality theory for higher education. Briefly addressing some quality
dimensions, he focused mainly on the application of a perception-expectation model in this
context. In another study, Anderson (1995) used SERVQUAL to evaluate the quality of an
administrative section in a university (office of student services). This appeared to be successful
due to the compatibility between the environments in this case and that around which
SERVQUAL was developed. The list by Parasuraman et al. (1985) was used as a basis 1994;
Zimmerman and Enell, 1988) can facilitate generalizing service quality dimensions for this
sector. However, the specific characteristics of any service industry necessitates find its unique
dimensions in addition to the common features with other ser- vices. More careful
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H
1
H
Assurance
H
1
Empathy
Service
Quality for
Tourism
Industry
H
Service
product
Service
responsibility
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H
1
H
Knowledge
management
H
CRM
Technology
for CRM
H
Destination
denomination
H
2
Purpose to
travel
Focusing on
key customers
H
3
H
Knowledge
management
H
2
Technology
for CRM
Responsivenes
s
CRM
Service
Quality for
Tourism
Industry
Assurance
H
3
H
Destination
denomination
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Empathy
H
Purpose to
travel
Reliability
Service
product
Service
responsibility
[3] Babakus,E.and Ho, S.K. 1998. Service quality and tourism., Journal of Travel Research. 37:
71-75
[4] Backman, S.J., and Veldkamp, C. 1995.Examination of the Relationship between service
quality and user loyalty. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration. 13(2):29-41.
[5] Baker, D.A., and Fesenmaier, D.R. 1997. Effects of service climate on managers and
employees rating of visitors service quality expectations. Journal of Tourism Research. 36(1):
15-22.
[6] Bigne, J.E., Martinez, C., Miquel, M.J., and Andreu, L. 2003. SERQUAL reliabilityand
Validity in travel agencies. Annal of Tourism Research. 30(1): 258-262.
[7] Brown, S.W., and Swartz , T. 1989. A gap analysis of professional service quality. Journal of
Marketing. 53: 92-98.
[8] Brown, S.A. (2000). Customer relationship management: A strategic imperative in the
world of e-business. Canada, John-Wiley & Sons.
[9] Childress, R.D., and Crompton, J.L. 1997. A comparison of alternative direct and
discrepancy approaches to measuring quality of performance at a festival. Journal of Tourism
Research. 36(2): 43-57.
[10] Citation: In: Peden, John G.; Schuster, Rudy M., comps., eds. Proceedings of the
2005 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium; 2005 April 10-12; Bolton Landing, NY.
Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-341. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Forest Service, Northeastern Research
Station
[11] Collins Vogt, C.A., and Fesenmaier, D.R. 1995. Tourist and retailers perceptions of
services. Annals of Tourism Research. 22(4): 763-780.
[12] Corsby,P.B., ed. 1979. Quality is free: The art of making quality certain. New York: New
American Library.
[13] Crosby, L.A. and Johnson, S.L. (2001). High performance marketing in the CRM era.
Marketing Management, Sept.-Oct, 10-11
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[38] Thomas, J.S., Blattberg, R.C. and Fox, E.J. (2004). Recapturing lost customers. Journal of
Marketing Research, 41(1), 31-45
[39]Vandermerwe, S. (2004). Achieving deep customer focus. MIT Sloan Management
Review, 45(3), 26-34.
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longer than
their own
immediate, short-term profit, Recent Emergence areas where CSR can find the path are as
follows:
Key words: CSR tools, Operational efficiencies, Employee Relations,
Productivity, Branding, Critical Success Factors, Triple Bottom Line Accounting:
(People, Planet, Profit)
Corporate social responsibility concerns with the integration of social,
environment Employee Relations, Productivity and economic considerations
into the decision-making structures and processes of business.
On the whole CSR is concerned with delivering improved value to
shareholder and debt holders, providing enhanced goods and services for
customers and
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to
recognizing
new
market
opportunities
such
as
when
new
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Novo
A landmark
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organization. When
in
:
:
Reputation
Moral Obligations :
It extends beyond the statutory obligation to comply with legislation.It imposes
Voluntary
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steps to improve the quality of life for employees and their families as
Performance Oriented
- minimum standard of what constitutes social responsibility SA8000
Process Oriented
-procedures a company should follow
ISO has undertaken the development of the future ISO 26000 standard for providing
voluntary guidance on Social Responsibility (SR). ISO 26000 will contain guidelines,
not requirements, and therefore will not be for use as a certification standard like ISO
9001:2000 and
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how
a product
is
is to establish an
ecological and
performance. It is an
to financial
organizational success
economic, environmental and social.
