1.

(a) For the laboratory preparation of dry hydrogen, state the reactants, drying agent and
method of collection.
Reactants .......................................................................................................................
Drying agent .................................................................................................................
Method of collection .....................................................................................................
(3)
(b) (i) Write an equation for the combustion of hydrogen in oxygen to form water.
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Give a chemical test and the result to show that water is the product.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii) Give a physical test and the result to show that the water is pure.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) Write the equation for the reaction between hydrogen and chlorine and name the
gaseous product.
Equation ........................................................................................................................

Name of product ...........................................................................................................

(2)

Q1

(Total 10 marks)
1. For each of the following gas preparations:

give the names or formulae of suitable reactants

give the drying agent needed
state how a gas jar full of the dry gas would be collected.

(a) Carbon dioxide

Reactants .......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
Drying agent ..................................................................................................................
Method of collection .....................................................................................................
(3)
(b) Ammonia
Reactants .......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
Drying agent .................................................................................................................
Method of collection .....................................................................................................
(3)
(c) Chlorine
Reactants .......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
Drying agent .................................................................................................................

Method of collection
.....................................................................................................
(4)
1.

Q1

(Total 10 marks)
The following diagram shows the apparatus assembled to make a sample of dry ammonia
gas in the laboratory.

Heat
Ammonia
Mixture
of calcium
hydroxide and
ammonium
chloride

Concentrated
sulphuric
acid

(a) There are two reasons why this method would not work. State what they are and how
the method should be modified.
1 ....................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
2 ....................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(4)
(b) Write an equation for the reaction between calcium hydroxide and ammonium
chloride.
.......................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c) Describe a chemical test to identify ammonia gas.

.......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(d) Describe what is seen when aqueous ammonia is added drop by drop to
copper(II) sulphate solution until present in excess. Give the formula of the final
product.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 10 marks)
1

The diagram below shows a pipette.

What error has been made in its manufacture?

Q1

25
cm3

.................................................................................................................................................
[Total: 1]

A student was given some hydrated sodium carbonate crystals, Na2CO3.xH2O, where x is a whole
number. They were placed in a previously weighed container, which was reweighed.
mass of container + sodium carbonate crystals
container

= 9.87 g mass of
= 5.83 g

(a) Calculate the mass of sodium carbonate crystals used in the experiment.

.......................................g [1] The

container and crystals were heated to remove the water of crystallisation and then
reweighed. This process was repeated until there was no further change in mass.
(b) Describe the appearance of the sodium carbonate crystals after heating.
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
mass of container + sodium carbonate after heating = 7.35 g
(c) (i)

Calculate the mass of sodium carbonate which remained after heating.

.......................................g [1]
(ii) Calculate the mass of water which was lost from the crystals.

(d) (i)

.......................................g [1]
Calculate the relative formula mass of sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, and the relative formula mass
of water.
[Ar: Na, 23; C, 12; O, 16; H, 1]

relative formula mass of sodium carbonate .......................................... relative

formula mass of water ..........................................
[1]
(e) Using your answers to (c) and (d), calculate
(i) the number of moles of sodium carbonate which remained after heating,

....................................... [1]
(ii) the number of moles of water which were lost on heating.

....................................... [1]
(f)

Using your answers to (e) calculate the value of x in the formula Na2CO3.xH2O.

x =....................................... [2] [Total: 10]

A student did the following experiment to find the formula of magnesium oxide.
A 10 cm length of magnesium ribbon was loosely coiled and placed in a previously weighed crucible
which was then reweighed.
mass of crucible + magnesium = 13.08 g mass of
crucible
= 12.72 g
(a) Calculate the mass of magnesium.
.............................................. g [1] The
crucible was placed on a pipe clay triangle and heated strongly for several minutes.
During the heating the crucible lid was lifted and replaced several times. The magnesium was
converted into magnesium oxide.

(b) (i)

Why was it necessary for a lid to be placed on the crucible during heating?
............................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Why was the lid lifted during heating?

............................................................................................................................ [1]
(c) Describe the appearance of
(i) magnesium,
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) magnesium oxide.
............................................................................................................................ [1]

3
After cooling, the crucible was weighed. It was then reheated, cooled and reweighed.
final mass of crucible + magnesium oxide = 13.32 g
(d) Why was the crucible re-heated?
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) (i)

Calculate the mass of magnesium oxide.

.............................................. g [1]
(ii) Calculate the mass of oxygen that reacted with the magnesium.

.............................................. g [1]
(f) Using your answers to (a) and (e)(ii), calculate the formula of magnesium oxide.
[Ar: Mg, 24; O, 16]

.................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 10]
A student was given two test-tubes, one containing aqueous ammonia; the other aqueous
copper(II) sulfate.
(a) A few drops of litmus solution were added to aqueous ammonia.
What colour is litmus solution in aqueous ammonia?
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) What colour is aqueous copper(II) sulfate?
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) What observations were made when
(i) a few drops of aqueous ammonia were added to aqueous copper(II) sulfate,
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) an excess of aqueous ammonia was added to the solution from (i)?

