Indefinite Integration PDF

INDEFINITE INTG.
# 1
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DEFINITIONS
1.
AND
R E S U LT S
If f & g are functions of x such that g(x) = f(x) then ,
f(x) dx = g(x) + c
d
{g(x)+c} = f(x), where c is called the constant of integration.
dx
2.
STANDARD RESULTS :
(i)
(ax + b) dx =
(iii)
eax+b dx =
(v)
sin (ax + b) dx =
(vii)
tan(ax + b) dx =
(ix)
sec (ax + b) dx =
(x)
cosec(ax + b) dx = 1 cot(ax + b)+ c

a
(xi)
sec (ax + b) . tan (ax + b) dx =
(xii)
cosec (ax + b) . cot (ax + b) dx = 1 cosec (ax + b) + c

a
(xiii)
secx dx = ln (secx + tanx) + c
(xiv)
cosec x dx = ln (cosecx cotx) + c OR
(xv)
(xvii)
(xviii)
(xix)
a x
dx
x x a
dx
2
x a
dx
2
x a
1
cos (ax + b) + c
a
1
ln sec (ax + b) + c
a
= sin 1
+ c n 1
1 ax+b
e +c
a
dx
2
ax bn 1
a n 1
(ii)
dx
1
= ln (ax + b) + c
ax b
a
(iv)
apx+q dx =
(vi)
cos (ax + b) dx =
(viii)
cot(ax + b) dx =
1 a pxq
(a > 0) + c
p n a
1
sin (ax + b) + c
a
1
ln sin(ax + b)+ c
a
1
tan(ax + b) + c
a
1
sec (ax + b) + c
a
x
ln tan + c
4 2
OR
x
+c
a
ln tan
(xvi)
x
+ c OR ln (cosecx + cotx)
2
1
dx
x
= tan 1 + c
2
a
a x
a
2
1
x
sec1 + c
a
a
= ln x
x2 a2
x2 a2
= ln x
OR
OR
sinh 1
cosh 1
x
+c
a
x
+c
a
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(1)
INDEFINITE INTG. # 2
(xx)
(xxii)
dx
ax
1
ln
+c
2 =
a x
ax
2a
a 2 x 2 dx =
x
2
a 2 x2 +
a2
x
sin 1 + c
2
a
(xxiii)
x 2 a 2 dx =
x
2
x2 a 2 +
a2
x
sinh 1 + c
2
a
(xxiv)
(xxv)
x
2
x a dx =
x a
a2
x
cosh 1 + c
2
a
e ax
(a cos bx + b sin bx) + c
a2 b2
(xxvi)
3.
I NTEGRALS OF THE TYPE :
(i)
(ii)
ax2 bx c
eax . cos bx dx =
[ f(x)]n f (x) dx
dx
xa
1
ln
+c
2 =
x a
x a
2a
2
e ax
(a sin bx b cos bx) + c
a2 b2
eax. sin bx dx =
dx
(xxi)
f ( x)
f (x)
OR
dx
ax bx c
dx
put f(x) = t & proceed .
ax 2 bx c dx
Express ax + bx + c in the form of perfect square & then apply the standard results .
(iii)
px q
ax2 bx c
dx ,
px q
ax 2 bx c
dx .
Express px + q = A (differential coefficient of denominator) + B .

(iv)
ex [f(x) + f (x)] dx = ex . f(x) + c
(vi)
dx
n N Take x n common & put 1 + x n = t .
n
x ( x 1)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
dx
2
( n 1)
x x 1
nN ,
x 1 x
[f(x) + xf (x)] dx = x f(x) + c
take x n common & put 1+x n = t n
dx
n
(v)
n 1/ n
dx
a b sin 2 x
take x n common as x and put 1 + x n = t .
OR
dx
a b cos2 x
OR
dx
a sin x b sin x cos x c cos 2 x
2
Multiply N. . & D. . by sec x & put tan x = t .

