ECE F311 COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS LAB REPORT

Batch: MONDAY (7-8)

Author : MANINDRA KANDEPU (2011B1A3742H)
Experiment 1: Study of Analog Filters Using Matlab
A. Simple RC Filters:

1,2.
Lowpass:
y=tf([0 1000],[1 1000]);
bodeplot(y);

3.
High pass:
y=tf([1 0],[1 1000]);
bodeplot(y);

4.
Bandpass
y=tf([1000 0],[1 2000 1000000]);
bodeplot(y);

B. Higher order Filters:

Bode Diagram
50

Magnitude (dB)

-50

-100

-150
0

Phase (deg)

-90

-180

-270
-2

10

-1

10

10

Frequency (rad/s)

Low Pass filter

3dB bandwidth=1.13 rad/s
Pass band ripple=0.97
Stop band ripple=0
Roll off=-19.6 dB/octave
Non-linear.

10

10

Bode Diagram
0
-50

Magnitude (dB)

-100
-150
-200
-250
-300
-350
-400
360

Phase (deg)

270

180

90

0
-2

10

-1

10

10

Frequency (rad/s)

Low pass filter

Pass band ripple=0.94
3dB band width=1.01 rad/s
Stop band ripple=220rad/s
Roll off=infinite
Non linear.

10

10

C. Butterworth and Chebyshev Filters:

2.
CHEBYSHEV n=1

Chebyshev n=2

Chebyshev n=4

Chebyshev n=7

Chebyshev n=10

2. butterworth
clear all
clc
num1=[1];
den1=[1 1];
sys1= tf(num1,den1);
num2=[1];
den2=[1.3827 1.3614 1];
sys2= tf(num2,den2);
num41=[1];
den41=[3.4341 2.6282 1];
sys41= tf(num41,den41);
num42=[1];
den42=[1.1509 0.3648 1];
sys42= tf(num42,den42);
sys4=sys41*sys42;
num71=[1];
den71=[4.0211 1];
sys71= tf(num71,den71);
num72=[1];
den72=[4.1795 1.8729 1];
sys72= tf(num72,den72);
num73=[1];
den73=[1.5676 0.4861 1];
sys73= tf(num73,den73);
num74=[1];
den74=[1.0443 0.1156 1];
sys74= tf(num74,den74);
sys7=sys71*sys72*sys73*sys74;
num101=[1];
den101=[18.369 6.3648 1];
sys101= tf(num101,den101);
num102=[1];
den102=[4.3453 1.3582 1];
sys102= tf(num102,den102);
num103=[1];
den103=[1.9440 0.4822 1];
sys103= tf(num103,den103);

num104=[1];
den104=[1.2520 0.1994 1];
sys104= tf(num104,den104);
num105=[1];
den105=[1.0263 0.0563 1];
sys105= tf(num105,den105);
sys10=sys101*sys102*sys103*sys104*sys105;
bode (sys1)
hold on
bode(sys2)
hold on
bode(sys4)
hold on
bode(sys7)
hold on
bode(sys10)

3.
n
1
2
4
7
10

3dB frequency
1.02
0.707
1.01
0.997
1.03

Max pass band

ripple
0
0
0
0
8.57

Max stop band

ripple
0
0
0
0
0

Roll off
-4.15
-4.73
-21.4
-58.9
-41.7

Phase linearity
Linear
Linear
Linear
Linear
Linear

4. case 1
clear all
clc
num1=[1];
den1=[1 1];
sys1= tf(num1,den1);
num2=[1];
den2=[1.7775 1.1813 1];
sys2= tf(num2,den2);
num41=[1];
den41=[4.9862 2.4025 1];
sys41= tf(num41,den41);
num41=[1];
den42=[1.1896 0.2374 1];
sys42= tf(num41,den42);
sys4=sys41*sys42;
num71=[1];
den71=[6.4760 1];
sys71= tf(num71,den71);
num72=[1];
den72=[4.7649 1.3258 1];
sys72= tf(num72,den72);
num73=[1];
den73=[1.5927 0.3067 1];
sys73= tf(num73,den73);
num74=[1];
den74=[1.0384 0.0714 1];
sys74= tf(num74,den74);
sys7=sys71*sys72*sys73*sys74;
num101=[1];
den101=[28.037 5.9618 1];
sys101= tf(num101,den101);
num102=[1];
den102=[4.6644 0.8947 1];
sys102= tf(num102,den102);
num103=[1];
den103=[1.9858 0.3023 1];
sys103= tf(num103,den103);
num104=[1];
den104=[1.2614 0.1233 1];

