% ‘mee moLocteaz nevourion ‘ind, He belongs rather with those other-men of action ‘and feeling and unconcioos power—whom Hegel termed ‘worl historia! characters becrus the world after them is ‘ot asi wat before, 5. The Uses of Darwinism “The soul of mon have become vod at the oid be entered fn bmp te een devs of Ses yom oats 1874 “Newton banithed God from nature, Darwin banished him fiom Uf, Freud drove him from the last fasts, the Sou. Te war all tent ia Newton, in Descartes, in Gale, mech: anion would conquer all once it bad conquered nature, for man's body was spring fom nature and his mind from Tis body” So speak &contemporay cxtc+ It may not be ite accurate to say Bat for Newton personally, God was ‘banished; and T shall ty to indicate later that for Freud ‘he human sou is not a mechanism, eventhough one side ‘of pychoanalyis appears to continue materialistic science, Be this at it may, the tendency of science since Galileo Jn certainly been to push mechanism into every come: of ‘he universe and 90 get vd of Mind, although i san hi 1 Gand Head quoted in Wet, Daw, 35.—_—_—_—_—_—_—_—_———— 6 ‘ar srorocieas mzvourrow tore enor o belie that the bate joie inthe Sites fd stir of he last century ended in fal root ‘The facts somewiat recable tha cocraing Free ‘Tage: iran tobe thooght that nneteetscentury Eng Tend tad shandoocd Protcbonimy bt when the record teas cramid, ft wes found that te movement sorted Titer and ended alr than wat commonly baeved. I ‘ely amped for only fo dese. The same sve Of cian, though ta later date. The Ses and se ther sw it heyay among the thinking part of the wold. ‘Airy inthe svete there were tong costes cunents, ‘ich won tecogulion in Be ets od neti, 08 Wich show that thee war nog ineiabe about the Pat of science leading to materaizn. Popular mater ism, howeve, we ntouched by the now ie ond kept fpreating. The new medicine wad sigey 2 the so, fee. pubic odustion in the sven, the wideprend ‘mechani of if and there of Maan scam ia the eight, stregthened it bol. “The thee men who roe with this popular materi snd did the motto penuade the Enginepeaking word of nl uth were Spence, Type, and Busey, and itis not unfair to quote sample of tek eetvenes 4 seosboy notion of wieace around the year 1880. The ‘qeton‘poted ms, “Why do water pipes bustin cold ‘eather to with came the ener “People who Bev Tot studied aco ink that Tha bust fhe pp, but ‘we know that it i nothing of the Kin, for Poko Tya- ‘4 hs unt the mytholois and has taught us at ts {he natu behavior of water and bisuuth)withoat ‘which al ih wool Ge and he Guth be ed a9 on ‘This isnot precisely what Spence, lxley, and Tyndall taught. Bot this confused science implics 2 clear philwo- phy. As philosophers, i is tre, al three men repel in 0 acct hei tp pet Saar ‘raz vans or pax &% many words the done of mates, How then dd thet teachings ‘come to such a bad end in a frozen pipe? eens the ce wien be aye at he teaches « ean ht mein ng he utente obj of ths Gopi Ben, Fe et bunt the od mytoleg, Tyodal, working sou in pyts end geology, ibe! Shakspee 20d Ribtn tnk ite the mn, Dot st the ame tne sored TSBttn soles tnt acne caot ie the xp be Neer and conciomen. Spear, with bs Us reo PE, ning cement, ced the coon of Mira Force end dedi ery ee fom hen, NESSPaed tat our knowldge of phenomena cold not eo dete 2 My Gates thou egincen at het amit tat ti sponte te dads Sonmosnes fm Tate, 2 ny secre woud ny tat the gelenen ne 8 ¢ ang an shad cons, But Darin, 00 wel in Sea aunt theology, would ot 1 thes do se Ptboaht at t,t would act, drt e+ ‘Eh ote forall he ea tat spe had ot Dem SE Sy cette tat man was deeded fom #9 be Ma sligel wy tat ey Demos 7 OS motes of mate ere, TB Seca, Te actu, ox machin, Dames oe eee co ely ar hou eme it ee aap Dion sade 2 Seaton a tel ee Se Macchi and comnts, BOM St be sometng-hese mines ee i A mt a din spot ema Re ae Syed yal ated Me wee, Hay welt ne See a Mrs pe%° ‘ree motocieat EVOLUTION Applying the same assumption, physic had discover the ‘mechanical equiaent of eat and the Law of Conera- tion of matter and energy: Physiology had got rid of the ‘Vitals lie free: Chere was noting left but the mechan- sca impact of particles. The neroot stem and the hamsn ‘ran were material ence life and Ghought must rise fom attr, As