(x)
dx
OR
a b sin x
dx
a b cos x
OR
dx
a b sin x c cos x
Hint :
Convert sines & cosines into their respective tangents of half the angles , put tan
x
=t
2
(2)
(xi)
(xii)
x2 1
x2 1
dx
OR
x4 K x2 1
x 4 K x 2 1 dx
Divide Nr & Dr by x & proceed .
(xiii)
(xiv)
(xv)
a .cos x b .sin x c
d
dx . Express Nr A(Dr) + B
(Dr) + c & proceed .
.cos x m .sin x n
dx
dx
( ax b) px q
&
dx
dx
ax
bx c
, put ax + b =
px 2 qx r
( ax b)
px q
1
;
t
where K is any constant .
; put px + q = t 2 .
dx
ax
bx c
px qx r
x
dx or
x
x x
put x = cos 2 + sin 2
x
dx or
x
x x
put x = sec2 tan 2
dx
x x
, put x =
1
t
; put x = t 2 or x = t 2 .
EXERCISE I
1.
If f(x) =
2 sin x sin 2 x
x3
(A) 0
2.
If
(B) 1
1 sin
x
dx = A sin
2
(A) 2 2
3.
4.
If y =
(A)
2
3
If
dx where x 0 then Limit

x 0 f (x) has the value ;
(B)
(C) 2
x
then value of A is :
4 4
(C)
(D) 4 2
dx
3/ 2 and y = 0 when x = 0, then value of y when x = 1 is :

1 x2
(B)
(C) 3 2
(D)
1
2
cos 4 x 1
dx = A cos 4x + B where A & B are constants, then :
cot x tan x
(A) A = 1/4 & B may have any value

(C) A = 1/2 & B = 1/4
5.
(D) not defined
(B) A = 1/8 & B may have any value

(D) none of these
cot x sec4 x d x =
(A)
2 tan x +
(C)
tan x +
2
5
2
5
tan 5 x + c
tan 5 x + c
(B) 2
(D)
tan x +
tan x +
1
5
2
5
tan 5 x + c
tan 5 x + c
(3)
6.
Given (a > 0) ,
1
dx = log e a log e (log e x) is true for :
x log a x
(A) x > 1
(B) x > e
(C) all x R
(D) no real x .
dx is equal to :
cot 1 e x
7.
ex
+x+c
cot 1 e x
1
2x
(B)
ln (e + 1) +
2
ex
x+c
cot 1 e x
1
2x
(D)
ln (e + 1) +
2
ex
cot 1 e x
1
2x
(A)
ln (e + 1)
2
ex
cot 1 e x
1
2x
(C)
ln (e + 1)
2
ex
8.
9.
tan 1 x cot 1 x
(A)
4
2
x tan 1 x +
ln (1 + x 2) x + c
(B)
4
2
x tan 1 x
ln (1 + x 2) + x + c
(C)
4
2
x tan 1 x +
ln (1 + x 2) + x + c
(D)
4
2
x tan 1 x
ln (1 + x 2) x + c
If
x4 1
dx = A ln x +
(A) A = 1 ; B = 1
11.
12.
x+c
dx is equal to :
tan 1 x cot 1 x
x x 1
10.
+x+c
n |x|
x 1 n | x|
+ c , where c is the constant of integration then

1 x2
(B) A = 1 ; B = 1
(C) A = 1 ; B = 1
(D) A = 1 ; B = 1
dx equals :
(A)
2
1 n x (lnx 2) + c
3
(B)
(C)
1
1 n x (lnx 2) + c
3
(D) 2 1 n x (3 lnx 2) + c
Antiderivative of
sin 2 x
2
arctan
2
(C) x
2 arctan
w.r.t. x is :
1 sin 2 x
(A) x
2
1 n x (lnx + 2) + c
3
2 tan x + c
(B) x
(D) x
2 tan x + c
1
2
tan x
+c
2
arctan
tan x
+c
2 arctan
2
sin x . cos x . cos 2x . cos 4x . cos 8x . cos 16 x dx equals :
(A)
sin 16 x
+c
1024
(B)
cos 32 x
+c
1024
(C)
cos 32 x
+c
1096
(D)
cos 32 x
+c
1096
(4)
13.
14.
1 x
(A)
1 x 2 1 x + cos 1
(C)
1 x 2 1 x cos 1
x2 1
x
1
+
x
(D)
1 x + 2 1 x cos 1
1
x2 1
+ cos 1 + c
x
x
(D) tan 1
(A)
1
1
sec3 2 x sec 2 x + c
2
3
(B)
(C)
1
1
6
2
(D)
(x 1)
x2 1
x2 1
+c
x
1
1
6
2
1
1
sec3 2 x + sec 2 x + c
2
3
dx =
x ex
(A) l n
x +
1 x e
x ex
(C) l n
x +
1 x e
x + c
x + c
tan 3 2 x sec 2 x dx =
x 1 xe
18.
1 x + 2 1 x + cos 1
(B)
x2 1
+c
x
(C) sec 1 x
17.
x 1 1
.
dx equals :
x 1 x2
(B)
A = 1, B = 7/8; C = const. of integration