sys104= tf(num104,den104);
num105=[1];
den105=[1.0294 0.0347 1];
sys105= tf(num105,den105);
sys10=sys101*sys102*sys103*sys104*sys105;

bode (sys1)
hold on
bode(sys2)
hold on
bode(sys4)
hold on
bode(sys7)
hold on
bode(sys10)

n
1
2
4
7
10

3dB frequency
0.988
0.887
0.968
0.990
0.993

Max pass band

ripple
0
2
1.9082
-1.8837
1.94

Max stop band

ripple
0
-

Roll off
-6.058
-8.08
-33.23
-66.5
-104

Phase linearity
Linear
Linear
Linear
Linear
Linear

Case 2
clear all
clc
num1=[1];
den1=[1 1];
sys1= tf(num1,den1);
num2=[1];
den2=[1.3827 1.3614 1];
sys2= tf(num2,den2);
num41=[1];
den41=[3.4341 2.6282 1];
sys41= tf(num41,den41);
num42=[1];
den42=[1.1509 0.3648 1];
sys42= tf(num42,den42);
sys4=sys41*sys42;
num71=[1];
den71=[4.0211 1];
sys71= tf(num71,den71);
num72=[1];
den72=[4.1795 1.8729 1];
sys72= tf(num72,den72);
num73=[1];
den73=[1.5676 0.4861 1];
sys73= tf(num73,den73);
num74=[1];
den74=[1.0443 0.1156 1];
sys74= tf(num74,den74);
sys7=sys71*sys72*sys73*sys74;
num101=[1];
den101=[18.369 6.3648 1];
sys101= tf(num101,den101);
num102=[1];
den102=[4.3453 1.3582 1];
sys102= tf(num102,den102);
num103=[1];
den103=[1.9440 0.4822 1];
sys103= tf(num103,den103);
num104=[1];
den104=[1.2520 0.1994 1];
sys104= tf(num104,den104);

num105=[1];
den105=[1.0263 0.0563 1];
sys105= tf(num105,den105);
sys10=sys101*sys102*sys103*sys104*sys105;

bode (sys1)
hold on
bode(sys2)
hold on
bode(sys4)
hold on
bode(sys7)
hold on
bode(sys10)

n
1
2
4
7
10

3dB frequency
1
0.995
0.999
0.998
0.998

Max pass band

ripple
0
0.495
0
0
0

Max stop band

ripple
0
0
0
0
0

Roll off
-66.3
-11.1
-28.4
-64
-97

Phase linearity
Linear
Linear
Linear
Linear
Linear

Experiment 2: Study of Analog Filters Using RLC components

A. Filter 1.
1.Band pass filter

3dB1=2.86*10^-5 rad/sec, 3dB2=3.5*10^-5 rad/sec

Bandwidth=0.64*10^-5 rad/sec

normalized power gain Vs frequency (semilog scale)

B. Filter 2.
Band pass filter

3dB1=2.86*10^4 rad/sec, 3dB2=3.6*10^4 rad/sec

Bandwidth=0.64*10^4 rad/sec

normalized power gain Vs frequency (semilog scale)

C. Filter 3.
Band stop filter

3dB1=31.3 rad/sec, 3dB2=31.9 rad/sec

Bandwidth=0.6 rad/sec

normalized power gain Vs frequency (semilog scale)

D. Filter 4.
Band pass filter

3dB1=1.9*10^4 rad/sec, 3dB2=7.61*10^4 rad/sec

Bandwidth=5.7*10^4 rad/sec

normalized power gain Vs frequency (semilog scale)

Experiment 3: Signal and Noise Experiments

With Emona Telecom Trainer Kit
A) GENERATION OF SIGNALS
a) sine signal of 100khz,pk-pk voltage 4.12

b)

Sl.
No

Table 1: Time and Frequency Domain Measurements with DSO

Signal

Time Domain

Amplitude Peak
to Peak
1.
2.
3.
4.