Lifecycle
as Strategy
Of the 4 broad perspectives of CSR the company can choose the activities that fit
the company strategy such as
- Toyota Prius stressing environmental sustainability
- CISCO linking with human resources through CISCO Networking Academy.
Two ways of looking at the CSR are
- Inside-Out View ( Value Chain) - Outside-in Views (Macro Environment)
and then decide on the activities as relevant
Judicious application of Corporate Social Responsibility for effective solution can be
considered on the Recent Emergence areas such as
Poverty and insecurity worldwide
Anti- globalization calls
Mistrust of large corporations
Greater media/IT reach
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Assistant Professor
Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering, Bengal Institute of Technology & Management
E-mail: sourav238250@gmail.com
Madhusudan Maiti
Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering, Bengal Institute of Technology & Management
E-mail: soumen_cse@bitm.org.in
Abstract
In this paper we will review the concepts which are based upon for 3D IC
Technology with SiP technology. The paper illustrates what is 3D IC technology
with the involved technologies. Also we will explain the concept of 3D IC Design
paradigm & challenges for designing the 3D IC with Thermal Awareness.
Keywords: 3D IC, SiP (System-in-Package), TSV (through silicon vias), heterogeneous
components.
I. INTRODUCTION
Integrated Circuits(IC), electronics chip of semiconductor materials, is an integration of
independent components i.e., it may be different gates, transistors etc. The integration technique
gradually moves from SSI(Small Scale Integration), MSI (Medium Scale Integration), LSI(Large
Scale Integration),VLSI(Very Large Scale Integration), ULSI(Ultra Large Scale Integration),
WSI( Wafer Scale Integration) then SoC(System-On-Chip) and finally 3D IC.
A 3D IC is anintegration of multiple die /wafers in a stacked vertically manner or in a side -byside & configuration on a through- silicon via(TSV) which is a physical objects in 3D IC &
fabricated using a special technologies, Pitch 5m x 5 m.
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The most challenging task is to handle the heat for the 3D IC design. The heat may be dissipated
in various 3D design steps like floorplanning, placement and routing.
Fig. 1.2Example of SiP (a) Wire bonding (b) Solder bonding (c) area array vertical interconnect (d) interconnects
on the faces of the SiP
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In the above fig 1.3 (b) shows an Inductive coupling. In an electromagnetic induction
environment, by changing current flow inductors located on vertically adjacent die, induces a
voltage and exchange the data. SoP (System-on-Package): SoP is System level hybrid design
concept where various sub-systems are vertically integrated.
In the fig. 1.3 shows, some passive components which are help to communicate with the subsystem like RF IC, memory stacks and optoelectronics.
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Routing: Routing is process by which that can be find out the paths among
several interconnected layers while considering vias. There are several works goes on
like 3D channel routing algorithm[proposed by Enbody& Tan], 3D Multi level routing by
TSV panning algorithm[ proposed by J Cong & Y Zhang]. Fig. 1.6 shows a how intralayer are connected through inter layer in multilevel routing
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Now the highest temperature will be put into the cost function for temperature
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Section-II
1.
Thermal-Aware
3-D
Floor
planning::Thermal
Aware
in
Layer Refinement
Relaxed
(RCN)
Stacking
conflict-net
Folder based
transformation
Legalization
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Stacking: In this process neighbouring cells are formed into k layer cell stacks (k is the
no. of device layer and the 2-D wirelength is minimized.
Legalization: This process minimizes maximum on-chip temperature and TSV no.s
through simultaneous row and layer assignment. The result of LST is a legalized 3-D
placement.
Folder based transformation: Here fold the original 2-D placement. Fig. 2.3 shows an
example of folding.
Advantage: By this approach the distance between any two cells will not be increased and the
total wire length is guaranteed to decrease.
V. CONCLUSION
We summarizes in this paper by reviewing in brief notes on 3D IC Design and Thermal
Awareness in 3D IC Design. Previously what works are going on in this topic, we explain
briefly. We explain 3D IC Design steps i.e., floorplanning, placement & routing. In our paper,
some resistive models are shown for temperature optimization & discuss different methods,
which are derived for dissipation of heat in designing 3D IC.
References
[1.] VASILIS F. PAVLIDIS AND EBY G. FRIEDMAN THREE-DIMENSIONAL INTERGRATED
CIRCUIT DESIGN BY Morgan Kaufmann publications, 2009, ISBN: 978-0-12-374343-5.
