Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
3. Edition, 01.07.2004
2. Edition 29.07.1991
1. Edition 11.04.1990
The minimum requirements given in this manual for capability and performance indices are
valid at the time of publication (edition date). In case of conflict, the requirements of QSP0402
are binding and take precedence over this manual.
-2-
-3-
1. Introduction
Suitable methods must be applied for monitoring, and where applicable, measurement of
processes. These methods shall demonstrate the ability of the processes to achieve planned
results. When planned results are not achieved, correction and corrective action shall be taken,
as appropriate, to ensure conformity of the product. (see [2])
Examples of characteristics to assess the process performance or capability are or include the
following:
Capability indices
Response time
Cycle time or throughput
Reliability and safety
Rate of yield
2. Terms
Process
This document deals exclusively with production and assembly processes. A process is understood as a series of activities or procedures in which raw materials or pre-machined parts or
components are further processed to generate a finished product.
The definition in the standard [1] is as follows: Set of interrelated or interacting activities
which transforms inputs into outputs.
Capability Studies
A process capability study (Process analysis, see [3]) is performed for a new or changed
production process (including assembly) in order to verify the (preliminary) process capability
or performance and to obtain additional inputs for controlling the process (see [3]).
References [10] and [11] distinguish between long-term and short-term studies. In a short-term
study (e.g., machine capability study), characteristics of products manufactured in one continuous production run are evaluated. A long-term study evaluates parts manufactured over a
longer time-span which is representative of the variation encountered in series production.
Capability and Performance Indices
Quantitative measures for evaluating capability include the machine and process capability or
process performance indices (see [4]). These must achieve or surpass the specified minimum
values.
The minimum requirements given in this manual for capability and performance indices are
valid at the time of publication (edition date). In case of conflict, the requirements of QSP0402
are binding and take precedence over this manual. Higher minimum requirements for process
capability or performance may exist for special characteristics, or may be specified internally on
a product-by-product basis.
Machine Capability Study
The machine capability study is a short-term study with the sole aim of discovering the
machine-specific effects on the production process.
-4-
used for a stable process. A process is stable if the following synonymous statements apply to it:
If the process is not stable, one speaks of process performance, and the index is called the
process performance index, P pk . This applies to all processes with systematic variation of the
mean such as trend or batch-to-batch variation (see Chapter 3). It is, therefore, the process
behavior which determines whether the index is named C pk or P pk .
In a machine capability study (initial process study or short term study see [10]), the index
is always called C mk , except where different customer requirements are specified. C mk is
understood to be an index for a short-term capability study in terms of [10] and [11].
Only when sufficient data has been collected over a longer term (e.g., as the result of a process
capability study, pre-production run with at least 125 values or evaluation of several control
charts) it is possible to calculate and distinguish between C pk and P pk on the basis of the
process behavior.
-5-
Data recording
Long-term study
Short-term study
Duration of study?
(Process capability/
performance)
(Machine capability)
Section
yes
Section
no
Process stable?
Process without
systematic variation
of the mean
4.2.2 or
4.2.3
no
Process with
systematic variation
of the mean
no
Normally distributed?
5.2.2 or
5.3.2
Normally distributed?
5.2.3 or
5.3.3
yes
yes
5.2.1 or
5.3.1
Normal distribution
Normal distribution
Extended
normal distribution
Cm/Cmk
Cm/Cmk
Cp/Cpk
Cp/Cpk
Pp/Ppk
-6-
Personnel
Shift changes
Speed
Feedrate
Tools
Cycle times
Coolant flow rate and temperature
Pressures
Current (in the case of welding equipment)
Power (in the case of laser welding)
Change status (in the case of optimization measures)
Material
Method
Environment
(mother nature)
Machine
It is expected that only the machine's inherent sources of variation will affect the product and its
characteristics if these possible influences are kept constant. In cases where this is not possible,
the changes in the external influencing factors should be documented in the record of test
results. This information can be used as the basis for optimization measures if the capability
specifications are not met.
-7-
Start
Statistical evaluation:
- qualitative evaluation of temporal stability
- study of the distribution of these values
- calculation of capability indices
no
Minimum requirement met?
yes
Machine is capable
Note: for information on reducing the sample size, see Section 4.3.