A = 1, B = 7/8; C = const. of integration
A = 1/8, B = 7/8 ; C = const. of integration
A = 1, B = 7/8 ; C = const. of integration
(A) sin 1
16.
x + c
x + c
3 e x 5e x
dx = Ax + B ln 4 e2x 5 + c then :
4 ex 5ex
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
15.
dx =
1 x
dx
cos 3 x . sin 2x
1
1 e
+c
x
1 xe
+c
x ex
+
(B) l n
x
1 e
1
1 x ex
x ex
(D) l n
x +
1 x e
+c
1
1 x ex
+c
equals :
(A)
2
(tan x)5/2 + 2
5
(C)
2
(tan 2 x + 5)
5
tan x + c
2tanx + c
(B)
2
(tan 2 x + 5)
5
tan x + c
(D) none
(5)
19.
dx
If
=a
sin x cos 5 x
cot x + b
tan 3 x + c where c is an arbitrary constant of
integration then the values of a and b are respectively :

2
3
(A) 2 &
20.
(B) 2 &
cos3 x
2
3
(C) 2 &
(B) l n sin x sin x + c

(D) l n sin x + sin x + c
cos 3 x cos 5 x
dx :
sin2 x sin4 x
(A) sin x 6 tan 1 (sin x) + c

(C) sin x 2 (sin x)1 6 tan 1 (sin x) + c
22.
1
6
cos x sin 6 x
Primitive of
(A)
24.
3 x4 1
x
4
x x 1
x4 x 1
+c
(B)
(B) tan 1 (tan x + cot x) + c

(D) tan 1 (tan x cot x) + c
w.r.t. x is :
x
4
x x 1
+c
(C)
x 1
4
x x 1
(B) m = 1/3
(C) = 1/3
x 1
4
x x 1
+c
(D) m = 2/3
cos ec x
(B) c cot x + cot 1 x
(C) tan 1 x sec x + c

(D) e n
where 'c' is constant of integration .
(D)
x 2 cos 2 x
cosec2 x dx is equal to :
1 x2
(A) cot x cot 1 x + c
26.
+c
dx
x
= tan 1 m tan + C then :

5 4 cos x
(A) = 2/3
25.
(B) sin x 2 sin 1 x + c

(D) sin x 2 (sin x)1 + 5 tan 1 (sin x) + c
dx =
(A) tan 1 (tan x + cot x) + c

(C) tan 1 (tan x cot x) + c
23.
(D) none
dx =
sin 2 x sin x
(A) l n sin x + sin x + c

(C) l n sin x sin x + c
21.
2
3
dx
x x2
(A) 2 sin 1
tan 1 x
cot x + c
equals :
x +c
(C) c 2 cos 1 (2x 1)
(B) sin 1 (2x 1) + c

(D) cos 1 2 x x 2 + c
(6)
27.
2 mx . 3 nx dx
when m, n N is equal to :
e
(B)
+c
m n 2 n n 3
m n 2 n n 3 x
2 mx 3nx
(A)
+c
m n 2 n n 3
(C)
2 mx . 3nx
n 2 m . 3n
+c
(D)
m n . 2x . 3x
m n 2 n n 3
+c
28.
If eu . sin 2x dx can be found in terms of known functions of x then u can be :