[2.] Jai-Ming Lin and Yao-Wen Chang, Member, IEEE TCG: A Transitive Closure Graph-Based
Representation for General IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VERY LARGE SCALE
[3.] C. Ababei, Y. Feng, B. Goplen, H. Mogal, T. Zhang, K. Bazargan, and S. S. Sapatnekar, Placement
and Routing in 3D Integrated Circuits, IEEE Design &Test of Computers, Vol. 22, No. 6, pp. 520531,November-December, 2005.
[4.] K. Banerjee, Thermal Effects in Deep Submicron VLSI Interconnects, (invited tutorial)
IEEEInternational Symposium of Quality Electronic Design, 2000.
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Figure 2: (a) A QCA majority voter gate,(b) Basic block diagram of a QCA MV gate.
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Figure 3: (a) QCA AND gate,(b) QCA OR gate,(c) QCA inverter gate and (d) QCA bus.
3. Earlier Work:
In article [19], three approaches to design a XOR gate have been proposed, where first one
require44 no. of cells and four nos. of clock are applied, second approach requires 55 nos. of
cells and four nos. of clock and third approach requires 62 nos. of cells and four nos. of clock to
design a XOR gate. In article [20] authors proposed seven different implementation of XOR
gate. first one require 34 number of cells, four number of clocks are required to execute the
circuit and here4 number of majority gates are required to complete the design of the circuit.
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4. QCA Implementation:
Basic logic gates AND and OR realized by fixing the polarization to any one of the input of the
majority gate to either P=-1 treated as logic "0" or P=+1 treated as logic "1". The NAND can be
implemented by inverting the output of AND gate fig. 5(a) shows the logic design of a NAND
gate using QCA cells. Similarly the NOR gate is implemented by connecting OR gate followed
by an inverting gate, fig. 5(b) shows the implementation of NOR gate just arranging the last two
cells such that it acts like an inverting gate followed by the majority voter gate.
This two cell inverting circuits can minimize the area and complexity of any circuits.
4.1. QCA Implementation of Proposed XOR gate:
The basic gates like AND, OR and NOT and the universal gates NAND and NOR are require to
design a digital logic circuits. In addition of these gates Exclusive-OR (XOR) and ExclusiveNOR (XNOR) gates are also used to design a digital circuit. The XOR and XNOR gates are
particularly useful in arithmetic operations as well as error-detection and correction circuits.
These gates are usually found as two-input gates. There is no multiple-input XOR/XNOR gates
are available since they are complex to fabricate with hardware.
The XOR gate can give the following logic operation:
The representing symbol and the truth table of XOR gate is shown in fig. 6(a)and (b). In digital
logic XOR is a logical value depending on the two inputs and the logical value of XOR is true
only if odd number of input is true otherwise the logical value is false. This forms a fundamental
logic gate in many operations to follow. In digital logic if the specific type of gate is not
available then it may be constructed by other available gates. An XOR gate can be trivially
constructed from the basic gate AND, OR and NOT gates. However, this approach requires five
gates of three different kinds. The expression of XOR gate D =
can be represented by
basic gates shown in fig. 7. We propose the QCA design and layout of XOR gate based on basic
logic gates arrangements, the proposed design layout is shown in fig. 8(a), this layout require
only two clock cycle and consist of only 32 number of QCA cells(including inputs and output
cells) and an area of approximately also there is no cross over in the circuit.
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Figure 6: (a) XOR gate Graphical Symbol, (b) XOR gate truth table.
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Figure 8: (a) proposed QCA XOR design layout (b) Simulation results of proposed XOR
design layout.
Table 1: Comparative Study of our proposed designs with some most recent design.
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word vector.
FPF codeword generation algorithm
S2 = {00, 01, 10, 11}
For m > 2 do
Sm =
for Vim-1 Sm-1 do
if (bim-1 bim-2 = 00 or bim-1 bim-2 = 11) then
Sm
Vim-1 and Sm
Vim-1
else
i
i
if (b m-1 b m-2 = 01 or bim-1 bim-2 = 10) then
Sm bim-1 Vim-1
end if
end for
end for
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5-bit codeword
00000
00001
00110
00011
01100
00111
01110
01111
10000
10001
11000
10011
11100
11001
11110
11111
Conclusion:
In this paper we have presented a crosstalk avoidance code, the complexity and speed of the
CODEC are both for overall bus performance. Also the power consumption of the CODECs
should be factored in when the overall power consumption is evaluated. In this work we have
proposed efficient CODEC design technique for the memory-less CACs. The advantages of
these CODECs are their low complexity, high speed as well as minimum area overhead.