the French philotes had sida centery be foe, the bain secrets thought asthe liver secrete: bie* Hloreyeateruined the theory that we were all atomata, vith consconmess as an “epiphenomenon"* le even thought fora moment that he had found the ik between [Matter and Life’ Nor were the orthodox mee fee of the supestition, Hardly a single defender of etablised rei- ‘ion ad metaphysics enough in him to ak what this Mat "We may conclude from this thatthe God ofthe nine- ‘teenth century was materials, to, aot beoase Se was imagined as 2 fatherly idl wit'a Teanpionian ber, bat ‘That some of them socpted Darwinism wale other di ‘ot indicates athe mst Be contrat of the aman Imind aboot deta forthe histocal exitician of the Bible ‘rom Straus to Renan, taken together with the previous readjustment of Seriptuze fo Newtonian laws, had certainly tot let the Bible an undispted authority on matters of ‘at, Not many pesons in 2859 stil believed ina central cath and a tetlke ly. Most of them had svalowed CCopernius Tt shoald act then ve st so much to sval- concealed inthe us of the method or sggeted by pro. [ponents ofthe method. And it there that Darwinism ex) fastly be accused of destroying faith and morlity-not Dar twin and his book, but the ente movement from which” Je spring and to which be supplied impetus and a mame. ‘The genetic fallacy dating back to Comte is atthe root of the troole-the flay of reducing all experiences to one condition of their origin nd soiling meanings by ex Planations, With ts mechanical end hstorel bis, evlo- fon reduced eveything to something ele. From fer of being. anthropomorphie, it. deanthropomorphized “man. ‘With its suspicion that feling was an epipenomencn, it smade “refined music” into “a factor of survival” Nothing ‘var what it roomed. At one scentc historian later com ‘laised: “The Devil may be the Pesan Absiman and the ope «Greco Ur meaning changed withtheo sm sixocteas mavoLoTiot new use to whith they were put"® Yet as eveybody wis ‘ooking only for mater or storia antecedents, its 0 wonder thatthe seekers found nothing ese; nor that they ‘ame at lt to see tat something bad ben let out ofthe reckoning ‘While some ofthe best minds were whiting round snd ound in thir visio cle, it was not noticed that the ‘words Matter end Force, particulary when applied to hy- ‘an beings, might find in daiy life some dangerously ‘imple eppietons. No one can continue preaching the sole realty of thee “bare fact” without encountering Someone who wil fe him literally. And when the dea of force is enbodied in the notions of Struggle and Survival of the Fits, it should be expected that men wil we ‘these revelations of science as jstifctins for their own, sacs. Darwin did not invent the Machiavelian image that ‘he world isthe playground of the lion and the fox, bat ‘hounds discovered that be had traafomed plies! science. Ther own tendencies to act Hike ian and foxes ‘hereby Became iesstble “wa of nature” and “factors of progress” while mond arguments apuinst them were dubbed “presientiie” The only text they would heed was "Go fo the ant, thon slugatd” becanse ants waged ‘War became the symbol, the image, the inducement, ‘te maton, and the lmgnage ofall human doings on the planet No one who has not waded through some sable pat of the petod 3870-2914 has any ‘tent fo which itis one lng call for Blood, nor of the vasity of partis, clases, nations, and Hamack, The Reon Between Bocksiatal snd Genel _Hiaay Testa Cong of ts td Snes, 906 Sy 62, a ‘rar vows or nana 8 for what wan sinpl,woplesant wad, he mitts the second hal ofthe sentry Potted war and Sted in fhe prospect of. With rene Spon fo temic they took i for pated hats [dc mt be stro for fe, nd the death of he es] “tntun? gol One spoke ofthe “benicent private wa ‘thich mates one man Hive fo ein a the souldes nother and remain there hough the law of of the Sta Another, aking hin why an Engh lege of elon wat ndopoably super to am ilge of Ansan, anovered tit the Hogish cen “beat ‘he natives in wa, take from them what they Jke ad lal fy of thea Bey’ choote"™ A thd, martog wader th ‘cles of his tity in the Franco Prien Wer of 2870, Giecned thet “wari in a way one ofthe conditions of pores, the cat of the whip which prevents 4 county Bom oing to sleep" TE dhe