-8-
Problem analysis;
make improvements
On the basis of the single value chart, a qualitative evaluation is now performed to determine
whether the measured values are stable over time.
If the series appears chaotic and is not plausible, the cause(s) for this behavior must be
investigated and eliminated. The capability study then must be repeated.
Knowledge of the production procedure and the type of tolerance often aid in selecting a
theoretical distribution which is appropriate for describing the empirical distribution. For
example, if there is an equal probability of a characteristic's values deviating upwards and
downwards from the nominal value (positive or negative deviation), one can expect the
characteristic to be approximately normally distributed. However, this is not always the case.
In contrast, characteristics which are naturally limited on one side typically are represented by
skewed, asymmetrical distributions. For example, concentricity and roughness are non-negative
by definition. In such a case, zero acts as a natural lower limit.
If a characteristic has two natural limits (a lower value, below which the characteristic can not
fall, and an upper value, above which the characteristic can not rise), the characteristic can be
approximated by a rectangular distribution.
It must be emphasized that a process characteristic may or may not behave in accordance with
these rules. In some cases, major deviations may be observed (for more information, see Section
5.2.2).
If a statistical software program is used, the user is faced with the problem of selecting an
appropriate distribution, i.e., one that represents the random sample on hand.
-9-
Within the framework of a machine capability study, a statistical test is used to distinguish only
roughly between
If the characteristic values are not normally distributed, a mathematical procedure the
Johnson Transformation can be used to select the most suitable distribution from a range
of possible distributions. If this automatic adjustment is not available, probability plots or
statistical goodness-of-fit tests can be used to aid in distribution selection.
For information on evaluating short-term studies, see also the flow chart in Chapter 3.
Calculating Machine Capability Indices
The quantile method is the preferred way to calculate machine capability indices (see method
M4 in Section 9.4). The capability indices C m and C m k are calculated as follows:
Cm =
Q 0.99865 Q
0.00135
~
USL ~
x
x LSL
Cmk = minimum value of
;
~
~
xQ
0.00135
0.99865 x
Unlike C m k , C m accounts only for the spread but not the location of the distribution relative to
the tolerance zone (see Figure on the following page).
The machine is capable if C mk 1.67 (for information on minimum requirements, see also Chapter
2.)
If characteristics are limited to one side (by USL and zero alone, or just by LSL), the formula
related to the given specification limit applies, i.e., only C m k is calculated.
Methods M1, M2 and M3 shown in Chapter 9 also can be used.
- 10 -
5s
LSL
USL
Cm = 1.67
Cmk = 1.67
3.6 s
Cm = 1.67
Cmk = 1.2
Comparison of C m and C m k
1 n
xi
n i =1
s total =
n
1
xi x
n 1 i =1
Then:
Cm =
T
6 s total
with
T = USL - LSL
USL x
x LSL
Cmk = minimum value of
and
3 s total
3 s total
If characteristics are limited to one side (by USL and zero alone, or just by LSL), the formula
related to the given limit applies.
Since no information is available here on the distribution model and s total is used, this method
leads to comparatively small results.
- 11 -
Of the 50 parts produced consecutively, begin the study by measuring only every
second part, i.e., parts 2, 4, 6, ..., 50. This step yields 25 measured values per
characteristic. The machine is considered capable if the capability index calculated from
the 25 values is C mk 2.0 .
2.
If 1.67 < C mk < 2.0 , the remaining 25 parts must also be measured. These results are
combined with the original 25 measurements and the capability index is re-calculated.
The machine is considered capable if a capability index C mk 1.67 is achieved using
all 50 values.
Using a reduced sample size does not change the quality of the conclusion. While n = 25
leads to less secure conclusions regarding the spread than does n = 50 , raising the threshold
capability value to 2.0 from 1.67 compensates for the reduced sample size.
Unless otherwise specified, the contractually specified requirement to be met by the machine
manufacturer remains as C mk 1.67 with n = 50 . However, the machine manufacturer may
be authorized to perform a machine inspection using the above procedure ( C mk 2.0 with
n = 25 ).