........................................................................................................
..................... [2] [Total: 5]

A student electrolysed aqueous copper(II) sulfate, using carbon electrodes.

The apparatus is shown below.


B
carbon
electrodes
+
A

aqueous copper(II) sulfate

After a few minutes, a pink solid was deposited on one electrode and a gas was evolved at
the other electrode.
(a) (i)

At which electrode, A or B, was the pink solid deposited? Explain your answer.
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) Name the pink solid.

............................................................................................................................. [1]
Eventually, no more pink solid was formed. Instead, a gas was produced at this electrode.
(b) (i)

Name this gas.

............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) Give a positive test for this gas.

............................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) (i)

Name the gas evolved at the other electrode.

............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) Give a positive test for this gas.

............................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) (i)

How does the colour of the electrolyte change during the electrolysis?
The colour changes from ........................................ to ........................................ [1]

(ii) Explain why this colour change takes place.

............................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 8]

Name the apparatus shown below.

10

20

30

40

50

..............................................................................................................................................[1]

A student was given some hydrated copper(II) sulphate crystals, CuSO4.xH2O. They
were placed in a previously weighed test-tube which was then reweighed.
(a) What colour are hydrated copper(II) sulphate crystals?
..............................................................................................................................[1]
Mass of test-tube + hydrated copper(II) sulphate crystals
Mass of test-tube

= 9.25 g
= 5.40 g

(b) Calculate the mass of hydrated copper(II) sulphate used in the experiment.
..............................................................................................................................[1]
The crystals were gently heated until they became anhydrous, ie no more water
vapour was
given off. The crystals changed colour and became powdery.
(c) What colour was the copper(II) sulphate after heating?
..............................................................................................................................[1]
Mass of test-tube + copper(II)
sulphate after heating = 7.90 g
(d) (i)

Calculate the mass of copper(II) sulphate which remained after heating.

...................................................................................................................................
(ii) Calculate the mass of water lost from the crystals.
................................................................................................................................
[2]

(e) Calculate

(i) the relative formula mass of anhydrous copper(II) sulphate, (Ar:

Cu, 64; S, 32; O, 16)

...................................................................................................................................
(ii) the relative molecular mass of water.

................................................................................................................................... [2]
(f)

Using your answers to (d) and (e), calculate

(i) how many moles of anhydrous copper(II) sulphate remained after heating,

...................................................................................................................................
(ii) how many moles of water were lost on heating.

................................................................................................................................... [2]

(g) The value of x in the formula CuSO4.xH2O can be found as follows.

answer to(f)(ii)
x =
answer to (f)(i)
Calculate the value of x. Hence write the formula of hydrated copper(II) sulphate crystals.

The formula is ..............................................................................................................[2]

1

A student found the composition of air using the apparatus shown below.
copper
100

80

60

40

20

20

40

60 80

100

h
e
at

Syringe A contained 90 cm3 of air. The air was forced over heated copper
into syringe B. The air was then forced back into syringe A.
The process was repeated several times until the volume of gas forced back into syringe A
was constant.
The diagram below shows the volume of gas in syringe A after the experiment had finished.

80

(a) (i)

60

40

20

Name the main gas remaining in syringe A.

..............................................................................................................................

(ii) What is the volume of gas remaining in syringe A?

..............................................................................................................................
(iii) Calculate the percentage of this gas in the original sample of air.
..............................................................................................................................

(iv) During the experiment copper formed a compound.

Give the name, formula and colour of this compound.
name ........................................................................................................................

formula .....................................................................................................................
colour .......................................................................................................................
[6]

Answer each question by writing in the table below the letter of the
piece of apparatus most suitable for the purpose.

A student was given a few grams (an excess) of powdered zinc and a beaker half filled with
aqueous copper(II) sulphate.
(a) Describe the appearance of
(i) solid zinc,
..................................................................................................................................
(ii) aqueous copper(II) sulphate.
..............................................................................................................................[2]
The student added the zinc to the aqueous copper(II) sulphate. A reaction occurred.
(b) State three observations that were made.
(i) .....................................................................................................................................
(ii) .....................................................................................................................................
(iii) .................................................................................................................................[3]
(c) Suggest what kind of chemical reaction occurs.
......................................................................................................................................[1]

What is the volume, to the nearest cm3, of liquid in the measuring cylinder?

A student used the apparatus below to produce a solvent (alcohol) from fermented sugar
solution.

(a) Name and give the formula of the alcohol.

(i) name .................................................
(ii) formula ..............................................

[2]

(b) What must also be present in the original sugar solution to cause
fermentation to take place?
..................................................................

[1]

(c) How did the student know when all the alcohol had been distilled?
...................................................................................................................................[1]
Half of the alcohol was transferred to a flask and some acidified potassium dichromate(VI) was
added. The mixture was warmed.
(d) (i)

What was the colour change during the reaction?

from .................................... to ....................................

(ii) What was the organic product of this reaction?