vanguithed dt, what de could the victors say? Through the mouth ofthe coogeeting Maral von Bats, tei snd clad mm hey enmated ‘hat pepetal peace i dex and rot even a beast ream, Waris an cement of the os of the wad e {abled by God” The ext generator, which might have Felted othe mei of presse er Bismark tree pt fenl by the witings of Tectschke, Hacc, Kateatotey Gumplowis, Ammon, and_ other “Socal Darin” One of then, Genel Bemba acored tim for his Conary and the Next Wer, but be had bis Counterparts dsbere. Acros the Rin, Art Boothe: rophned a Victorious Frene in the Coming War, the werd Tear edded to the chaste Preach Yocabalay Clemence Royer aranged nations on a8 oF * Sir easy Maine in Poplar Coverament (3884), goat ss New Seal Pope at ig Dyin They. Ie ete rape adebelee be ire to be propel a see etereton to be pope SSTReaan Lt Réfrme Inter et Mon 187 2%.o ‘mr mozocteas nxvoLoron tani eof sper, andthe scett Teper sent ces fo a Chg oul sdvoesting oil enforal, ‘thou education, whch might inte with bata Competition. nthe United Stacy in aiton to good many sco cogs preaching struggle ine Late Ward, Willa Sm Se end Beojimin Rela, thee wat he Steno Life, ‘Theodore Romer, whore sympathy wi the Cemas. Ker was bso oo something Ihe We ame ate to- ‘cl te goal of funan if, And ia the smaller coun. 5 seving for natonod, the echo of thee sea ‘gmat made wp in vilece what fey Hot Ta volume. ‘Eveqhee this au Ste ate whe sie some the ules ay ont ofthe commer snd ferrin. Of bf craty, I easy some the bolder of ower and one cn dewtand why a Darwinien woot ia Gemtny should have been advert! as partly ia teratingt the Botzendon Klanen* Bots egal ‘mfoing to the dpe fort promised them i ‘dniday« Darwinian dogs lane of ening on other ‘me's shoulders and taping there by natura tnd soci law. Derwinimss ofr mankind 2 pest a Utopia a8 iter Maro Since rey Eaopenn cont betwen 2870504 here wana a pry demanding arsine nd: tals -demaoding thle compen, sn impel ‘5 pur demanding fee hand ovr bckacd peopl « Sockist party demanding the eonguet of power, aad & ‘cialst guty douandng internal pugs apt al ‘of them, when ape to rnd and py fed x een [beter Saved Spencer and Darwin, which wat to ty, (sence imamate, "Tat Mole ppatl to Cod may be \ pet ee ohne i o td fom for what the otbes rally meat. Race wa of couse "rte Moait 189%; ako Amoi Pane pour. = ve os gy —— {ar ones oF paxwomn 95 ‘x convenient and as short a word for expresing the same feclngs of inner doubt an hatred, Race wus nological ‘was sociological; was Daminiag. No doubt the “i ‘oured acer mentioned on the tile page af the Oriin of Spocir refered to pigeons, but the exten ‘to man was cay So mks indeed it seemed to rectie Dat- ‘vis wn approval on many a page ofthe Decent of Man, Ivete the stogele of races was a part of evolutionary ad- ‘ance. Ar for determining what these races were, ever snce 1839 when am eminent French anetomist, Paul 3rce, founded the Sosté Anthropologie, there had sprang sp allover Europe groups of industoot researches, meting ‘annually, and beadeatng the cess oftheir new sence. "Time, the mates text of race was elusive. Cmpe- teat men might find that there were three o tity of a ‘handed distinct aces. There also appeared to be a ration- alte bias in the choice of tit distinguishing the sx patio fom the inferior stocks. Combining with complete [fmonnce of genetics « Chinese reverence forthe bcs of the dead a indice of clas and roe and very sop Inowledge of modem European history, these men soon ale lion «omc of stentondl nis cet = ‘cimination, and private partie, Not content to mess: eal nd ne he nh (etn) ‘he roandheads cs) ‘eneaatn ta damn he ylin men fore cll ‘eckwardnes: (at leat unt the “awakening” of Japan), Broce had the honor of ealling Social Selection, Sometimes the tts. aa detemined abead of the strug ‘Be by the sleatst himself in which case one srw the Sbwurd spectacle of « amor forthe “preservation of the Ste” by legiation agrnet the mora powerful mass of ‘the inferior mace, Thus the blond Nordic was held to be6 ‘mr morocteas maven winding in number and be must be saved tal costs, Ue rare specinen atthe no. Another way of saving hi va by engi, and attactie schemes were propor’ of Volo seetin stration punto, nd ep: dvetion, guranteed to yield witha