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its preservation, in the context of sustainable development

Quality Management of Cultural Heritage should be oriented to

Cultural Heritage is a non renewable resource

Misurare il valore
del Patrimonio Culturale materiale

www.herity.it

Maurizio Quagliuolo ed. - Dossier n2 (2008)

Cultural Heritage is the collective memory of Humankind

Quality in Cultural Heritage Management

Measuring the value


of material Cultural Heritage

HERITY

SOTTO L'ALTO PATRONATO DEL


PRESIDENTE DELLA REPUBBLICA
ITALIANA

Conclusions of the Second HERITY International Conference

Rome, December 3-5 2008

REACHED THANKS TO CONTRIBUTIONS FROM ICCROM,


UNESCO-WHC, UN-WTO, HERITY INTERNATIONAL

Conclusions by the First HERITY Conference


(December 5-9, 2006) highlighted that "from
the point of view of culture, no poor Countries exist
around the World: every territory has a significant and
priceless Heritage Wealth. This Heritage constitutes
the collective memory of Humanity. As a non
renewable resource, Cultural Heritage should be
managed according to Quality principles, ensuring its
preservation
in
the
context
of
sustainable
development". For this, new systems of classification
and public awareness should be adopted in order
museums, monuments, sites, libraries and archives to
be perceived from a global perspective. Letting
people to understand value and conservation of the
Cultural Heritage through communication and
services means to have a powerful allied, the visitor,
supporting efforts by specialist in preserving our
common heredity. Responsible tourism can strongly
help in this process.

For this, value related properties can be defined


as follows:
1. Cultural Heritage value is perceived in different ways
by residents, tourist and other stakeholders. This whole
of perceptions represents a collective richness and a
chance for better understanding past experiences when
designing strategies for the future. In that sense, it lets us
to improve quality of life;
2. Not only outstanding value can be reported, it is
possible to highlight also other characteristics which
make possible to consider common places and human
activities remains "unique" due to the specific experience
you may live when visiting them. Anyway, Cultural
Heritage value can be perceived only if it is possible to
understand its message(s) in a clear, complete and
efficacious way;
3. Cultural Heritage value can be measured and described
to the public. Plain systems, familiar to persons who live
and travel all over the world, should be adopted while
involving people in understanding and preserving
Cultural Heritage value. As a result, transmitting of its
meaning(s) should be considered a common
responsibility;
4. Cultural Heritage value understanding contributes to
mutual comprehension among people and cultures as
well as to the success in terms of economic and social
development, especially through tourism and related
activities. This is why it should be supported
implementing adequate systems of description and
diffusion in developed, developing and least developing
countries, also in period of crisis.

S OTTO L'ALTO PATRONATO DEL


PRESIDENTE DELLA REPUBBLICA
ITALIANA

Measuring the value


of material Cultural Heritage
Misurare il valore
del Patrimonio Culturale materiale

Preface by the Ministry of Culture Sandro Bondi

Quality in Cultural Heritage Management


results the HERITY International Conferences
Maurizio Quagliuolo ed.
Dossier n 2 (2008)

Roma, DRI - Fondazione Enotria ONLUS, 2010

Quality in Cultural Heritage Management


Dossier n 2 (2008)

PROCEEDINGS
atti
Scientific Coordinator
Coordinamento scentifico
Editing Coordinator
Coordinamento redazionale

Text review
Revisione testi

Graphic
Grafica

Translation
Traduzione

Printing
Stampa

Maurizio Quagliuolo

Gaia Marnetto

Monica Ardemagni
Gianluigi DAmbrosio
Miguel Ruiz Ramirez

Maria Rosaria De Cinti (concept)


Veronika Poptsova

Elisa Bonamico
Neal Putt
Miguel Ruiz Ramrez
Franoise Vogel
Futura Grafica 70 srl

Texts by - Testi di
Ayman Abdel Tawab
Maria Chiara Acciarini
Gianni Alemanno
Ziad Alrawadieh
Stefano Aragona
Marcella Bagnasco
Francesco Bandarin
Christian Biggi
Sandro Bondi
Piera Buonincontri
Mounir Bouchenaki
Simona Cadar
Luigi Campanella
Rita Capurro
Anna Maria Colavitti
Roberto Conforti
Tito Conti
Cristina Coscia
Sarah Court
Rocco Curto
Cecilia D'Elia
Maria de Azevedo Marcondes
Gal de Guichen

Mariela De Salvatore
Jos Manuel Del Ro Carrasco
Alberto Deregibus
Sergio Fiorentino
Patrizio Fondi
Giuseppe Garau
Caterina Gardella
Dino Gasperini
Anna Maria Ghiberti
Valter Giuliano
Matilde Gonzlez Mndez
Renaldas Gudauskas
Stephen Harrison
Jukka Jokilehto
Gherardo La Francesca
Milena Lecca
Wilfried Lipp
Luciano Marchetti
Lucia Marchi
Michele Marsonet
Maria Grazia Massafra
Antonella Nuzzaci
Luiz Oosterbeek

Aylin Orbasli
Nota Pantzou
Suzanna Pembroke
Carlo Petagna
Susanne Plattner
Maurizio Quagliuolo
Giulia Rodano
Jorge Rodrigues
Tullia Romagnoli Carettoni
Maria Immacolata Simeon
Francesco Sisinni
Luisa Sisti
Kannika Suteerattanaptrom
Helena Trindade Lopes
Charlotte van Emstede
Michela Vycpalek

Texts were published according to the authors' indications


I testi riflettono il volere degli autori nella forma e nel contenuto
DRI
No reproduction allowed at all, by any mean
Ai sensi delle normative vigenti, fatto espresso divieto di riproduzione o duplicazione anche parziale con qualsiasi mezzo della presente
pubblicazione e di quanto in essa riprodotto
ISBN 978-88-903829-1-8

Quality in Cultural Heritage Management


Dossier n 2 (2008)