References:
[1] Duane.C, Cordero. V and Khatri. S. P. Efficient On-Chip Crosstalk Avoidance CODEC design,
IEEE Transactions on VLSI Systems, April 2009, pp 551 560.
[2] Bret Victor and Keutzer. K, Bus Encoding to prevent Crosstalk Delay, ICCAD, 2001, pp 57 63.
[3] Duane.C and Khatri. S. P. Exploiting Crosstalk to speed up On-chip busses, Design, Automation
and Test in Europe Conference and Exibition, 2004, pp 778 783.
[4] Sotiriadis. P and Chandrakasan. A, Low power bus coding techniques considering interwirecapacitance. Proc. of IEEE-CICC, 2000, pp 507-510.
[5] Chem. J, Huang. J, Aldredge. L, Li. P, and Huang .P, Multilevel metal capacitance models for CAD
symbol design synthesis systems. In IEEE Electron Device Letter, 1992, pp 32 34.
[6] Arora .N, Raol .K, Shcumann .R, and Richardson .L, Modeling and extraction of interconnect
capacitance for multilayer VLSI circuits. In IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of integrated
Circuits and Systems, 1996, 15(1) pp 133 138.
[7] Sridhar .S.R, Ahmed .A and Shanbhag .N.R, Area and Energy- Efficient Crosstalk Avoidance Codes
for On-Chip busses, Proc. of ICCD, 2004, pp 12 17.
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Abstract
In this paper we present the implementation of Error Back Propagation Training Algorithm
(EBPT) in VHSIC Hardware Descriptive Language (VHDL) platform for two standard
benchmark problems of Nonlinear Classification of XOR function and Sine wave Generation.
The effect of variation of learning parameters on accuracy of the output and speed of
convergence of the algorithm are presented. Improved speed of convergence without much
change in accuracy was obtained by incorporating Momentum method.
1. Introduction
The concept of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) has emerged from simulating the versatility of
human brain to deal with the ambiguity of digital computers. The ANN consists of layers of basic
computing units called neurons. The Computing units include a summing and threshold units and
when these computing elements are arranged in layers and trained properly they perform many
non-linear functions. One of the popular ways of training of Multi layered perceptron networks is
through the use of Error Back Propagation Training Algorithm [1]. Through the principle of
318 | P a g e
These inputs feed the hidden layer neurons. The output of the hidden layer (y) is augmented with
bias -1 and in turn is fed to a single neuron at the output layer. The weights of both hidden layer
(v11, v12, v13, v21, v22, v23) and output layer (w11, w12, w13) are initialized to random values.
The neurons at both hidden layer and output use continuous unipolar neurons. Experimental
results are tabulated by varying the learning parameters such as Learning Constant (), Steepness
Coefficient (), initial weights, number of hidden layer neurons and positive momentum
coefficient (), Shown in Fig. 2, is the simulation window where the counting variable denotes the
4 inputs of the XOR taken in order. And 0 denotes the approximate outputs in order.
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= 0.01
= 0.5
= 1.0
No. of iteration
99,000
20,000
10,000
Theoretical
outputs
0
1
1
0
Practical
Outputs
= 0.01
0.47
0.4506
0.56451
0.5024
Learning Constant
=0.5
0.0388
0.9542
0.9646
0.035
= 1.0
0.0247
0.9711
0.9769
0.0224
Variation in steepness coefficient showed that higher values of steepness coefficient produced
approximately similar results as that of learning constant. This implied that varying anyone of the
parameters learning constant or steepness coefficient was sufficient to obtain correct classification
of XOR outputs as given in Table III. By increasing steepness Coefficient reduced iterations were
observed as given in Table IV.
TABLE -III. STEEPNESS COEFFICIENT VARIATION AT 10,000 ITERATIONS
Input
00
01
10
11
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Theoretical
outputs
0
1
1
0
Practical
Outputs
Steepness Coefficient
= 0.01
= 0.5
0.49655
0.0742
0.496535
0.9117
0.49656
0.9353
0.49652
0.0649
= 1.0
0.0247
0.9711
0.9769
0.0224
= 0.01
=0.5
= 1.0
109000
10,000
2,500
C. Initial weights:
Randomness in the initial weights led to better convergence of the output whereas while
initialization of same weights (1.0) did not give satisfactory results at 4,90,000 iterations depicted
in Table V.