tren yas Desir race of men who would “mveep bck te recat "aca" foto the wate pla ofthe eh, ‘To Wentify this hypothetical progeny with Niece’ Speman apparently taxed neter the pole’ intel aie nr its credulity. Coont de Gobina, who had wet ten en Ein on the Inequality of Races i854 as Ue ite made ito a foreaner of tee eu, ota though 1s book ooght to pin the dcine of erations and denied the psiiliy of toning bck the coment of hi tory by teeing a few bloods. He prot snd at lst ‘vicualy abandoned the ids of ce; bt fo 0 aval. Rie ‘qd Winer and other pan Geman tok bin up dts {he fat that he thought Gemany now-Acyan; ats ther ‘eas made him a loser Detwinan pope though be ad siden considering the ste of the words “We ate tot decede fom the ap, but we we py eng ‘With the population ofall thee tems by peado- scientists and real jouralits the mee bom fo mle ‘nd those born fo weve could be picked ot by any tz, With the asnane of cate Benlersmong his sock, The nly hybrid tolerated was the nest produt of rcs, 4 new since calla by i inventor Anthfoocilogy Fit publics i885) won adherent and prction 23 at uch a tate that in 1895 tity words were pblished on the sabjet in Pas alone I was highly Pll, at «am be sen fom its succes then tnd nw, for tren ‘zntury racaiom as added bt tle tos sock of ines, Tn geneml, rae thioking war compatible with every er form of clasieston: soci Ike Lodig Wolk ‘ann were mcs and Marx hime held suong al it opinions. Baie fn the clas stage efen sw litle ‘ru oss o maxon ” cs tern ed hut eis ais se Ne Sen ne and out, fon Mowe econ whch ef cme ted te Used Ta eee Ts Un tS emi Sate eo Po oe of & Ceo ods made Balt Meer te Geman Rater rae a rs eo Chea, oh ead SLMS isp te ae of th Nowe le Ha Mts Moc toe it mani Latin Uo eos ede andy te Sid te acl sk cana South nee, th 18" 1. ott ri apt Com ol Me a efx he aot we tam tM cae aoc foe tame of cal ce. Spey alta by the ae of aga ea De oi, saloon magne wee, CCT Sof Sta deat Ss em vad at yee we ce ee wd co ae a emo ed nc Pi ee eta val es ras herr ie a ieee te bls was eee rieoie a al ext, hat so say on other men's shoulder, Se Henry Maine pointed ov withthe authority of lea Tore. Bot in the Desent of Men, published immediatly alter the FrancoPrasim War of 1870-the Sint wat, be it sid in passing, tobe interpreted Darwiistically on all sides-Darwin. constantly wobbled betwocn keeping man under the vege of satura selection and puting Bim wr der the modied regime of cooperation, reaoo, and Tore. re points out that amoog men wars operate a roves 50: lection-kiling of the St and leaving the unit. But he ‘alice that «sort wari bene, boo i rngs out th social Gales ofcobeso, selene, and mats, without kiln of to many good men. How short «short vari he doesnot sy. "Not should oe have expected that he would. Bringing af ife under one law wat superhuman work. The fevils themselves seemed to res, forcing the socal a- ‘erpetes to contadet ei own ides of evlutiontry continuity. Assoring ta Damn, an bad probably sprang ftom a weak and gentle spe, already ving in soi, snd more akin tothe chinpanace than tothe gorda. But (rowing :eaon—not nstincthad led to wa, and wars bad Ferther devdoped reaon. “The struggle between the races of man depends entirely opon inteligence and morl au ite Sel and contentions people will not cob, and without cobeence nothing can be done” Yet, he ‘ted, continsed war leads to the destrocton of great eve Taations~witness Gress. In the ight of this account what was European man to do? Spener, though usually clearer than hiseallague, was bere no better guide. Reader of the Soci Stat had eared how "he ster, dicing of mater which clininaes the wn resi the mai. tenance of «consttution completely adapted tothe su rounding conditions” And siadarly with soc onganisas, Sinconcevable as have been i} baron, . without var, the wed would sl hye boon inhabited only by men of feeble tp, sheltering in caves and living on wid food” ‘But sodden it scmed, this happy evoltion must stop “From war bas been gained ll it had to give” ‘ar ones oF parame 99 ‘Blown sboat on thse conicting winds of doctrine, mod- era man could only lose his head. Indvidal varitcas are teful, but they must not oppose cobesion sesh peo- ple will not coher, but life is 2 freoforall; wari the fource of