(A) x
(B) sin x
(C) cos x
(D) cos 2x
29.
sec2 2 x dx equals :
(A) c
cot 2 x
2
(B)
tan 2 x + c
2
1
(tan 4x sec 4x) + c
2
(C)
(D) none
30.
n (tan x )
dx equal :
sin x cos x
(A)
1 2
ln (cot x) + c
2
(B)
1 2
ln (sec x) + c
2
(C)
1 2
ln (sin x sec x) + c
2
(D)
1 2
ln (cos x cosec x) + c
2
EXERCISE
II
LEVEL I
Evaluate the following :
1.
3.
5.
7.
cos 2 x cos 2
dx
cos x cos
x2
(a bx)
dx
cos 2 x cos 4 x cos 6 x d x

tan x
2
dx
sin6 x cos6 x
2.
4.
sin 4 x cos 4 x dx
6.
1
dx
sin (x a ) cos (x b)
8.
1/ 2
1 2 tan x (tan x sec x)
a b tan x
9.
1
dx
cos 3 x cos x
10.
11.
x x1
dx
x2
12.
sin 2 x cos2 x
sin 1 x
e
dx
1 x2
5x tan
dx
dx
x2 2
dx
.
x2 1
(7)
13.
15.
18.
dx
a x3
2x 3
dx
x 2 3 x 18
x 2 sin 1 x
1 x2
14.
dx
3/ 2
16.
sin x
dx
sin 3 x
19.
ex
x
(x 1) 2
cosec x 1 dx
dx
17.
20.
x sin x
dx
1 cos x
(x 1)2
x 4 x2 1
dx
LEVEL II
Evaluate the following :
21.
sin x sin (x )
2 sin 2 cos
23.
25.
sin 1
27.
sin x
dx
sin 4 x
1
dx
sin x sin 2 x
29.
32.
sin x cos x
dx
9 16 sin 2 x
34.
cos 2 x l n (1 + tan x) dx
36.
38.
40.
22.
24.
26.
28.
30.
42.
dx , n , n Z
x2 x 4 1
3/ 4
a 2 x2
dx
dx
a 2 x2
tan tan 3
3
1 tan
1 sin x
x
3
x x
1
(x 1)
(x 2 1)
x3 x 2
dx
33.
3 4 sin x 2 cos x
3 2 sin x cos x
35.
dx
sin x tan x
dx
37.
dx
39.
1 cos cos x
dx
cos cos x
41.
sec4 x cosec2 x d x
43.
cos 5x cos 4x
dx
1 2 cos 3x
cot d
dx
(x ) (x ) ( x )
cos2 x sin 2 x
(2 cos x sin x )
dx
31.
dx
x
dx
ax
ex
tan
6 cos2 4 sin
x2 1
cos 3 x
sin11 x
dx
dx
dx
(8)
cos x . ex. x 2 dx
45.
46.
dx
(1 sincotx)x(sec
x 1)
47.
48.
sin x sec x
49.
tan x . tan 2x . tan 3x
50.
51.
53.
55.
57.
dx
dx
sin x sin 2 x
n cos x cos 2x
52.
54.
56.
58.
sin x
sin x
x cos 3 x sin x
cos 2 x
cos 2 x
sin x
x x 1
dx
61.
63.
l n (ln x) (ln x)
65.
59.
dx
x x 2 dx
2
dx
dx
5 x 4 4 x5
dx
dx
ex 2 x2
69.
72.
75.
Integrate
(1 x ) 1 x 2
x ln x
3/ 2
3x 3
1
2
x 2 2x 3
dx
dx
x2
62.
64.
sec x
1 2 sec x
dx
dx
( x sin x cos x )
sin x
sin x
cos x
dx
dx
dx
(a > b)
a b cos x 2
cot x tan x
dx
1 3 sin 2 x
ex
(x 1) 2
dx
x 2 1 l n x 2 1 2 ln x
x4
dx
dx
x 1
x 2 5
1/ 4
(ax 2 b ) dx
3 x 2 3x 1
67.
cos ec x cot x
.
cos ec x cot x
60.
dx
sin (x a )
dx
sin (x a )
44.
dx
x 1
70.
73.
66.
68.
7 x 10 x
1 x dx
1 x x
dx
x 3 (1 x )3
x c2 x 2 (ax 2 b) 2
x
3/ 2
71.
74.
dx
2 3x
2 3x
1 x
dx
1 x
2 x x2
x2
dx
f (x) w.r.t. x 4 , where f (x) = tan 1x + ln 1 x ln 1 x
(9)
ANSWER
EXERCISE
SHEET
1. B
2. D
3. D
4. B
5. B
6. A
7. C
8. D
9. C
10. A
11. A
12. B
13. A
14. D
15. C
16. C
17. D
18. B
19. A
20. B
21. C
22. C
23. B
24. AB
25. BCD
26. ABD
27. BC
28. ABCD
29. ABC
30. ACD
EXERCISE
II
1. 2 sin x + 2 x cos + c
2. tan x cot x 3 x + c
3.
a 2
b x 2 a log | b x a |
+c
(a b x )
b 3
5.
sin 12 x sin 8 x sin 4 x

