Beverage cans

A beverage can is a metal container designed to

hold a fixed portion of liquid such as carbonated
soft drinks, fruit juices, teas, herbal teas, energy
drinks,
etc.
Beverage
cans
are
made
of aluminium (75% of worldwide production)
or tin-plated steel (25% worldwide production).
Fabrication Process
Cans are generally produced through a
mechanical cold forming process that starts with
punching a flat blank from very stiff cold-rolled
sheet. This sheet is typically alloy 3104-H19 or
3004-H19, which is aluminium with about
1% manganese and 1% magnesium to give it
strength and formability. The flat blank is first
formed into a cup about three inches in diameter.
This cup is then pushed through a different forming
process called "ironing" which forms the can. The
bottom of the can is also shaped at this time. The
malleable metal deforms into the shape of an opentop can. With the sophisticated technology of the
dies and the forming machines, the side of the can
is significantly thinner than either the top and
bottom areas, where stiffness is required.
Plain lids (known as shells) are stamped from a coil
of aluminium, typically alloy 5182-H48, and
transferred to another press that converts them to

easy-open ends. This press is known as a

conversion
press
which
forms
an
integral rivet button in the lid and scores the
opening, while concurrently forming the tabs in
another die from a separate strip of aluminium.

Blanking
A metalworking process to form the rough shape of
a sheet metal workpiece also sheet metal cutting to
separate piece (called a blank) from surrounding
stock.

Deep drawing
Sheet metal forming to make cup-shaped, boxshaped, or other complex-curved, hollow-shaped
parts
Sheet metal blank is positioned over die cavity
and then punch pushes metal into opening
Products: beverage cans, automobile body
panels

Ironing Metal Working

Ironing is a sheet metal forming process that
uniformly thins the workpiece in a specific area.
This is a very useful process when employed in
combination with deep drawing to produce a
uniform wall thickness part with greater height-todiameter ratio. One example of ironing can be
found in the manufacture of aluminum beverage
cans, which are actually pressed from flat sheets of
thicker material.

Sinking Metal Working

Sinking, known as doming, dishing or dapping, is
a metalworking technique whereby flat sheet
metal is formed into a non-flat object
by hammering it into a concave indentation. While
sinking is a relatively fast method, it results in
stretching and therefore thinning the metal, risking
failure of the metal if it is 'sunk' too far.
Sinking is used in the manufacture of many items,
from jewellery to plate armour.

Process
Sinking is performed by using a curved hammer
or mallet-driven punch to force sheet metal into an
indentation. The exact nature of these tools will
vary greatly depending on the scale and nature of
the work. Fine work will typically require a small
doming punch and a doming block. Larger work
may involve a special sinking hammer and
sinking stump. The forming indentation need not
be permanent; metal can be sunk into sandbags
or lead blocks.

Sinking may be done when the metal is cold or hot.

If a piece is extensively worked cold, it willwork
harden and require annealing to prevent cracking.
It also may be useful to planish the metal to smooth
it out.
Necking
Necking, in engineering or materials science, is a
mode of tensile deformation where relatively large
amounts ofstrain localize disproportionately in a
small region of the material. The resulting
prominent decrease in local cross-sectional area
provides the basis for the name "neck". Because the
local strains in the neck are large, necking is often
closely associated with yielding, a form of plastic
deformation associated with ductile materials, often
metals or polymers.

1.Before deformation, all real materials have

heterogenieties such as flaws or local
variations in dimensions or composition that
cause local fluctuations in stresses and strains.
To determine the location of the incipient
neck,
these
fluctuations
need
only
be infinitesimal in magnitude.
2.During tensile deformation the material
decreases in cross-sectional area. (Poisson
effect)
3.During tensile deformation the material strain
hardens. The amount of hardening varies with
extent of deformation.
Seaming And Hemming
Hemming and seaming are
two
similar metalworking processes in which a sheet
metal edge is rolled over onto itself. Hemming is
the process in which the edge is rolled flush to
itself, while a seam joins the edges of two
materials. Hems are commonly used to reinforce an
edge, hide burrs and rough edges, and improve
appearance.

Seams are commonly used in the food industry on

canned goods, on amusement park cars, and in the
automotive industry.