4
2.2
5.8
8.24

Frequency Domain

Period

Frequency

Amplitude

Frequency

(us)

(KHz)

(dB)

(KHz)

10
10.2
10
10

100
100
100
100

64.8
64
68
64

100
100
100
100

Level of other spectral

components

8
8.8
8
-

c)FFT spectra of sine signal

B. Generation of Noise:
a) noise at 0db

b)fft spectra of noise

c) NO, PSD of noise depends on frequency.

d) & e) Table 2: Noise Generation and Measurements with DSO

Sl.
No

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Time Domain

Frequency Domain

Maximum
Amplitude

Minimum
Amplitude

Maximum
Amplitude

Average
Amplitude

(in V)

(in V)

(in dB)

(in dB)

10
2.8
1.6
1.1
2.1

-10.2
-2.6
-1.76
-1.2
-2

40
39.2
42.4
41
41

24
19.2
20
19
19.5

C. Studies on Signal Plus Noise:

a)Signal and noise:

c)FFT spectra of signal plus noise:

Table 3: Effect of Noise on Intelligibility of Audio

Sl.
No

Signal *

1.
2.
3.

64
64
64

Signal

Noise*

(in dB)

Noise

S/N

(in dB)
2.51X10^6
2.51X10^6
2.51X10^6

22
32
40

158.48
1583.2
10^4

Very
Clear

1.583X10^4 yes
1.583X10^3
2.51X10^2

Just
Intelligible

Not
Intelligible

yes
yes

D) Filtering of Noise:
Sl.
No

Type of Filter

Noise before
Filter) * (dB)

Pass band
Noise* (dB)

Stop band
Noise* (dB)

3 dB
frequencies
(kHz)

Roll off (dB /

Octave)

1
2
3

Baseband LPF
Bandpass
RC Low pass

62.8
62.8
62.8

8.6
39.8
14

2.2
28
10

2.8
5
160

6.4
15.4
11.2

E) Conclusions:
Gained experience on usage of Emona Kit.

Experiment 4: Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation

A) Generation of AM with Carrier:
A1) AM with carrier

A2) FFT spectra

A3) Table 1: Modulation indices and Efficiencies

A6) OVERMODULATION
Sl. No

Message
Amplitude
(Peak-peak)

1.
2.
3.

1
2
560m

Carrier
Amplitude
(Peak-peak)

4
4
4

DC Bias
Value

Modulation
Index

Efficiency

Power in
Carrier (From
Spectra)

Power in Side
Bands (From
Spectra)

Efficiency

0.2421

0.0284

7.26

0.085

0.0201

0.4670

0.095

7.26

0.458

0.112

0.101

5.13x10^-3

7.32

0.019

5.16x10^-3

B Demodulation of AM with Carrier:

B1)&B2)

B3)FFT SPECTRA OF DEMODULATED SIGNAL

B4) SPECTRA OF ORIGINAL SIGNAL

B5)No distortion in the demodulated AM signal output compared to the original Message

Signal.

B6) MESSAGE SIGNAL AFTER PASSING THROUGH LOW PASS FILTER

OVERMODULATED SIGNAL

C Conclusions:
Learnings from the experiment:
The experiment helped us to get a clearer picture of modulation of signal using DSB-SC.
And also that, over and under modulation distort the message signal.
We also learnt how to calculate spectra power, useful power, sideband power, concepts of modulation
index and efficiency.

Experiment 5: DSB-SC and SSB-SC Modulation and Demodulation

A Generation of DSB-SC Modulated Signal:
A1) DSB-SC SIGNAL

A2) Table 1: Message and sideband powers in DSB-SC

Sl.
No

Message
Amplitude
(Peakpeak)

Message
Power
(From
peak-topeak)

Power in
the
Message
(From
Spectra)

Carrier
Amplitude
(Peakpeak)

Carrier
Power
(From
peak-topeak)

Power in
the
Carrier
(From
Spectra)

Power in
USB (From
Modulated
Spectra)

Power in
LSB (From
Modulated
Spectra)

In dB

In dB

In dB

In dB

Power in
Carrier
(From
Modulated
Spectra)

In dB

1.