Simplified Machine Release
Implement corrective
actions and repeat
capability study
Cmk 2.0
no
Measure parts numbered 1, 3, 5, ..., 49 and
add the measured values to the existing
documented results (No. 2, 4, 6, ..., 50)
no
Cmk 1.67
- 12 -
yes
The maschine is
capable
In special cases, it may be unavoidable to reduce the sample size even further (regardless of the
capability requirement). This may be the case if the measurement procedure is very expensive
or the test is destructive.
Naturally, the smaller the sample size, the less accurate the conclusions (larger confidence
interval of the characteristic calculated from the sample). The quality assurance office must be
consulted before the sample size is reduced.
In such cases, the machine or process parameters should be given priority instead of the product
parameters. This also applies to the problem of qualitative product characteristics dealt with in
Chapter 7.
- 13 -
5.1 Procedure
A process capability study includes the following steps:
Select parts from series production in rational samples (not sorted); at least 25 subgroups
should be evaluated. The preferred sample size is n = 5. Overall, at least 125 parts should be
examinded.
Measure part characteristics and record the results along with production sequence.
Statistical evaluation of the data: Evaluate temporal stability and statistical distribution.
Calculate capability indices.
Note: In special cases, use of fewer than 125 parts may be unavoidable due to time or cost of
making the necessary measurements, or if the test is destructive. Smaller sample sizes lead to
larger confidence intervals of the characteristic(s) being studied. In turn, this reduces the
accuracy of the conclusions that may be drawn from the data. The quality assurance office must
be consulted before the sample size is reduced.
- 14 -
normal distribution,
extended normal distribution,
other distributions
The normal distribution or the extended normal distribution acts as the standard distribution.
Using a mathematical procedure called the Johnson Transformation, it is possible to select the
most suitable distribution from the range of other distributions here. The parameters of the
distribution selected are adjusted as well as possible to the data set to be evaluated. If this
automatic distribution adjustment is not available, probability plots or statistical goodness-of-fit
tests can be used to aid in distribution selection.
The quantile method is recommended as the standard method for calculating machine capability
indices. See Chapter 9 for a discussion of advantages and disadvantages of this and alternative
methods. Manual calculation methods are described in Section 5.3.3.
- 15 -
are calculated:
x=
1 n
xi
n i =1
s total =
n
1
xi x
n 1 i =1
T
6 s total
USL x
Pp k = minimum value of
;
3 s total
x LSL
3 s total
If characteristics are limited to one side (by USL and zero alone, or just by LSL), the relevant
formula depending on the given limit applies. As no information is available here on the
distribution model and s total is therefore used, this method can lead to comparatively smaller
results.
Extended normal distribution: See Section 10.2 and flow chart on the following page.
- 16 -
= x ,
s2 ,
sx >
sx
no
1.4 s
Process is stable;
no systematic variation
of the mean
n an
yes
1
max = x 1 max + x 2 max + x 3 max
3
1
min = x 1 min + x 2 min + x 3 min
3
)
)
MM = max min
yes
no
Characteristic
limited to only one
side?
no
Only USL given?
Pp =
yes
Ppk =
USL max
3
Ppk =
min LSL
3
T MM
6
3
3
1 .4 s
receives a yes answer, a systematic variation of the mean has
n an
m
1
xj x
m 1 j =1
is the standard
- 17 -
0.3 ppm
99.99994
%
32 ppm
-3
2.275%
95.45 %
15.865 %
-4
1350 ppm
99.73 %
2.275%
-5
32 ppm
99.9937 %
1350 ppm
-6
0.3 ppm
-2
15.865 %
68.27 %
-1
Normal distribution: percentages within the ranges 1s, 2s, 3s, 4s, 5s, as well as
fractions nonconforming at top and bottom.
- 18 -
- 19 -
k
is considered as a theoretical fraction nonconforming of a normal distribution.
n
In this ratio, k stands for the number of defects in a random sample, and n stands for the sample
size. If u 1 p designates the quantile of the standard normal distribution to the probability value
The ratio p =
1 p , then C pk =
u 1 p
Cp = 1.75
Cpk = 1.47
Calculation method
M4
200
Optional:
-
Sampling interval
Time and duration of data recording
Distribution model (reason)
Measuring system
Technical framework conditions
- 20 -
9.1 Method M1
This method can only be used for normal distribution.
