CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.0 Background

The basic function performed by a computer is execution of a program, which consists of

a set of instructions stored in memory. The processor does the actual work by executing
instructions specified in the program. In its simplest form, instruction processing consists of two
steps: The processor reads (fetches) instructions from memory one at a time and executes each
instruction. Program execution consists of repeating the process of instruction fetch and
instruction execution The processing required for a single instruction is called an instruction
cycle consist of two steps, the fetch cycle and the execute cycle. Program execution halts only if
the machine is turned off, some sort of unrecoverable error occurs, or a program instruction that
halts the computer is encountered.
To improve processing efficiency, the concept of interrupts is used. Virtually all
computers provide a mechanism by which other modules (I/O, memory) may interrupt the
normal processing of the processor. With interrupts, the processor can be engaged in executing
other instructions while an I/O operation is in progress. For example, most external devices are
much slower than the processor. Suppose that the processor is transferring data to a printer using
the instruction cycle. After each write operation, the processor must pause and remain idle until
the printer catches up. The length of this pause may be on the order of many hundreds or even
thousands of instruction cycles that do not involve memory. Clearly, this is a very wasteful use of
the processor.
In this project, multiple nested interrupt are being discuss and the program build are
meant to this type of interrupt but somehow the program can also work for multiple sequential
interrupt based on how priority of interrupts are set. Later I will discuss how multiple interrupts
are being served by operating system and how sequential and nested multiple interrupt are
differs.

1.1 Objectives
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The objectives of this project is to give us more understanding and provide a user
interface program using Visual Basic language in how multiple nested interrupt is implement in
computer architecture. To identified the main problems and verified the suitable solution, this
task require for us to understand the subject and get the clear view of the condition. Also, this
task was enhancing by the task of presentation with the aid of any GUI (Graphical User
Interface) software application. By doing this, we will get more familiar with GUI software
application such as QT Visual Software and Microsoft Visual Basic Software. Furthermore, we
will get to exercise our brain and intellect by doing this project, by combining something which
is like a spectral element, instruction cycle which is something that really hard to be seen by bare
eyes, and GUI software application, which is more towards physical view and senses. In order to
completing this special task which is combining these contrary elements, a hard work and critical
thinking are required.

CHAPTER TWO: METHODOLOGY

2.0 Conceptual Design

Initially the
Some points to be noted down in above implementation are as follows:

A company that provide car rental service around Klang Valley.

There are 20 cars owned by several private people who are registered to
the company.
The car owner may own more than one car
A staff can only manage three cars
There is a manager who supervise the company and all of staff
Customer need to register first before they can rent the cars

Entity name

Description

Aliases

Staff

General term describing Employee

all staff employed by

Each member of staff works

at one particular branch.

CarForRent

General term
describing all cars
for rent.

Car

Each car has a single owner and

the car is managed by one
member of staff. A car rented by
a single client, at any one time.

Branch

General term
describing all
branches own by the
enterprise

Branch

For the time being the company

only own one branch. There is
one staff who manages the
branch. When a new branch is
setup the details of the branch is
updated.

Occurrence

Client

General term
describing all client
who had registered

Customer

Consist of all client who had

rent car from the branch

Lease

General term
describing all cars
in leased status

Rent

A car can only leased by one

person at a time.

Owner

General term
describing all the
cars owners

Holder

Owner may own more than one

car

Table 1: description of entities

Entity name
Staff
Branch
CarForRent
Client
Owner
Staff
Company

Multiplicit
y
0..1
0..1
0..1
1..1
1..1
1..1
1..1
1..1
1..1
1..1

Relationship

Multiplicity

Entity name

Manages
Manages
Supervises
Has
Offer
LeasedBy
Holds
Owns

1..1
0..3
0..10
1..*
1..*
0..*
0..*
1..*

Branch
CarForRent Staff

Register

0..*

Client

Staff
CarForRent
Lease
Lease
CarForRent

Table 2: Description of Relationships

Description of attributes
Entity
name

Attributes

Description

Data Type &

Length

Null

Multivalue
d

Staff

staffNo
name
identification
No
position
sex
dOB
contactNo
branchNo

Unique key identifies a

member of staff
name of member of staff
Number of client identity
such IC number or
passport number
Job title of member of
staff Gender of member
of staff
Date of birth of member
of staff
Telephone number of
member of staff
To identifies which
branch is the staff work

5 variable
characters
30 variable
characters
15 variable
characters
10 variable
characters 1
character (M or F)
Date

No

No

No
No

No
No

No
No
Yes

No
No
No

No

Yes

No

No

No

No

No
No
No

No
No
No

No

No

No

No

No
No

Yes
Yes

No
No
No

No
No
Yes

No

Yes

11 variable
characters
5 variable
characters

CarForRe
nt

carNo
regNo
model
staffNo
ownerNo

Unique key identifies a

car for rent
Car registration number
Car model and
manufacturer
To identifies member of
staff who manages the
car
Identify owner of the car

5 variable
characters
10 variable
characters
10 variable
characters
10 variable
characters
5 variable
characters

Branch

branchNo
address
managerNo

Client

clientNo
name
identification
No
contactNo

Unique key identifies a

branch

5 variable
characters

Address of the branch

staffNo of the manager
of particular branch

50 variable
characters
5 variable
characters

Unique key identifies a

client
Name of the member of
client
Number of client identity
such IC number or
passport number
Telephone number of
member of client

5 variable
characters
30 variable
characters
15 variable
characters

11 variable
characters

Lease

leaseNo
startDate
endDate
rate
clientNo
carNo

Owner

ownerNo
name
contactNo
address

Unique key identifies a

specific lease agreement
The starting date of the
leased
The end date of the
leased
Rate agreed by the
client
Identify the car leaser
Identify the that in the
lease agreement
Unique key identifies a
member of owner
name of member of
owner Telephone
number of member of
the owner
address of the member
of owner

5 variable
characters
Date
Date
Numeric integer
5 variable
characters
5 variable
characters
5 variable
characters
30 variable
characters
11 variable
characters

No

No

No
No
No
No
No

No
No
No
No
No

No

No

No
No

No
Yes

No

Yes

50 variable
characters
Table 3

2.1 Normalized entitities

Staff (staffNo, name, identificationNo, position, sex, dOB, contactNo, branchNo)

Primary Key: staffNo
6

Foreign Key: branchNo

Alternate Key: staffIdentificationNo
CarForRent (carNo, regNo, model, staffNo, ownerNo )
Primary Key: carNo
Foreign Key: staffNo,ownerNo
Alternate Key: regNo
Branch (branchNo, address, managerNo)
Primary Key: branchNo
Foreign Key: manager
Alternate Key: branchAddress
Client (clientNo, name, identificationNo, clientContactNo, )
Primary Key: clientNo
Alternate Key: identificationNo
Lease (leaseNo, startDate, endDate, rate, clientNo, carNo)
Primary Key: leaseNo
Foreign Key: clientNo, carNo
Owner (ownerNo, name, contactNo, address)
Primary Key: staffNo
Foreign Key: branchNo

REFERENCES
[1] William Stallings, Data and Computer Communications (8th Edition) 2012, pearson
Chapter 3, and 7.
[2] http://msdn.microsoft.com/library
[3]Bo Eriksson, Interrupt Service Routine calling functions, IAR Systems

Appendix

C++Source code

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