CONFERENCE
conferenza
La conference was held
La conferenza si svolta
In partnership with
In cooperazione con
With the participation of
Con la partecipazione di
Under the auspices of
Sotto l'egida di

With the support of


Con il sostegno di
Scientific coordinator
Coordinamento scientifico
Scientific secretariat
Segreteria scientifica
Organizing secretariat
Segreteria organizzativa
Pubblications and services
Pubblicazioni e servizi

UNESCO-WHC, UN-WTO, ICCROM,

International Academy for Quality

Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri, Ministero degli Affari Esteri,


Ministero dell'Ambiente, Ministero dello Sviluppo Economico,
Ministero per i Beni e le Attivit Culturali, Ministero dell'Interno,
Ministero dellIstruzione, l'Universit e la Ricerca
Regione Lazio, Provincia di Roma

Maurizio Quagliuolo

Gaia Marnetto

Giorgia Barucca

Miguel Ruiz Ramrez

Documentation
Documentazione

Gianluigi DAmbrosio

Communication
Communicazione

Ufficio Stampa HERITY

Diffusion
Promozione
Simultaneous translation
Traduzione Simultanea

Comitato donore
Card. Francesco Marchisano
Sen. Tullia Romagnoli Carettoni
Mons. Gianfranco Ravasi
Arch. Francesco Bandarin
Dr. Mounir Bouchenaki
Dr. Eugenio Yunis
Dott. Giuseppe Proietti
Pref. Mario Morcone
Min. Pl. Gherardo La Francesca
Prof. Louis Godart
Dott. Umberto Broccoli
On. Piero Marrazzo (e. o.)
On. Gianni Alemanno (e. o.)
On. Nicola Zingaretti (e. o.)

sotto l'Alto Patronato del Presidente della Repubblica Italiana

Fondazione Enotria ONLUS

Monica Jerussi, Marcella Greco

Comitato promotore
Dott. Gal de Guichen (e. o.)
Prof. Luiz Oosterbeek (e. o.)
Dott. Tito Conti (e. o.)
Gen. Roberto Conforti (e. o.)
Dott. Sergio Fiorentino (e. o.)
Prof. Adriano La Regina (e. o.)
Prof. Antonio Paolucci (e. o.)
Dott. Luciano Marchetti
Dott.ssa Marcella Bagnasco
Dott. Sandro Loreti
Pres. Alberto Contri
Arch. Michele Achilli
Ass. Giulia Rodano (e. o.)
Ass. Umberto Croppi (e. o.)
Ass. Cecilia D'Elia (e. o.)

Steering committee
Dott. Enzo Ciarravano (e. o.)
Dott. Michele Misuraca (e. o.)
Dott.ssa Renata Piccininni (e. o.)
Dott.ssa Giuliana Pietroboni (e. o.)

Commissione scientifica
Sen. Tullia Romagnoli Carettoni
Dr. Jukka Jokilehto
Dr. Colette Di Matteo

Si ringraziano l'INASA e il suo personale, l'ANGT e la sua Presidente, il Brigante, la Fondazione Pfizer, l'Istituto C. Colombo, il suo Capo di istituto e tutti i docenti e
studenti, il dottor Francesco Natale, la dottoressa Claudia Cerchiai, la signora Marina Bindo, la dottoressa Monica Moriconi, il dottor Enrico Sitta, la dottoressa Patrizia
Tanzi, la dottoressa Augusta Proietti, il dottor Riccardo Capone che hanno sostenuto l'iniziativa e contribuito alla sua riuscita.

77

Quality in Cultural Heritage Management


Dossier n 2 (2008)

BUILDING THE VALUE OF THE CULTURAL ASSETS: THE HERITAGE


Costruzione del valore del Patrimonio Culturale: l'Heritage

"Integrity and/or Authenticity": the Potential


Challenges Facing the Nomination of Historic
Towns for Inscription
on the World Heritage List

Ayman Abdel Tawab


Tanta University of Alexandria

Italiano
diventato pi impegnativo proporre patrimoni
culturali per la loro iscrizione nella lista del
Patrimonio mondiale a causa dellapplicazione degli
emendamenti delle direttive operative del 2005,
riguardanti le condizioni di integrit e autenticit. I
centri storici, un modello ben rappresentato del
Patrimonio Culturale, affrontano migliaia di sfide
che minacciano la loro integrit ed autenticit. Un
esempio di tali patrimoni Rosetta. Larticolo
esamina le influenze che lo stretto controllo di
nuovo sviluppo ha sullintegrit e autenticit dei
centri storici come mezzo per preservare/aumentare
il loro valore.
Franais
Proposer linscription de biens culturels sur la liste
du patrimoine mondial est une dmarche plus
complexe depuis lapplication des amendements de
2005 aux Orientations, pour ce qui est des
conditions dintgrit et dauthenticit. Les centres
historiques, modle bien reprsent par le
Patrimoine Culturel, affrontent des milliers de dfis
qui en menacent lintgrit et lauthenticit. Rosette
est un bon exemple de ce type de patrimoine.
Larticle tudie linfluence que le contrle serr du
nouveau dveloppement exerce sur lintgrit et
lauthenticit des centres historiques comme moyen
de prserver ou augmenter leur valeur.