USL
;
C pk = minimum value of
3
USL LSL
6
Cp =
LSL
j =1
1 n
xi
n i =1
s2
=
=
s
an
R
dn
where
where
s2 =
s=
1 m 2
sj
m j =1
sj
m j =1
= s total
where
sj =
where
R=
where
s total =
n
1
xi j x j
n 1 i =1
1 m
Rj
m j =1
m
n
1
( x ij x ) 2
m n 1 j = 1 i =1
n
an
2
0.798
3
0.886
4
0.921
5
0.940
6
0.952
7
0.959
8
0.965
9
0.969
10
0.973
dn
1.128
1.693
2.059
2.326
2.534
2.704
2.847
2.970
3.078
P A = 99 %
Advantages:
C pk can also be calculated manually.
Disadvantages
The value of the calculated index varies slightly with the formula used to estimate the
standard deviation.
- 21 -
9.2 Method M2
If
For information on applying this method for qualitative characteristics, see also Chapter 7.
Cp =
USL LSL
x max x min
and
Calculation of as for M1 or
USL
C pk = minimum value of
;
x max
1 m ~
= ~
x=
xj
m j =1
LSL
x min
Advantages:
Always works
It is not necessary to select an approximating distribution
C pk can easily be calculated manually as well
Disadvantages:
The result depends on n
This method does not use all sample values. Outliers have a major effect on the result. This
method is therefore not recommended.
Note: this method covers the 60% rule in accordance with QS-Info 2/1996.
- 22 -
defined as the process spread. The limits of this range are called 0.135% quantile = Q
0.00135
USL LSL
Q
0.99865 Q 0.00135
USL ~
x
;
C pk = minimum value of
~
Q
x
0
.
99865
~
x LSL
~
xQ
0.00135
If characteristics are limited to one side (by USL and zero alone, or just by LSL), the relevant
formula depending on the given limiting value applies.
LSL
USL ~
x
USL
Schematic representation
of the method.
In this example of a
normal distribution, the
median ~
x is the same as
the mean x , and
because of
~
Q
0.99865 x = 3 s , the
result for C pk is the
same as the result
achieved with the
formula
C pk =
~
x
USL x
3s
Q
0.99865
Q
0.99865 x
Advantages:
This method works for all empirical distributions which one can expect to meet in practice.
Disadvantages
It is necessary to select an approximating distribution.
The result depends on this distribution.
This procedure can only be used with the assistance of a computer (in case of a normal
distribution, still graphically using a probability plot).
- 23 -
- 24 -
MM
min
max
- 25 -
11. Examples
Example 1
USL
OSG
10.000
[mm]
9.995
+3 s
9.990
_
x
9.985
-3 s
LSL
USG
9.980
0
10
20
30
40
50
Relative
frequency
relative Hufigkeit
Value no.
25
LSL
USG
-3 s
+3 s
~
x
USL
OSG
Normal distribution
~
x = 9.988
20
15
LSL = 9.98
USL = 10.0
~
x LSL
C mk = ~
= 1.8
xQ
0.00135
10
5
Cm =
0
9.980
9.985
9.990
9.995
10.000
Disk
height [mm]
NDNV
Scheibenhhe
[mm]
- 26 -
USL LSL
= 2 .1
Q 0.99865 Q
0.00135
Example 2
0,99865
Op3
Q
.99865
4.5
4.0
USL
OSG
Rz [m]
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
_
x
1.5
1.0
,U
p3
Q
00135
0.00135
0.5
0.0
0
10
20
30
40
50
Value
Wertno.
Nr.
Relative
relativefrequency
Hufigkeit
Up3
Q
Q
00.,00135
00135 ~
x
USL
OSG
Q
,.99865
O0p3
40
30
C mk =
20
10
USL = 4.0
x
USL ~
= 0 .8
Q 0.99865 ~
x
0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5
Rz [m] Johnson SB
- 27 -
Example 3
54.10
USL
OSG
54.09
54.08
[mm]
54.07
54.06
Op3
Q
Q
,99865
00.99865
54.05
54.04
_
x
54.03
54.02
0,U
p3
Q
Q
00135
0.00135
54.01
54.00
LSL
USG
10
20
30
40
50
Wert Nr.