TABLE V. OUTPUTS FOR DIFFERENT WEIGHT INITIALIZATIONAT 4,90,000
ITERATIONS
Inputs
00
01
10
11
Theoretical
outputs
0
1
1
0
Practical
Outputs
Initial Weights
Same weights=1.0 Random weights
0.0042
0.003
0.6488
0.9964
0.7016
0.997
0.7395
0.0028
Theoretical
outputs
00
01
10
11
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0.8905
0.9172
0.9263
0.9321
0.0759
0.0944
NUMBER OF
Hidden neurons=2
Hidden neurons=3
No. of iterations
4000
2500
E. Momentum Method:
Momentum method is based on feeding fraction of the previous training cycle weights to
the current weight updation cycle as given by Equation 2.
(2)
W(t)- current weight updation
E-Change in error
W(t-1)-fraction of previous weights
The positive momentum coefficient is given by and varying this parameter, led to better
accuracy of the outputs in Table VIII and drastic improvement in speed in Table IX
TABLE-VIII. VARIATION IN MOMENTUM COEFFICIENT AT 1000 ITERATIONS
Inputs
Momentum Coefficient
=
=0.5
= 1.0
0.01
0.1588
0.0739
0.0507
Theoretical
outputs
00
01
10
11
Practical
Outputs
0.784
0.8834
0.9148
0.8619
0.9124
0.9335
0.2027
0.1249
0.09422
= 0.01
=0.5
= 1.0
No. of iterations
1800
1,300
1,000
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(3)
The output layer consisted of single linear neuron. The choice of using linear neuron was to
ensure the output follows the continuous stream of inputs. Experimental results are tabulated by
varying the learning parameters such as Learning Constant (), Steepness Coefficient () and
positive momentum coefficient ().
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Fig. 8. Graph of effects of Learning Parameters on the Number of iterations for XOR classification
Acknowledgement
We would like to express our gratitude to Dr.K.K.Ray, Director, Techno Global-Balurghat,
whose constant efforts at perfecting even the slightest detail helped render a lot of professional
insight into the work. And we would like to thank our parents for their support and belief.
REFERENCES
[1] Jacek M. Zurada, Introduction to Aritificial Neural Networks, Jaicob Publishing House, India
2002, ISBN 0-3 14-93391-3.
[2] Ji Peirong, Wang Peng , Zhao Qin, Zhao Li, A New Parrallel Back Propagation Algorithm for
Neural Networks, IEEE International Conference on Grey Systems and Intelligent Services (GSIS),
September 2011, pp. 807 -810.
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Asad Abdin
Final Year B.Tech Student,
Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering
Bengal Institute of Technology and Management, Santiniketan
asadabdin@gmail.com
2
Arindam Mullick
Final Year B.Tech Student,
Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering
Bengal Institute of Technology and Management, Santiniketan
mullick.arindam.136@gmail.com
4
Riaz Kajal
Technical Asst,
Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering
Bengal Institute of Technology and Management, Santiniketan
riaz_cse@bitm.org.in
5
Kishore Ghosh
Assistant Professor,
Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering
Bengal Institute of Technology and Management, Santiniketan
com.kishore@gmail.com.
AbstractBGP is the de facto protocol used for inter-autonomous system routing in the Internet. Though
BGP has been proven to be secure, efficient, scalable, and robust, the rapid evolution of
communication system and the internet has added to the concerns about BGSs ability to meet
the Internet routing. There are two major limitations of BGP which are its failure to address
several key security issues due to its and some operational related problems. The design and
omnipresence of BGP have complicated past efforts at securing inter-domain routing. This paper
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I. INTRODUCTION
The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is the protocol backing the core routing decisions on the
Internet. It maintains a table of IP networks or prefixes which designate network reach ability
among autonomous system (AS). It is described as a path vector protocol. BGP does not use
traditional Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) metrics, but makes routing decisions based on path,
network policies and / or rule sets. For this reason, it is more appropriately termed a reach ability
protocol rather than routing protocol.
BGP was created to replace the Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) routing protocol to allow fully
decentralized routing in order to allow the removal of the NSF Net Internet backbone network.
This allowed the Internet to become a truly decentralized system. Since 1994, version four of the
BGP has been in use on the Internet. All previous versions are now obsolete. The major
enhancement in version 4 was support of Classless Inter-Domain Routing and use of route
aggregation to decrease the size of routing tables. Since January 2006, version 4 is codified in
RFC 4271, which went through more than 20 drafts based on the earlier RFC 1771 version 4.
RFC 4271 version corrected a number of errors, clarified ambiguities and brought the RFC much
closer industry practices.