1.0. Introduction
The Operational Guidelines, OGs, of 2005 have undergone several
amendments concerning the evaluation of the integrity and
authenticity of the cultural properties nominated for the World
Heritage Site, WHS, status. In addition to meeting the conditions of
authenticity, properties nominated for a cultural WHS status have to
satisfy the conditions of integrity, as well. Until 2005, fulfilling the
conditions of integrity has been limited to natural properties. The
conditions of integrity represent a measure of the wholeness and
intactness of the nominated cultural properties. The OGs of 2005
have also adopted other attributes of authenticity, such as "spirit and
feeling" (UNESCO 2005).
Historic towns encounter a myriad of challenges threatening their
wholeness and intactness. Cities' expansion, associated with
population growth and immigration from rural areas, is one of such
challenges. Such urban expansion has added more loads on the cities'
dilapidated infrastructure leading to the widening of inner city roads,
which in turn resulted in the demolition of entire historic districts.
Controlling the quality of new development inside historic towns
seems to be indispensable to face such challenges (Yang and Phars
2005) and to protect and enhance the integrity and authenticity of
historic towns.
Although they represent an over-represented pattern of cultural
heritage, historic towns are still listed on the Tentative Lists of many
States Parties. "Mdina (Citt Vecchia)", in Malta; and "Historic
quarters and monuments of Rosetta/Rachid", in Egypt, are examples
of such properties (UNESCO 2004). All such properties will have to
fulfill the conditions of integrity, as well as meeting the test of
authenticity while considering their nominations for the WHS status.
Rosetta faces many challenges that are expected to cast their shadows
on the evaluation of the properties' integrity and authenticity. The
very few remaining Antiquities, which represent the key element
expressing the property's value, represent the main challenge. The
prevalence of unsympathetic new developments that detract from
the authentic spirit of the property is another challenge.
2.0. Introductory Studies
2.1. Definitions and notions
The origin of the word "authentic" is the Greek "authentiks", while
the word "authentic" might mean "original", "real", "unique" and
"genuine" (Jokilehto 1995). Authenticity can be defined as: "[a]
measure of the degree to which the values of a heritage property may
be understood to be truthfully, genuinely and credibly, expressed by
the attributes carrying the values" (Stovel 2007, p23). On the other
hand, integrity can be defined as:
"a measure of the wholeness and intactness of the natural and/or
cultural heritage and its attributes" (UNESCO 2005, p22).
The notion of authenticity seems to enjoy a variable nature. The
perception of authenticity varies among the various relevant
professions; such as archaeology, architecture and urban design.
While archaeologists are interested in detailed restoration and

78

Quality in Cultural Heritage Management


Dossier n 2 (2008)

BUILDING THE VALUE OF THE CULTURAL ASSETS: THE HERITAGE


Costruzione del valore del Patrimonio Culturale: l'Heritage

"Integrity and/or Authenticity": the Potential


Challenges Facingthe Nomination
of Historic Townsfor Inscription on
the World Heritage List

Ayman Abdel Tawab

Espaol
El proponer patrimonios culturales para su
inscrpcin en la lista del Patrimonio mundial se ha
vuelto ms empeativo debido a la aplicacin de
los emendamientos de las directrices operativas de
2005 con respecto a la integridad y autenticidad.
Los centros histricos, un modelo bien representado
del patrimonio cultural, encuentra millares de
desafos que amenazan su integridad y
autenticidad. Un ejemplo de tales patrimonios es
Rosetta. El presente contributo examina las
influencias que el estrecho control de nuevos
desarrollos ejerce sobre la integridad y autenticidad
de los centros histricos como medio para
preservar/aumentar su valor.
Portugus
Nomear propriedades culturais para serem inscritas
na Lista de Patrimnio Mundial tornou-se mais
difcil com a impementao das alteraes das
Directrizes Operacionais de 2005, relativamente s
condies de integridade e autenticidade. As
cidades histricas, um padro de patrimnio cultural
bem representado, esto perante uma mirade de
desafios que ameaam a sua autenticidade e
integridade. Como exemplo, aponte-se Roseta. Este
artigo discute as influncias do controlo estrito do
novo desenvolvimento na integridade e
autenticidade das cidades histricas como um meio
de preservar/aumentar o seu valor.

complete authenticity, urban designers are interested in conserving


the spirit of the past even if the details of their designs have never
existed (Ouf 2001). The notion of authenticity might vary from one
culture to the other; and has changed over time (Lowenthal 1995).
The development in conservation practices has reflected varying
perceptions of authenticity. There have been two contradicting
approaches to conservation that reflect different perceptions of
authenticity, which are the "scrape" and the "anti-scrape" approaches
(Earl 1997). The "scrape" approach has been associated with
architects, such as Viollet-le-Duc, whose philosophy of restoration
can be described as: "to restore a building is to re-establish it in a
state of completion which may never have existed at any given
moment in the past" (Ibid, p38). On the other hand, the "anti-scrape"
approach has been associated with architects, such as William Morris.
The "anti-scrape" movement called for the protection of historic
buildings against the restoration, which resulted in the deformation
of the built heritage (Ibid). The "anti-scrape" principles seem to
express a mature perception of authenticity that respects all the
significant historic layers of accretions. The notion of authenticity
also varies according to the pattern of the property, such as the case
of modern heritage (Heynen 2006), and might differ in some special
cases, such as the post-conflict reconstructed historic sites. The
reconstruction of the Stari Most in Mostar and the Freedom Tower in
New York represent the varying notions of authenticity in such a
special case (Thomson 2008).
2.2. The evaluation of integrity and authenticity
Some conservation charters and documents are concerned with the
evaluation of authenticity and integrity, such as the "Venice Charter",
adopted in 1964 (ICOMOS ___); the "Nara Document on
Authenticity", adopted in 1994 (UNESCO 1994); and the "Riga
Charter on Authenticity and Historical Reconstruction in Relation to
Cultural Heritage". The Riga Charter clarifies the few cases where
reconstruction might be accepted. These cases include the loss of
cultural heritage through disasters, provided that a detailed historical
documentation of the lost cultural heritage is available (English
Heritage 2001). Nevertheless, the Charter does not seem to be
concerned with the reconstruction of the sense of historic cities,
which is a practice need not the literal reconstruction of lost
buildings.
The World Heritage Committee has detailed a methodology to
evaluate the integrity and authenticity of the nominated cultural
properties through the Operational Guidelines. The methodology has
evolved along with the development of the various versions of the
OGs. Before adopting the OGs of 2005, nominated cultural properties
had to meet the test of authenticity in design, material, workmanship
or setting; while fulfilling the conditions of integrity was limited to
natural properties to achieve the WHS status. After adopting the OGs
of 2005, nominated cultural properties had to meet the conditions of
authenticity and satisfy the conditions of integrity as well. The
attributes of authenticity have also been updated to involve form and