1
x 12 8 4 + c
4
6.
7.
1
log a cos2 x b sin 2 x + c
2 (b a )
8. log sec x + tan x + log sec x + c
9.
1
4
1
3x sin 4 x 8 . sin 8 x + c
128
4.
1
sin (x a )
log e
+c
cos (a b)
cos (x b )
sin 1 x
e
10.
2
[cosec x - log sec x + tan x] + c
+c
11. (x + 1) + 2 x 1 2 log x + 2 2 tan 1 x 1 + c
13.
2
sin 1
3
x 3/ 2
3/ 2 + c
a
15. log x 2 3 x 18
17. x cot
20.
1
3
x
+c
2
1
22. 1 4
24.
1
2
2
x3
log
+c
3
x6
18.
x sin 1 x
1 x
3x
1 2
a sin 1
2
1 x tan 1 x
5
+c
log 5
14. log sin x sin 2 x sin x + c
1
2
16.
sin x
1
x 2 1
2 x 2 1
2
1

+c
tan 1
tan
12.
1
2 3
log
3 tan x
3 tan x
+c
1
log 1 x 2 + c
2
21.
2
sin
19.
1
. ex + c
x 1
sin (x )
+c
sin x
1/ 4
+c
x2
+ 1
2
2
a
23. 2 log sin 2 4 sin 5 + 7 tan 1 (sin 2) + c
a 4 x4 + c
25. (a + x) arc tan
ax
+c
(10)
26.
1
1
1 + tan + log
6
3
27.
1 sin x
1
1
1 2 sin x
log 1 sin x +
log
+c
8
4 2
1 2 sin x
tan2 tan + 1 +
1
3
2 tan 1
+c
tan 1
28.
2
1
1
log 1 cos x + log 1 + cos x + log 3 + 2 cos x + c
5
6
2
29.
1
1
1
log x + 1
log x 2 1 + c
2 (x 1)
4
2
x1
+ c
x 2 1
31. ex
34.
36.
1
2
5 4 (sin x cos x )
1
log
+c
5 4 (sin x cos x)
40
32.
33. 2 x 3 arc tan tan 1 c

2
[ sin 2 x l n (1 + tan x) - x + l n (sin x + cos x)] + c

1
2 2
38. x
tan 1
1
tan x + c
2
2 tan x +
37.
35.
1
x 1
x
l n tan tan 2 c
2
2 4
2
2
2
cot 5/2 x
cot 9/2 x + c
5
9
6 5/6 3 2/3
x +
x 2 x + 3 x 1/3 6 x 1/6 + 6 l n (1 + x 1/6) + c
5
2
cos
cos
39. x cos + sin log
41.
tan 1
+c
2 tan 1
2 tan
30.
1 ( x)
2
+c
1 ( x )
1
tan 3 x + 2 tan x cot x + c
3
43. (sin x
sin 2x
)+ c
2
42.
44.
40.
2
.

x
c
x
1
1
2
x log2 cos x sin x + c
2 tan x
5
5
1 x
e
2
1 cos x ( x 1) 2 . sin x + c
45. cos a . arc cos cos x sin a . ln sin x sin 2 x sin 2 a + c

cos a
46.
1
1
x
x
x
ln tan + sec + tan + c
4
2
2
2
2
48.
1
ln
2 3
3 sin x cos x
arc tan (sin x cos x ) c
3 sin x cos x
49. n (sec x)
50.
52.
1
x
47. sin 1 sec 2 + c
2
2
1
1
n (sec 2x) n (sec 3x) + c

2
3
1
2
ln cot x cot cot x 2 cot cot x 1 + c
sin
cos 2x
x cot x . ln e cos x cos 2x
sin x
51.
sin x x cos x
c
x sin x cos x
+ c
t2 2 t 1
1
1
1
4
53. ln (1 + t)
ln (1 + t ) +
ln 2
tan 1 t 2 + c where t =
t
2
t
1
4
2
2 2
cot x
(11)
54. esinx (x secx) + c