.....................................................................................

[3]

The compound from (d)(ii) was separated from the reaction mixture. It was added
to the other half of the alcohol from (c). A few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid
were added and the mixture was warmed.
(e) (i)

Name and give the formula of the organic compound formed.

name ................................................................
formula .............................................................

(ii) To which group of organic compounds does this product belong?

..........................................................................
[3]
A student added hydrochloric acid to calcium carbonate to produce carbon dioxide using the
apparatus shown below.

(a) The diagram below shows the volume of carbon dioxide collected after one minute.

What volume of carbon dioxide was collected after one minute?

......................................
....cm3 [1]
(b) Would the volume of carbon dioxide collected during the second minute be
less than, the same, or more than the volume collected during the first
minute? Explain your answer.
.........................................................................................................................................
.
.........................................................................................................................................
.
....................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) The equation for the reaction is
CaCO3

2HCl

CaCl2

H2O

CO2

0.10 mol/dm3 hydrochloric acid was added to 0.50g of calcium carbonate

until no more carbon dioxide was produced.
(i) Calculate the number of moles of calcium carbonate used in the
experiment. [Ar; C, 12; O, 16; Ca, 40]

...........................moles
(ii) Using your answer to (c)(i) calculate the minimum volume of 0.10 mol/dm3
hydrochloric acid that was required to react with 0.50 g of calcium carbonate.

..........................................cm3

(iii) Calculate the maximum volume of carbon dioxide produced.

1 mole of a gas measured at 25 C has a volume of 24 dm3.

..........................................cm3
[3]
(d) Suggest how the rate of this reaction could be increased by changing
(i) the physical state of calcium carbonate,
...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(ii) the concentration of hydrochloric acid.
...................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [2]
1

Name the apparatus shown below.

answer ...............................................................

[1]

(a) Ammonia and hydrogen chloride are each passed into different samples of water and a
few drops of litmus solution added to each.
Describe the colour of the litmus
(i) in the ammonia solution,
.............................................................
(ii) in the hydrogen chloride solution.
.............................................................
(iii) By what name is aqueous hydrogen chloride more commonly known?
.............................................................
[3]
(b) Two pieces of cotton-wool, soaked separately in concentrated
aqueous solutions of ammonia (Mr = 17) and hydrogen chloride (Mr
= 36.5) were placed at opposite ends of
a horizontal tube, as shown in the diagram below.

n
After a few minutes, a white solid was produced on the side of the tube.
(i) At which position, A, B or C, was the white solid formed? Explain
your answer. position ...............................................
explanation ...............................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................

(ii) What process was occurring in the tube before the white solid was formed?
.............................................................
(iii) Name and give the formula of the white solid.

...............................................
formula ............................................

[5]
(c) Suggest which method of collection, X, Y or Z, is most suitable for each of the gases.
Explain your answers.

NH3 ..........................................
HCl ..........................................
explanation ......................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [3]
1

(a) Which of the apparatus shown below is used for accurately measuring out a fixed volume
of liquid for a titration experiment? (circle the correct answer)
[1]

(b) Name the piece of apparatus you selected in (a).

..................................................

[1] [Total: 2]

A student found the composition of air using the apparatus shown below.

Syringe A contained 80 cm3 of air. The air was forced over heated copper into
syringe B. The air was then forced back into syringe A.
The process was repeated several times until the volume of gas forced back into
syringe A
was constant.
The diagram below shows the volume of gas in syringe A after the experiment was
finished.

(a) (i)

Name the major component of the gas remaining in syringe A.

.......................................[1]
(ii) What is the volume of gas remaining in syringe A?
.......................................[1]
(iii) Calculate the percentage of oxygen in the original sample of air.
.......................................[1]
(b) The copper reacted with oxygen in the air to produce copper(II) oxide.
(i) Write the equation for this reaction.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) What colour is copper(II) oxide?
.........................................[1]
(c) In another experiment 0.16 g of copper was placed in the tube.
(i) Calculate the number of moles of copper in the tube. [Ar: Cu,
64]

.......................................[1]
(ii) Using your equation in (b)(i) deduce the number of moles of oxygen required to react

with 0.16 g of copper.

.......................................[1]
(iii) Using your answer to (c)(ii) calculate the volume of oxygen required to react with
0.16 g of copper.
[1 mol of a gas measured at 25 C occupies a volume of 24 dm3.]

.......................................cm3 [1]
(iv) Using your answers to (a)(iii) and (c)(iii) calculate the volume of air required to react
with 0.16 g of copper.

.......................................cm3 [1] [Total: 9]

Dry ammonia gas can be made in the laboratory using the apparatus shown below, by
heating a solid mixture of calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2 and ammonium chloride, NH4Cl.

The equation for the reaction is

Ca(OH)2 + 2NH4Cl

CaCl2 + 2H2O + 2NH3

(a) By referring to the equation suggest why tube A, which contains calcium
oxide, is included in the apparatus.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]

method of collection .....................................

explanation ......................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [3]