moral qualities aswel a of clize’ housing and cooking but it opertes a revewe selection that might de- stroy chilation. A moder, indatilized, democratic tastion must therefor be 2 compact herd-of roeeed indvidoalits, ‘As inal human eres, however, heroism was abusdanty Aipayed, Men sternly st Ghee faces against the weaken- ing influences of compassionate feings. Deubis were s- fed, fea siiculed, complaints tumed to good acount, snd only a detached observer with an hstoria’s eye could ‘make light of the contradictions; “Thee men, © Pato! are pepetully bevaling the shortnss of human lie, and saying unkind things about Death; protesting against that ctsmic sadness which the ae continally hugging to their Ira, and complaining ofthe shortness of howe plasres hich they seem to enjoy Ike stomachache’"# Until ‘Sealy the end of the century, the prevalig atte was that of hope against hope. Winwood Reade, a young ex- plorer praised by Darwi, and 2 nephew of Chaves Reade, the novels, embodied it in The Martyrdom of Man an aggrevely hopefal ry wrang from disesionnent. ‘Though its freethinking enconntered the abuse of beieves, itsoon became the gorpel of those who trusted, with a new Messani faith akin to Marr’, tat from violence and death and the serie of Man, better men and a beter Iie would eveve™ Dari cin, Fads Gate, ened ot the inprtaat is compatos ‘ber or ey or bo el ths eter sco ein Sees ‘ SHED Tala Sth Repo” Foxit, Ms nn ernie ee SShin semutaimansLooking back on that twoubled period one can only pity the blindness and bewall the midnected faith, Like all other thing, it had its raion d'tre, Bitter though the txeed of Darwinism was, it give, as we have seen, some trauine satisfactions, noble or ignable, to many Kinds of peopl, however deuly purchased: Smt it extended the Inyothess of matter and motion into the last realm of ‘eientie inquiry, namely Life; second, tofered 4 univer sal rule for ting the history ofall things, namly Eyola- Won; third, it provided an absolute test of value suvva ‘which could he applied ae ready in ata an eet, fourth it seemed to vindicate and pectct the speculations of «host of previous thinkers, fom Bafon and Lamarck to (Comte and Erasmus Darwin, taking in on the way the Cer ‘man philowophen, the Freoch satus, and. the so ‘mantic poets of all count ft, it was well adapted to ‘the economic, and late the pliteal, purpoes of important ‘romps in each nation; sth, i explained by phrases whose ‘meaning lay within the ‘nteligence ofall how, without taking thought, adaptation and improvement occured; seventh, it replaced various philosophies and. theologies couched in poetic terms by a scentseally worded sccount Of origins, mhich rested on the “more rational” and “cred be" notion of small doses adng up through the ages, iahth it suendered to anew, active, and fnteligent cat ie sccatiste-the dificult problems of morality, fecling, ‘nd spt. The ageold confit of piloophy and life were sored~at last fora time-by denying their real existence ‘and substituting automata for men ninth and lst, the Dat Wwinian orthodoxy provided « rallying point for all factions nd partie that desiced «better wor slong the lines of this own infltble prophecies It id ot matter how mnoch they fought among themselves on other counts, Fighting was the order of the dy. (abp gd e fats of Davia, og The Hound oe 6. Voices of Dissent co end lays eplened pera a "The century was within sic years of ts close when T. ‘Huey delivered st Oxford his Remanes Leture on Bvolu- tion and Ethics, I was, on the testimony of bis hear, 4 ‘vay moving ocasion, The rena was substantally the sume ‘shad witnessed his great duel thiy-fve years before with ‘Wilecfore and Omen. But in thowe days the uttering of animal evolution without retevations about man’s soul had ‘ben erected with abuse Inded it had seemed a poor joke. ‘When the American Dr, Draper had tried to strate the facts, “Let this point A be the man, and let that point B be the mavakey,” the undeadoate contingent had seat up a cry of “Mawnkey! Mawaley!" Now the station ‘wat reened. A whole generation bad passed. They had ‘Deen born evolution, and to them Huxley bad the up Bil tack of expounding the lesson that evolutionary ways were no aftr ll the best bars of ethics-nature was not fo