79

Quality in Cultural Heritage Management


Dossier n 2 (2008)

BUILDING THE VALUE OF THE CULTURAL ASSETS: THE HERITAGE


Costruzione del valore del Patrimonio Culturale: l'Heritage

"Integrity and/or Authenticity": The Potential


Challenges Facing the Nomination of Historic
Towns for Inscription on
the World Heritage List

Ayman Abdel Tawab

design, material and substance, use and function; traditions,


techniques and management system; location and setting; language,
and other form of intangible heritage; and spirit and feeling; and
other internal and external factors (UNESCO 2005)1.
The amendments undertaken to the previous methodology seem to
be attributed to the arguments on the representativity, credibility and
balance of the World Heritage List (Bertilsson and Von Droste 1995),
which led to the adoption of the Global Strategy. To address the
challenges of the Global Strategy, the World Heritage Committee has
held many expert meetings. The most relevant meeting has been that
held in Amsterdam in 1998. The participants to the meeting have
noted that the dichotomy between culture and nature, represented
by the two separate sets of criteria for each, has been the reason why
many cultures have been under-represented on the World Heritage
List. Therefore, the participants have recommended the combination
of the cultural and natural criteria into one list of 10 criteria. They
have also recommended the combination of the notions of
authenticity and integrity, and the application of the conditions of
integrity for both natural and cultural properties (UNESCO 1998).
According to the methodology, adopted by the OGs of 2005,
nominated cultural properties are evaluated to meet the conditions of
authenticity if their relevant attributes of authenticity truthfully
reflect their value. When preparing nomination documents, States
Parties should first determine which are the most relevant attributes
of authenticity. Then they have to develop a statement of
authenticity that evaluates the extent to which each attribute
expresses the value of the property. On the other hand, integrity is
considered as a measure of the wholeness and intactness of the
nominated property. Therefore, the methodology focuses on
evaluating the limit to which the nominated property maintains all
the elements that reflect its outstanding value, and on evaluating the
adequacy of the size of such elements. The methodology also
evaluates the quality of these elements and how far they are
damaged by factors such as uncontrolled new urban development, or
neglect. Each State Party has to develop a statement of integrity
attesting the integrity of the nominated property (UNESCO 2005).
2.3. The relevant patterns of World Heritage Sites and the
evaluation of integrity and authenticity
The pattern of the nominated property is expected to influence the
evaluation of its authenticity and integrity. The World Heritage
Convention classifies the various patterns of cultural heritage into
three categories; which are "monuments", "groups of buildings" and
"sites". "Groups of buildings" and "sites" are the most relevant
categories to historic towns. "Groups of buildings" involve groups of
separate or connected buildings, while the "sites" category is
concerned with what the Convention called the "works of man or the
combined works of nature and man", as well as archaeological sites
(UNESCO 1972, p 2). It is obvious that the "sites" category is involved
with cultural landscapes and archaeological sites (Mujica 1995),
while the "groups of buildings" category is involved with historic
towns (Bertilsson and Von Droste 1995).

1. See the other versions of the Operational Guidelines of 1977, 1978, 1980, 1983, 1984, 1987, 1988,
1992, 1994, 1996, 1997, and 1999, which are published in the following website:
http://whc.unesco.org/en/resources/.

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Quality in Cultural Heritage Management


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BUILDING THE VALUE OF THE CULTURAL ASSETS: THE HERITAGE


Costruzione del valore del Patrimonio Culturale: l'Heritage

"Integrity and/or Authenticity": The Potential


Challenges Facing the Nomination of Historic
Towns for Inscription on
the World Heritage List

Ayman Abdel Tawab

The OGs of 2005 classify "groups of buildings" into three


subcategories; which are "towns which are no longer inhabited",
"historic towns which are still inhabited", and "new towns of the
twentieth century". Historic towns should be nominated because of
their outstanding universal value associated with their architectural
interest rather than the role they used to play in the past. The spatial
urban pattern, structure, materials, and the functions of some
buildings should reflect the civilization that the nominated historic
town represents. Inhabited historic towns are classified into four
subcategories; which are "towns which are typical of a specific period
or culture", "towns that have evolved along characteristic lines and
have preserved spatial arrangements and structures typical of the
successive stages in their history", "historic centres", and "sectors,
areas or isolated units" (UNESCO 2005, p74). Historic centres should
contain a large number of the historic buildings that represent the
towns exceptional interest so that they can be inscribed. Nominated
sectors or isolated units should be incorporated within the retained
historic urban fabric of the town they represent (UNESCO 2005).
While evaluating the authenticity and integrity of historic towns that
represent a particular historic period, the reference should be that
specific historic condition. In the case of historic towns that
continued to evolve the evaluation of authenticity and integrity
should refer to the dynamics of the historic development of the
property and the different historic stages. The evaluation of
authenticity of historic towns that retain sectors of the old town
should be limited to these surviving areas, while the evaluation of
integrity has to consider the relationship within the whole. The
evaluation of integrity in the case of historic towns, as a whole,
should focus mainly on the condition and quality of the property as
achieved through time rather than the wholeness of the property
(Jokilehto 2002).
3.0. Old and New Towns of Edinburgh
3.1. Introduction to the property
"Old and New Towns of Edinburgh" is one of the British inscribed
cultural WHSs. The property has a total area of about four and a half
square kilometers, and contains about 4500 buildings. The Royal
Mile is the main street in the Old Town. Edinburgh Castle dominates
the western end of the Royal Mile, while the Holyrood Abbey and
the Palace of Holyroodhouse represent the key landmark at the
eastern end of the street. The mountain of Arthur's Seat represents a
key natural element that shapes the views out of the property. The
Old Town retains many significant historic buildings, such as the City
Chambers and fragments of its historic walls (Edinburgh World
Heritage 2005). To the north, the Old Town is bounded by Princes
Street and Princes Street Gardens, which separate the Old Town and
the New Town (the City of Edinburgh Council 2005a). The New
Town has been developed through seven major phases that began in
1767 and ended in 1890 (Edinburgh World Heritage 2005). The New
Town is characterized by its fine gardens, geometrical plan, and
plethora of fine examples of neo-Classical architecture. The Water of