3.52

2.65

3.01

3.01

-37.4

2.

1.125

0.231

2.65

0.251

0.251

-36.1

3.

3.125

3.85

2.65

4.61

4.61

-35

4.

7.52

7.0688

7.05

2.65

8.21

8.21

-33.4

B- DEMODULATION OF DSB-SC SIGNAL:

B1 B2,B3

Sl.
No

Message
Amplitude
(Peakpeak) (V)

Message
Power
(From
peak-topeak)
(W)

Power in
the
Message
(From
Spectra)
(dB)

Carrier
Amplitude
(Peakpeak) (V)

Carrier
Power
(From
peaktopeak)
(W)

Power
in the
Carrier
(From
Spectra)
(dB)

Power in
USB (From
Modulated
Spectra)
(dB)

Power in
LSB (From
Modulated
Spectra)
(dB)

Power in
Carrier
(From
Modulated
Spectra)
(dB)

Power in the
Demodulated
Message
(From
Spectra) (dB)

1.85

1.86

3.01

3.01

-10.2

7.41

4.2

2.2

2.25

1.85

2.21

2.61

-21.8

7.81

4.2

2.2

2.25

4.3

2.31

3.05

3.01

2.61

-21.8

9.01

4.2

2.2

2.25

4.5

2.53

3.45

3.01

3.41

-20.6

10.2

C. Demodulation of DSB-SC Signal: Effect of LO Phase Errors

C1
Effect of Phase Offset of LO on DSB-SC Modulation
Sl.
No

Phase Shift
(degrees)

Power in the Message

(From Spectra) (dB)

Power in the
Demodulated
Message
(From Spectra) (dB)

Audio Quality of the

demodulated message
(Good / Moderate/
Very bad )

1.85

7.41

good

30

1.85

2.95

moderate

120

1.85

3.85

bad

155

1.85

6.65

bad

C2
Effect of Frequency Offset of LO on DSB-SC Modulation
Sl. No

LO Frequency
Deviation
Hz

Power in the
Message (From
Spectra)

Power in the
Demodulated Message
(From Spectra)

Audio Quality of the

demodulated message (Good /
Moderate/ Very bad )

2.23dB

-6.95dB

moderate

400

2.23dB

-4.55dB

good

1200

2.23dB

-32.1dB

bad

D Generation and Demodulation of SSB-SC Signals

Let the Message Signal be a 2 KHz Sinusoid and the Carrier be a 100 KHz Sinusoid. Let the peak to peak
amplitudes be ~ 4V, respectively. Use the following connection diagram.

D1. Adjust the phase shifter to provide 90 degree phase shift to the message. Use DSO features to
measure the phase difference between the input and output signal of the phase shifter. Can we use the
XY feature of the DSO to make sure that the phase difference between signals at X and Y is 90 degrees?
Yes. If the display is a perfect circle, the phase difference is 90

D2. How does the spectrum at the output of adder module look like? Is it truly and SSB spectrum? If not
what could be the reasons? Check for the amplitudes of the signals at B and A, the adder inputs. Work
with the gains of the adder to get a nearly perfect SSB signal.
The LSB is not perfectly suppressed.

D3. Measure the power of the SSB-SC signal in spectral domain. How does it compare with the either
USB or LSB power in Part A this experiment?
Power in SSB is 7.41dB

D4. Adjust the phase shifter slightly and note the effect on the spectrum.
Power in the suppressed sideband is getting increased. For phase value of 180, we get two sidebands.

D5. Demodulate the SSB-SC signal, generated in D1 & D2 using the following circuit. Capture the time
domain and spectra and comment on the nature of the demodulated message signal. Listen to the
demodulated message and comment on the quality of the audio.

Conclusions:
We have learnt the techniques of demodulation of DSB-SC and SSB-SC modulated signals