Most Internet users do not use BGP directly. Since most Internet service providers must use BGP
to establish routing between one another (especially if they are multihomed), it is one of the most
important protocols of the Internet. Compare this with Signaling System 7 (SS&), which is the
inter provider core call setup protocol on the PSTN. Very large private IP networks use BGP
internally. An example would be the joining of a number of large Open Shortest Path First
(OSPF) networks where OSPF by itself would not scale to size. Another reason to use BGP is
multihoming network for better redundancy either to multiple access points of a single ISP (RFC
1998) or to multiple ISPs.
II. PROPOSED WORK
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Md Ansarul Haque,
Final Year B.Tech Student,
Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering
Bengal Institute of Technology and Management, Santiniketan
ansarul.haque2@gmail.com
2
Arindam Mullick
Final Year B.Tech Student,
Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering
Bengal Institute of Technology and Management, Santiniketan
mullick.arindam.136@gmail.com
3
Kishore Ghosh
Assistant Professor,
Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering
Bengal Institute of Technology and Management, Santiniketan
com.kishore@gmail.com.
Abstract
Quantum Computation and Quantum Information is the study of information processing task that
can be accomplished using Quantum mechanical systems. It is relatively new and emerging area
in the field of computing that taught us to think physically about computation. This approach
yields many new and exciting capabilities for information processing and communication.
Quantum Computing will be a total change in how the computer will operate and function. The
explorations in this field may one day result in information processing devices with capabilities
far beyond todays computing and communication systems.
Reversible Computation is a fundamental aspect necessary for Quantum Computation. The
overall advantage of making the computation reversible on a Classical Computer is that heat
dissipation is reduced and new techniques like Quantum Computing can be approached with this
foundational change in the way processing is done. Such combination of Classical and Quantum
Computers would be indispensable, since our perception is classical.
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Toffoli Gate
Fredkin Gate
CNOT(x, 0) : b = a = a = FANOUT.
Here, x is dont care bit. That means the input of a should be 0 or 1, but the input of b must
be 0.
2. Fredkin Gate:
If the control line is set it flips the second and third bits.
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Half Adder
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Full Adder
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The processor Unit, combined with the control unit that supervises the
sequence of micro operations, is called as central processor unit or CPU. We can imagine
control unit as a gatekeeper for entry in the ALU which tells the incoming data to which part of
the ALU the data must go so that the desired operations gets executed. An operation may be
implemented in a processor unit either as a single micro operation or a sequence of micro
operations. For example, the multiplication of two binary numbers stored in two registers may
be implemented with a full adder. Similarly, the subtraction and multiplication operations also
can be implemented using parallel adder. Thus here we have designed a 4-bit ALU using only 4
bit parallel adder and other logic gates.
The Arithmetic Unit:
The basic component of the arithmetic section of the ALU is a parallel adder. A parallel adder is
constructed with a number of full adders and as here we have to design a 4bit ALU, we are using
four full adders. By controlling the data inputs to the parallel adder, it is possible to get different
type of micro operations. The input carry Cin goes to the full adder circuit in the least significant
bit position and comes out as Cout from the last adder. And the sums are obtained from the sum
outputs of the full adders.
The arithmetic addition is achieved when one set of input goes through the A inputs and the other
set goes through the B inputs and the input carry is maintained as 0. By making Cin=1 it is
possible to add 1 to the sum in F. Now if we complement all the bits of b then we can get
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S0
0
1
0
Cin
0
0
0
Output
F=A
F=A+B
F=A-B-1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
X
X
X
F=A-B
F = A XOR B
F = A AND B
F = A
1
0
1
1
Function
Transfer A
Addition
Subtraction with
borrow
Subtraction
XOR
AND
Complement
[1]
[2]
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. The Temple of Quantum Computing By Riley T. Perry
2. Digital logic and computer design M. Morris Mano
3. An Introduction to Quantum Computing By Phillip Kaye, Raymond Laflamme, Michele Mosca
4. Quantum computing By Mika Hirvensalo
5. Quantum computation and quantum information By Michael A. Nielsen, Isaac L. Chuang
6. Quantum computing By Jozef Gruska
7. Quantum Computing By Sahni
8. Quantum computing explained By David M. McMahon
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Arti Kumari,
Final Year B.Tech Student,
Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering
Bengal Institute of Technology and Management, Santiniketan
E-mail: artikm99@gmail.com
2
Arindam Mullick,
Final Year B.Tech Student,
Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering
Bengal Institute of Technology and Management, Santiniketan
mullick.arindam.136@gmail.com
3
Abhimanyu Kumar,
Final Year B.Tech Student,
Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering
Bengal Institute of Technology and Management, Santiniketan
4
Soumen Bhowmik,
Assistant Professor,
Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering
Bengal Institute of Technology and Management, Santiniketan
E-mail: soumen_cse@bitm.org.in
5
Kishore Ghosh
Assistant Professor,
Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering
Bengal Institute of Technology and Management, Santiniketan
com.kishore@gmail.com.