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Quality in Cultural Heritage Management


Dossier n 2 (2008)

BUILDING THE VALUE OF THE CULTURAL ASSETS: THE HERITAGE


Costruzione del valore del Patrimonio Culturale: l'Heritage

"Integrity and/or Authenticity": The Potential


Challenges Facing the Nomination of Historic
Towns for Inscription on
the World Heritage List

Ayman Abdel Tawab

Leith and Calton Hill might be the most significant natural features
in the New Town.
The property has been listed on the British Tentative List of 1985
(UNESCO 1986) and has been inscribed in 1995 under criteria (ii)
and (iv) (Edinburgh World Heritage 2005). The site's outstanding
universal value is attributed to elements; such as the topography of
the property, the many outstanding examples of historic buildings
and gardens the property retains, and its association with
internationally recognized figures such as Alexander Graham Bell.
The property has been evaluated to meet the test of authenticity in
all the attributes of authenticity; which are design, material,
workmanship and setting (Edinburgh World Heritage 2005).
3.2. The key factors that have contributed towards the
authenticity and integrity of the property
There are two factors that have contributed towards the high level of
authenticity the property enjoys. The first is the community's early
and active reaction against the comprehensive remodeling plans
targeting the urban environment in the property. Sir Patrick
Abercombie's plan for central Edinburgh, submitted in 1949, is one
of such plans. The plan called for radical changes in the city centre
and in Princess Street, and recommended the demolition of St James
Square and the installation of a new street network. Based on
Abercombie's plan, Buchannan developed another plan in the 1970s,
which recommended substantial road changes. In an active reaction
against these proposals, a conference on the conservation of
Georgian Edinburgh has been held in 1970. The conference led to the
abandonment of the previous plans (the City of Edinburgh Council
2005b). The other factor is the strict and sensitive control of new
development introduced inside the property.
Various tools have been adopted to control the new development
introduced inside the property (Table 1).

Statutory

The adopted tools

The designated properties and the date of designation

Conservation Area

New Town Conservation Area (1975), Old Town Conservation Area (1977), West End
Conservation Area (1977), South Side Conservation Area (1975), Marchmont and Meadows
Conservation Area (1986), Dean Conservation Area (1975),Coltbridge and Wester Coates
Conservation Area (1986)

Listed Building

There are 3488 Listed Buildings representing 76 % of the total number of buildings
(4587 buildings) inside the property
Edinburgh Castle (1993); Edinburgh, Palace of Holyroodhouse (1981); Holyrood Abbey, Palace

Scheduled Monument Gardens and Park (1994); Edinburgh, Abbey Strand (1981); Edinburgh Town Wall, Flodden Wall,
Johnston Terrace to Grassmarket (1970); Edinburgh Town Wall, Flodden Wall and Telfer Wall,
Heriot Place (1970); Edinburgh Town Wall, Flodden Wall, Drummond Street to Pleasance (1970)

Non-statutory

Site of Special Scientific Arthur's Seat Volcano (1986) [the site covers three separate locations, which are:
Interest
Holyrood Park (1953, 1972), Calton Hill (1958, 1972) and the Castle Rock (1958, 1972)]
Urban Wildlife Site

Water of Leith Urban Wildlife Site, Calton Hill and Regent Gardens Urban Wildlife Site,
Holyrood Park and Meadowfield Park Urban wildlife Site

Open Space of
Castlehill, Princes Street Gardens, Calton Hill and Regent Gardens, the New Town Gardens, the
Outstanding Landscape Water of Leith, the Grounds of Donaldson's School, Holyrood Park
Quality
Garden and Designed Dean Cemetery (2001), Palace of Holyroodhouse (1987), the New Town Gardens (2001)
Landscape

Table 1. The various tools adopted to control the quality of the new
urban development introduced inside "Old and New Towns of
Edinburgh".
Data source: Edinburgh World Heritage 2004, Edinburgh World Heritage
2005, the City of Edinburgh Council 1997, GAP Search, PASTMAP
Map Page, Sitelink Site Details V2.

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Quality in Cultural Heritage Management


Dossier n 2 (2008)

BUILDING THE VALUE OF THE CULTURAL ASSETS: THE HERITAGE


Costruzione del valore del Patrimonio Culturale: l'Heritage

"Integrity and/or Authenticity": the Potential


Challenges Facingthe Nomination
of Historic Townsfor Inscription on
the World Heritage List