1
56.
2 2
58.
61.
1
3
2 cot x cot 2 x 1
2
x1
+c
x x1
x2 2
| u 2 1|
4
x2 2
3 x2
62.
1/ 4
u u 1
65.
1 x
1 2u 2
4 x 1
67. ex 1 x + c
3 tan 1
c where u 3
x 2 1
1
. 2 3 ln 1 2
9x
x
x 2 2x 3
8 (x 1)
2
1
. cos 1 x 1 + c
16
69. arc sec x
ln x
x 2 1
1 x
1 x
72.
2
arc tan
3
+ c where t =
2
15
73. 15 x 2 5x 2 +
ln
4x
x 1
60. ex x 1 + c
9 7 x 10 x
5 t 1
8 1
1
n
sin 1 x 1 x 2
tan t
3
2 5
5 t 1
74.
2 sin 2 x
+c
sin x cos x
57. tan 1
3
x 1
ln
+c
16
x 1
2 (7 x 20)
68.
71.
x
c
3 ( x 1)
+c
1/ 2
a b
x
. tan + c
ab
2
arc tan
3/ 2
cot 2 x 1 cot x + c
64. 4 x 1
+c
ax 2 b
k
cx
66. sin 1
3/ 2
x
lnx
59. 3 tan 1 x
b sin x
2a
2
a b (a b cos x )
a b2
2
2 cot x cot x 1
63. xln (lnx)
70. n
55.
1 x
1 x
1 x
1 x 1
1 x 1
4 x 2 2 2 x x2
2 x x2
2
sin 1 2x 1 + c
3
x
4
x
+c
75. ln (1 x 4) + c
(12)

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INDEFINITE INTG.

If f & g are functions of x such that g(x) = f(x) then ,

cosec(ax + b) dx = 1 cot(ax + b)+ c

sec (ax + b) . tan (ax + b) dx =

cosec (ax + b) . cot (ax + b) dx = 1 cosec (ax + b) + c

secx dx = ln (secx + tanx) + c

cosec x dx = ln (cosecx cotx) + c OR

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I NTEGRALS OF THE TYPE :

put f(x) = t & proceed .

Express px + q = A (differential coefficient of denominator) + B .

ex [f(x) + f (x)] dx = ex . f(x) + c

[f(x) + xf (x)] dx = x f(x) + c

take x n common & put 1+x n = t n

take x n common as x and put 1 + x n = t .

Multiply N. . & D. . by sec x & put tan x = t .

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where K is any constant .

put x = cos 2 + sin 2

put x = sec2 tan 2

dx where x 0 then Limit

3/ 2 and y = 0 when x = 0, then value of y when x = 1 is :

(A) A = 1/4 & B may have any value

(D) not defined

(B) A = 1/8 & B may have any value

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+ c , where c is the constant of integration then

sin x . cos x . cos 2x . cos 4x . cos 8x . cos 16 x dx equals :

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A = 1, B = 7/8; C = const. of integration

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tan 3 x + c where c is an arbitrary constant of

integration then the values of a and b are respectively :

(B) l n sin x sin x + c

(A) sin x 6 tan 1 (sin x) + c

(B) tan 1 (tan x + cot x) + c

(B) c cot x + cot 1 x

(C) tan 1 x sec x + c

(A) cot x cot 1 x + c

= tan 1 m tan + C then :

(B) sin x 2 sin 1 x + c

(A) tan 1 (tan x + cot x) + c

(A) l n sin x + sin x + c

(C) c 2 cos 1 (2x 1)

(B) sin 1 (2x 1) + c

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If eu . sin 2x dx can be found in terms of known functions of x then u can be :

cos 2 x cos 4 x cos 6 x d x

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tan x . tan 2x . tan 3x

f (x) w.r.t. x 4 , where f (x) = tan 1x + ln 1 x ln 1 x

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sin 12 x sin 8 x sin 4 x

8. log sec x + tan x + log sec x + c

[cosec x - log sec x + tan x] + c

11. (x + 1) + 2 x 1 2 log x + 2 2 tan 1 x 1 + c

14. log sin x sin 2 x sin x + c

23. 2 log sin 2 4 sin 5 + 7 tan 1 (sin 2) + c

25. (a + x) arc tan

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33. 2 x 3 arc tan tan 1 c

[ sin 2 x l n (1 + tan x) - x + l n (sin x + cos x)] + c