Abstract
India being a developing country has been facing lots of challenges in the field of education and
employability. None of our best Universities could find a place in worlds ranking of top
colleges. Uncountable bugs had been invested by the government for finding efficient teaching
methods. Finding an appropriate training or teaching methodology for different age group people
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Seminars
Workshop
Conferences
Brainstorming
Role play
Case study
Among these Role play method is the most efficient teaching methods
2. Proposed Work
With the help of whole-brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) we show that learning newly
defined and named subcategories of the universal categories green and blue in a period of 2
hours increases the volume of gray matter in V2/3 of the left visual cortex, a region known to
mediate color vision. This pattern of findings demonstrates that the anatomical structure of the
adult human brain can change very quickly, specifically during the acquisition of new, named
categories.
Procedures we are going to implement for this project are as follows:
1. We take the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of an individual before and after the
training.
2. Using MATLAB software we analyze the MRI anatomical images and determine
possible brain structure differences indexed by gray matter volume see in the fig 1.1 and
1.2.
3. After getting the gray matter volume of individuals we cluster the individuals into
different groups and make a database of the result.
4. After analyzing the database and we find the appropriate teaching technique.
Fig. 1.1
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Assignments
Seminars
Workshop
Role play
Case study
Conferences
Brainstorming
0.07
0.10
0.15
0.19
0.12
0.125
0.13
Conclusion
The MRI scan is very costly. To over come this problem we will map this case study to some
questionnaires and opinions as it is totally nondeterministic in nature and depend upon so many
other parameters, increase the complexity to make it deterministic. Our objective is minimizing
the cost by designing some software based on questionnaires and opinions.
References
[1] Costa RM, Cohen D, Nicolelis MA (2004) Differential corticostriatal plasticity during fast and slow
motor skill learning in mice. Curr Biol 14:11241134
[2] Draganski B, et al. (2004) Changes in gray matter induced by training. Nature 427:311 312.
[3] Mechelli A,et-l.(2004)Neurolinguistics:tructural plasticity in the bilingual brain.Nature 431:757.
[4] Maguire EA, et al. (2000) Navigation-related structural change in the hippocampi of taxi drivers. Proc
Natl Acad Sci USA 97:43984403.
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Every image has some characteristics like color and objects. But for image segmentation [1-2]
along with the basic characteristics like color and object, image contrast [3-4] is also very
important for segmentation where contrast of an image is determine by difference in color and
brightness of the object within the same field of view. Good quality contrasted image is
important for segmentation.
Satellite images of various planets, stars, galaxies, comets, nebula and other various extra
terrestrial moving objects have occupied a significant place in radio astronomy, space research
and preparation of distance space vehicle movements (manual or robotized) [5]. The images of
stellar objects have been acquired either through satellite imagery or Hubble space telescope.
These images are very much prone to be affected by a verity of noise like Gaussian noise,
Rayleigh noise, Impulse noise and Speckle noise. At the same time, the contrasts of these images
have been generally found to be low [7] to very long distance and atmosphere turbulence and
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Figure 1: Watershed segmentation-local minima of gray level yield catchment basins, local maxima define the watershed
lines.
Watershed algorithm is based on morphological process although it can be mixed up with edge
based segmentation to yield a hybrid technique. In mathematical morphology, an image may be
considered as a topographical surface. This is accomplished (the image intensity) as an altitude.
The image pixels having same intensity value constitute one segment within the region of the
image. The set of pixels along which the gray levels changes sharply gives rise to an edge.