Ayman Abdel Tawab

The Planning Permission and Development Control process represent


the most relevant statutory one. Listing Listed Buildings is another
adopted statutory tool. 76% of the total number of buildings inside
the property has been listed as Listed Buildings (Edinburgh World
Heritage 2004). The listing date of some of these buildings goes back
to 1969 (PASTMAP Map Page). The listing of buildings allows
extending the local authorities' control over developments affecting
these buildings. Undertaking developments, such as alterations or
extensions, to Listed Buildings requires the application for the Listed
Building Consent (Historic Scotland 1998).
Scheduling Ancient Monuments is the third adopted statutory tool.
Inside the property, there are seven Scheduled Monuments. The
earliest date of scheduling any of these Monuments is 1970
(PASTMAP Map Page). Scheduling Monuments allows the control
of developments affecting them. Undertaking any work to a
Scheduled Monument, such as felling and planting trees, requires the
application for a Scheduled Monument Consent (Historic Scotland
___).
Designating Conservation Areas, CAs, is another adopted statutory
tool. The entire extent of the property is covered by seven CAs
(Edinburgh World Heritage 2004). The designation of the Dean CA,
in 1975 (the City of Edinburgh Council 1997), is the earliest among
the seven CAs. Article 4 Directions have been applied in all these
CAs. The application of Article 4 Directions in the Dean CA, in 1976,
is the earliest among the seven CAs (Ibid). Designating CAs allows
the further control of new development. Undertaking developments,
such as the demolition of unlisted buildings inside designated CAs
requires the application for the Conservation Area Consent (Historic
Scotland 1998). Planning authorities have the right to extend their
control over new development inside designated CAs by the
application of Article 4 Directions. The application of Article 4
Directions implies that the planning permission will be required for
classes of development that would otherwise be considered as
permitted development. The designation of CAs allows the control of
developments affecting trees and the control of advertisement (Ibid).
Designating Sites of Special Scientific Interest, SSSIs, represents the
last adopted statutory tool. Inside the property, only one SSSI, which
covers three locations (the City of Edinburgh Council 1997), has
been designated (Sitelink Site Details V2). The earliest designation
date of these locations goes back to 1958 (Ibid).
There are other non-statutory tools that have been adopted to
control new development inside the property. These non-statutory
tools include the listing of properties on the Inventory of Gardens
and Designed Landscapes in Scotland. Inside Edinburgh WHS, three
of such properties are designated. The designation of the Palace of
Holyroodhouse, in 1987, is the earliest among the three properties
(GAP Search). The other adopted non-statutory tools include the
designation of Urban Wildlife Sites, and the designation as Open

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Costruzione del valore del Patrimonio Culturale: l'Heritage

"Integrity and/or Authenticity": The Potential


Challenges Facing the Nomination of Historic
Towns for Inscription on
the World Heritage List

Ayman Abdel Tawab

Space of Outstanding Landscape Quality. In addition to the previous


tools, the Central Edinburgh Local Plan has adopted many policies
involved with the control of new development (the City of
Edinburgh Council 1997). The previous preview seems to indicate
that adopting almost all the previous tools has preceded the listing,
on the Tentative List, and the nomination, for the WHS status, of the
property. The previous finding seems to indicate that the application
of these tools has been motivated by the community's choice of the
quality of the urban environment they prefer to live in, their desire
to preserve their heritage, and the subsequent response of the
government.
The strict control of new development practiced inside the property
has allowed the introduction of new developments that contribute
towards its authenticity. The 112 Canongate, designed by the Scottish
architect Richard Murphy, is an example of such developments. The
architectural style and the design of the building make reference to
the original style of the buildings in the Canongate area and
emphasize the authentic spirit of the area.
4.0. Historic quarters and monuments of Rosetta/Rachid
4.1. Introduction to the property
"Historic quarters and monuments of Rosetta/Rachid" is a cultural
property that has been listed on the Egyptian Tentative List submitted
in 2003 (UNESCO 2004). The site consists of three key elements;
which are the city of Rosetta, "Izbat Burj Rachid", which is a small
village located to the north of Rosetta; and vast palm trees fields
incorporating the two urban areas. The property is encompassed by
the Mediterranean, to the west, and the Nile to the east, and is
located close to the firth of the Nile. "Izbat Burj Rachid" retains much
of the "Mamluk" fort known as "Qaitbay Fort". The fort has been the
place where the French officer Pierre Bouchard unearthed the
Rosetta Stone (Anani 1987). Rosetta retains a large number of
Islamic residences, most of which belong to the Ottoman era, such as
"Arab Killi House" (Ibid). The city retains a large number of historic
mosques, such as "Zaghlul Mosque"; a mill, which is "Abu Shahin
Mill"; an Islamic bath known as "Hammam Azuz"; and one of the
historic gates known as "Abu al-Rish Gate". The city retains most of
its historic street pattern almost intact. The main streets in the city are
"Zaghlul Street" and "Dehliz al-Mulk Street".
The property can be classified as the subsidiary categories of "groups
of buildings", "historic towns", and "historic towns which are still
inhabited". The site owes much of its urban form and character to the
influence of its natural environment; represented by the key
elements of the Nile, the sea and the surrounding sand and dunes, as
well as to the work of man (Historic quarters and monuments of
Rosetta/Rachid UNESCO World Heritage Centre). These influences
seem to indicate the possibility to classify the property as a cultural
landscape. Many aspects emphasize the profound influences of the

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Costruzione del valore del Patrimonio Culturale: l'Heritage

"Integrity and/or Authenticity": The Potential


Challenges Facing the Nomination of Historic
Towns for Inscription on
the World Heritage List

Ayman Abdel Tawab

surrounding natural environment on the form and significance of the


property. The Nile has been the source of the alluvia that precipitated
along its bank, and which has been used to make the red bricks, of
which all the historic buildings have been built (Ibid). The
surrounding palm trees fields have largely contributed towards the
city's distinctive historic spirit. The possibility to navigate through the
branches of the Nile has profoundly contributed towards the
prosperity and the decline of Rosetta (Lane 2000).
The proposed criteria under which the property might be nominated
are criteria (ii), (iv) and (v) (Historic quarters and monuments of
Rosetta/Rachid UNESCO World Heritage Centre). Criterion (v) is
detailed as: "[Nominated properties shall] be an outstanding example
of a traditional human settlement, land-use, or sea-use which is
representative of a culture (or cultures), or human interaction with
the environment especially when it has become vulnerable under the
impact of irreversible change" (UNESCO 2005, p. 19-20). The
previous implications of criterion (v) seem to indicate its relevance to
cultural landscapes.
Rosetta enjoys an outstanding universal value because it represents
an outstanding example of the Ottoman Islamic architecture. On the
national level, Rosetta is the Egyptian city that retains the largest
number of Islamic residences, which enjoy unique design features,
such as the internal treatments. The interior of houses, such as
"Alwan House", has been decorated by using colored ceramic tiles
(Anani 1987). This treatment is unique in Egypt, and represents an
influence of the northern Africa's architecture (Al-Kadi, al-Sadik and
Ismail 1999). The universal value of the property also stems from its
association with the French campaign, and the discovery of the
Rosetta Stone (Anani 1987). The attributes of authenticity that
express the property's value include form and design, material and
substance, use and function, techniques, location and setting, and
spirit and feeling. The spirit of the city is attributed to the sudden
transition from the desert surrounding the city to the greenery along
the Nile, and is also associated with the distinctive architectural and
urban qualities of the city's built environment (Lane 2000).
4.2. The key factors that have contributed towards the decline
in the authenticity and integrity of the property
There are two key factors that have contributed towards the decline
in the authenticity and integrity of the property. Building legislation
and regulations represent the first factor. The City Council has
adopted street plans aiming at widening the streets in the city by
imposing new building lines over the existing urban fabrics. These
building lines have resulted in widening a section of the "Dehliz alMulk Street" leaving "Abouhom House" projecting inside the street.
According to Rosetta General Plan, the maximum height of the
buildings adjacent to "Abouhom House" has been determined as 16
m (Abu Mousaaid 2008), which is a height that is unsympathetic to
the character of the area. The second factor is the limited control of
the quality of the new development introduced inside the property.
Few tools have been adopted to control the quality of the new
development inside the property. The most relevant tool is the

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BUILDING THE VALUE OF THE CULTURAL ASSETS: THE HERITAGE


Costruzione del valore del Patrimonio Culturale: l'Heritage

"Integrity and/or Authenticity": The Potential


Challenges Facing the Nomination of Historic
Towns for Inscription on
the World Heritage List

Ayman Abdel Tawab

Building Permission process, which is involved with developments;


such as building works, vertical extensions and alterations
(Department of the Legislative Affairs 2008). Scheduling Antiquities
is the second adopted statutory tool. Thirty-nine Antiquities have
been scheduled inside the property (Figure 1).
Figure 1. The Antiquities scheduled inside Historic quarters and
monuments of Rosetta/Rachid.

Map source: Adapted from: The Egyptian Survey Service 1950.


Data source: The Supreme Council of Antiquities ___.
The scheduling as Antiquities allows the further control of
developments affecting these buildings. Undertaking any of a list of
particular developments, such as alterations or demolition, to
Scheduled Antiquities requires the application for the consent of the
Supreme Council of Antiquities (Department of the Legislative
Affairs 2002).
The designation as Archaeological Area is another adopted statutory
tool. "Abu Mandour" is the only Archaeological Area designated
inside the property. Article 20 of the Act No. 117, which is concerned
with the management of such areas, prohibits the granting of a
Building Permission inside Archaeological Areas, and prohibits
developments, such as erecting structures inside these areas.
Undertaking other developments, such as planting or felling trees,
requires the consent of the Supreme Council of Antiquities
(Department of the Legislative Affairs 2002). The Nile is also
protected against pollution under the Egyptian Act No. 48 (Ministry

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"Integrity and/or Authenticity": The Potential


Challenges Facing the Nomination of Historic
Towns for Inscription on
the World Heritage List

Ayman Abdel Tawab

of State for Environmental Affairs 2008).


There are other statutory tools involved with the control of the
quality of new development, yet none of them has been adopted in
Rosetta. Designating Protected Perimeters around scheduled
Antiquities is one of such tools, regarding that the Supreme Council
of Antiquities has begun the procedures to designate such areas in
Rosetta, yet none of these perimeters has been officially designated
(Abd al-Aziz 2008). The other tools that have not been adopted in
Rosetta include the listing under the Act No. 144 as Buildings
Enjoying a Distinctive Architectural Style (Department of the
Legislative Affairs 2008, Mahmoud 2008), the designation under the
Act No. 106 as what can be called Special Streets and Areas
(Department of the Legislative Affairs 2008, Abu Mousaaid 2008),
and the designation as Natural Reserves (Protectorates). The limited
control of the quality of new development exercised in the property
has led to the introduction of unsympathetic residential
developments, such as the Rosetta International Hotel, which detract
from the authentic spirit of the city. On the other hand, other
developments have tried to reconstruct the authentic image of the
city by making reference to traditional architectural features, such as
the Antiquities Centre.
Conclusions
The previous preview seems to reveal the challenges, concerning the
evaluation of integrity and authenticity that are expected to face the
nomination of Rosetta for the World Heritage Site status. The
prevalence of unsympathetic new developments that detract from the
authentic spirit of the city, and the declining number of the city's
Scheduled Antiquities are the key potential challenges. The
comparative analyses, conducted between the two properties, in
Edinburgh and Rosetta, seem to emphasize the contribution of the
early community's reaction against the comprehensive development
proposed for the city centre towards the high level of authenticity
that Edinburgh enjoys. The lack of such an active reaction against
street plans has contributed towards the decline in the authentic spirit
of Rosetta.
The strict control of new development exercised inside Edinburgh has
also contributed towards its authenticity. A variety of tools have been
adopted to control the quality of new development inside the
property. These tools cover almost the entire area of the property, and
almost all the elements of its environment. Most of these tools have
been adopted a long time before the listing, on the Tentative List, and
the inscription of the property. The previous finding seems to indicate
that the motive of adopting these tools in the property has been the
community's choice of the quality of the urban environment they
wish to live in, and their wish to preserve their historic environment.
The previous finding also indicates that securing and sustaining
authenticity and integrity requires a long time, during which a very
strict system of controlling new development should be exercised.
On the other hand, the limited control of new development in
Rosetta has led to the decline in its authentic spirit. Very few tools
have been adopted to control new development in the property.
These tools cover a tiny area of the property, and are involved with

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Costruzione del valore del Patrimonio Culturale: l'Heritage

"Integrity and/or Authenticity": The Potential


Challenges Facing the Nomination of Historic
Towns for Inscription on
the World Heritage List

Ayman Abdel Tawab

few elements of the environment in the property. Other relevant


tools, such as the listing under the Act No. 144, as Buildings Enjoying
a Distinctive Architectural Style, have not been adopted in the
property. The very few tools adopted to control the quality of new
development inside Rosetta seem to be the reason for the decline in
the authenticity and integrity of the property. The previous findings
seem to suggest the need to adopt all the available tools involved
with the control of new development in Rosetta.