Though watershed algorithm a very good method for image segmentation, but this technique
suffers from over segmentation problem. An approach used to control over segmentation is
based on the concept of controlled marker. The concept of markers is a good approach to
control over segmentation. The markers are connected component of an image. There are
internal markers and external markers where i n t e r n a l markers a r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h
o b j e c t of interest and external markers are associated with the background. This is a very
useful technique for improvisation of watershed transform to overcome the over segmentation
problem. In this technique, the set of the catchment basins of the grayscale image function f
with values in [
, where
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(2)
|
(3)
(4)
represents the geodesic distance between a and b within A. Let us note in the set of markers we can
define a function r as:
r(p)
Where p represents pixel coordinates and
(5)
denotes a new value dedicated for initial markers. Now the
(6)
3. PROPOSED APPROACH:
This approach deals with catchment basins and watershed ridge lines in an image by assuming it
as a surface where light pixels are low. But most important contrast of an image is very
important for image segmentation. It is the difference in visual properties that makes difference
between one object of an image from the background or we can say it is the difference in the
color and brightness of the object. So for satisfactory image segmentation image with
satisfactory resolution is essential. In the initial step where we have to crop an image from the
original one where contrast of that image is low. We need to adjust the contrast. Contrast
adjustment isn't usually necessary for segmentation, but it can help the algorithm developer see
and understand the image data better. By applying threshold, cleaning up and overlay the
perimeter on the original image, applying markers for object and background again cleaning up
and overlying and finally we will sum up the watershed transform along with consequence
examination. In this paper we study this approach with a low contrast image of a galaxy and
detecting it. The detailed algorithm is the following:
Step 1: Original image.
Step 2: Contrast enhancement of original image.
Step 3: Apply threshold value.
Step 4: Image overlaying.
Step 5: Apply watershed algorithm with markers.
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The experimental results are shown in below from figure 2 to figure 5. A satellite image of a
galaxy with low contrast of 256x256 dimensions is chosen for the study. The original image is
shown in figure 2. The comparative study is also done in this paper. The proposed approach is
compared with the conventional watershed approach. It is found from the study that applying of
conventional watershed approach on the satellite image produces great over segmentation
problem as the watershed algorithm is directly applied on the original image. The over
segmented is shown in figure 3. As a solution of the over segmentation problem the proposed
approach produces much better segmentation results. With proposed approach fist we increase
the contrast of the original image which is shown in figure 4. After overlaying the image the
marker controlled watershed algorithm is applied for generating the final segmented image. The
final segmented image in shown in figure 5. The statistical analysis is also shown in table 1.
IMAGE
ENTROPY
5.4235
6.5834
3.3610
5. CONCLUSION:
The goal of image segmentation procedure should be the identification of segment of images
according to the characteristics of image where segmentation of low contrast satellite image is
vast challenge. This paper proposed a robust procedure of image segmentation for low-contrast
satellite images. The present method has been found to yield better output (segmented image) in
term of image quality, clarity and contrast with the avoidance of over segmentation. The
experimental results and statistical measurements confirm the efficiency of the proposed
methodology.
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REFERENCES:
[1] P. Suetnes, P.Fua and A. J. Hanson, Computational strategies for object recognition, ACM Computing
Surveys, Vol. 24, pp. 05-61, 1992.
[2] R. Besl, R. Jain, Three dimensional object recognition, ACM Computing Surveys, Vol. 17, pp. 75-145, 1985.
[3] K. Hohne, H. Fuchs, S. Pizer, 3D imaging in medicine: Algorithms, systems, Applications, Berlin, Germany,
Springer Verlag, 1990.
[4] F. Meyer, S. Beucher, Morphological Segmentation, Journal of Visual Communication and Image
Representation, 1 , pp. 21-46, 1990.
[5] S. Beucher, M. Bilodeau, X. Yu. Road segmentation by watershed algorithms. Proceedings of the Pro-art vision
group PROMETHEUS workshop, Sophia-Antipolis, France,pp pp. 299-314, April 1990.
[6] K. Haris, et al., Hybrid Image Segmentation using Watersheds and Fast Region Merging, IEEE Trans Image
Processing, 7(12), 1684-1699, pp. 1998.
[7] Matthew J. Madden, Segmentation of Images with Low-Contrast Edges, Morgantown, WV 2007
[8] Chi Zhang Ning Zhang Chengjun Li Guoping Wang Marker-controlled Perception-based Mesh Segmentation
[9] Chen Pan, Congxun Zheng, Hao-Jun Wang Robust Color Image Segmentation Based On Mean Shift And
Marker-controlled Watershed Algorithm, Second International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics,
Wan, ,pp 2752-2756, 2-5 November 2003.
[10] Hua LI et al., An improved image segmentation approach based on level set and mathematical
morphology, GREYC-ISMRA, CNRS 6072, 6 Bd Marchal Juin, 14050 Caen, France.
[11] Mahua Bhattacharya, Arpita Das, A Study on Seeded Region Based Improved Watershed
Transformation for Brain Tumor segmentation, Indian Institute of Information Technology & Management,
Gwalior Morena Link Road, Gwalior-474010.
[12] D. Marr and E. Hildreth, A theory of edge detection, Proc. R. Soc. London, no 207, pp. 187-217.
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