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Region, Interview with Ayman G. Abdel Tawab, Rosetta, Rosetta Antiquities Centre, June 15.
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Costruzione del valore del Patrimonio Culturale: l'Heritage

"Integrity and/or Authenticity": The Potential


Challenges Facing the Nomination of Historic
Towns for Inscription on
the World Heritage List

Ayman Abdel Tawab

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Quality in Cultural Heritage Management


Dossier n 2 (2008)

CONTENTS
indice

Preface
Prefazione
Sandro Bondi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

Greetings
Saluti
Gianni Alemanno . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Mounir Bouchenaki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Jos Manuel del Ro Carasco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Maria Chiara Accarini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Gherardo La Francesca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
Alberto Deregibus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
Carla Petagna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
Luciano Marchetti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
Giulia Rodano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Cecilia DElia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Dino Gasperini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
Valter Giuliano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
Michele Marsonet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Francesco Sisinni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
Roberto Conforti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29

BUILDING THE VALUE OF THE CULTURAL ASSETS: THE HERITAGE


Costruzione del valore del Patrimonio Culturale: l'Heritage
Tullia Romagnoli Carettoni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
Introduzione
Jukka Jokilehto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Heritage Values and Valuation
Luiz Oosterbeek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
Dominant vs. undermined values? A perspective from the most western seaboard of Europe
Tito Conti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
Il valore visto nella prospettiva della qualit
Cristina Coscia, Michela Vycpalek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Valore/ Valori dei beni culturali: visioni di prospettiva in seno alle teorie dellutilit e delle preferenze del consumatore
Sergio Fiorentino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
The approach by Economists to valuing the invaluable
Wilfried Lipp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
Heritage Values: Preservationists Ideology and Economic Reality
Jorge Rodrigues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
The question of Value in Heritage: Use Value versus Cultural Value
Ayman Abdel Tawab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77
"Integrity and/or Authenticity": the Potential Challenges Facing the Nomination of Historic Towns for Inscription on the World Heritage List
Matilde Gonzlez Mndez . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Narrative and communication, tools for value generation in Cultural Heritage
Rocco Curto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96
La messa in valore del Patrimonio Culturale: la progettualit strategica
Giancarlo Deplano , Milena Lecca, Anna Maria Colavitti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102
Citt storica come patrimonio culturale, valori espressi e valori potenziali
Maurizio Quagliuolo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110
Il valore del Patrimonio Culturale dal punto di vista di HERITY

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Case Studies
Casi di Studio
Stephen Harrison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117
The Story of Mann An Expression of Local, National and International Value for Heritage Identity
Nota Pantzou . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125
On Global Value: the case of Butrint
Maria Jos de Azevedo Marcondes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134
Cultural heritage in the city of Sao Paulo: An overview of the Valorization of Cultural Heritage in an Historic Perspective
Anna Maria Ghiberti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
Verso una nuova definizione di patrimonio culturale
Lucia Marchi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Biblioteche pubbliche statali in palazzi storici: un valore nel valore
Maria Grazia Massafra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147
Arte e tecnica della vetrata Liberty nel Museo della Casina delle Civette
Giuseppe Garau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151
Beni Culturali, grandi e piccole realt, valori diversi: quali paragoni possibili?
Simona Cadar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154
Historical and Political Values of Heritage: the Metamorphoses of the Past
Caterina Gardella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156
Conoscenza e valorizzazione del Patrimonio ligure di rilevanza Culturale e paesaggistica
Luisa Sisti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Il Museo virtuale delle Collezioni geologiche e storiche dellISPRA
Helena Trindade Lopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159
Apries Palace (Kom Tuman/Memphis/Egypt): The archaeological finds from 2001-2008 campaigns
Renaldas Gudauskas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162
The Cultural Heritage of Lithuania

VALUE FROM THE POINT OF RESIDENT PEOPLE: LOCAL MEMORY AND CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
Il valore visto dal residente: memoria locale e conflitti di interesse
Sarah Court, Christian Biggi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165
Separated from heritage: local community perceptions of Herculaneums values
Stefano Aragona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Qualit urbana, desideri degli abitanti/cittadini, progettazione dello spazio
Suzanna Pembroke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Using GIS to understand social influences on perception of place and cultural heritage resources
Maria I. Simeon, Piera Buonincontri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Il valore del patrimonio culturale per il residente: aspetti teorici ed evidenze empiriche

Case Studies
Casi di Studio
Kannika Suteerattanapirom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Archaeology of Ancient Bangkok: Bridging archaeology and the Public
Rita Capurro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188
I beni culturali ecclesiastici tra identit religiosa e Heritage

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SUSTAINABLE TOURISM: HOW TO MATCH VALUE FOR VISITORS AND VALUE FOR RESIDENTS
Turismo sostenibile: come creare un compromesso tra il valore del visitatore e il valore del residente
Marcella Bagnasco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Il valore dellidentit
Aylin Orbasli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Historic towns: are tourist values and local values compatible?

Case Studies
Casi di Studio
Ziad Alrawadieh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Cultural Heritage Conservation by Using Tourism: Taypet Zaman As a Case Study
Mariela de Salvatore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Per un Turismo di Qualit

VALUE FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF OTHER STAKEHOLDERS: THE SOCIAL SELECTION OF MEMORY
Il valore visto dagli altri stakeholders: selezione della memoria e societ
Charlotte van Emstede . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Values and Sustainable Conservation The Case of Dockyard Willemsoord, Den Helder, The Netherlands
Luigi Campanella, Susanne Heidi Plattner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212
To preserve means taking to better account: Metals
Antonella Nuzzaci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Quando la valutazione dei processi e dei prodotti didattici diventa cultura di servizio

Remarks
Interventi conclusivi
Gal de Guichen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225
Patrizio Fondi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Francesco Bandarin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .228

Conclusions
Conclusioni
Italiano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232
Franais . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .233
Espaol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .234
Portugus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

Addendum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236
Appendice

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