Value
no.
relative Hufigkeit
Relative
frequency
Q
,.00135
U0p3
20
LSL
USG
~
x
0,99865
Q
Q
0.99865
p3
O
USL
OSG
16
12
LSL = 54.0
USL = 54.1
~
x LSL
C mk = ~
= 1.74
xQ
0.00135
8
4
Cm =
0
54.00 54.02 54.04 54.06 54.08 54.10
[mm] Johnson SB
USL LSL
= 2.49
Q 0.99865 Q
0.00135
- 28 -
Example 4
Evaluation of long-term process capability, characteristic limited to one side on the top
Characteristic: cylindricity in m
n = 775
4.0
OSG
USL
Op3
Q
Q
, 99865
00.99865
Cylindricity
Zylinderform
3.5
3.0
2.5
_
x
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
Up3
Q
Q
00.,00135
00135
0.0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Value no.
Relative
relative frequency
Hufigkeit
p3
Q
0U
.,00135
00135
20
~
x
Q
Op3
Q
00.99865
, 99865
USL
OSG
16
12
Ppk =
8
4
USL = 4.0
x
USL ~
= 1.44
Q 0.99865 ~
x
0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Zylinderform
NV(<>)
Cylindricity
ND(<>)
Long-term data was evaluated here. As the process exhibits systematic variation of the mean, it
is not stable within the meaning of [4]. The process performance index Ppk is therefore given.
- 29 -
0
-3
-2
-1
-3
-2
-1
-1
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3
Notes:
The tolerance circle can be distorted into an ellipse in a rectangular screen even when the x
and y-scale are selected immediately. If the positions are given in polar coordinates (radius and
angle), they must be turned into Cartesian coordinates. The sketched procedure can be applied
to any bivariate characteristic (e.g. unbalance) and can be generalized for characteristics with p
components using the p-variate normal distribution.
- 30 -
13. Forms
Machine and process capability studies are normally evaluated using special computer
programs. The forms listed here are therefore given purely as aids for collecting data manually
and using manual calculation procedures.
Evaluation form for machine capability study
Evaluation form for process capability study
- 31 -
- 32 -
Evaluation Sheet
for Machine
Capability Analysis
Machine No.:
314084
Part:
Material:
Nominal value
Tolerance:
Upper limit:
Lower limit:
Disk
Steel
10.00
0.20
10.20
10.00
Designation:
Manufacturer:
Milling machine
H. u. K.
Tool:
Meas. system:
mm
mm
mm
mm
Standard:
Operation:
Order:
047011
Sheet no.:
1 von 1
Year:
Workshop:
1998
xyz
Digital Gage
Gage block
Milling
W33007
Schmidt
13/10/01
2 / min
100 min
8:50 PM
10:30 PM
Batch A
Cutting speed vx, rpm nx
Tool 3
Machine temperature 27.3 C
Air temperature 24.5 C
Punching machine not operating
Location: Building 17/2
Machine was not switched off during breakfast from 8:30 pm to 8:45 pm
x=
10.116 mm
s total =
0.016
x max =
10.120 mm
s=
0.016
x min =
10.112 mm
s max =
0.024
Cm =
C mk =
C mk =
T
=
6 s total
0.200
0.0960
2.08
USL x
=
3 s total
0.084
0.0480
1.75
x LSL
=
3 s total
0.116
0.0160
Smallest value
Cmk is valid!
2.42
Are
UCL = x + 1.3 s =
10.137
LCL = x 1.3 s =
10.095
x max and
x min
UCL s = 2.1 s =
Yes
No
Is s max UCL s ?
0.034
Yes
No
Robert Bosch GmbH reserves all rights even in the event of industrial property rights. We reserve all rights of disposal such as copying and passing on to third parties.
Quality Assurance
Normal distribution
0.10 -
0-
10
15
20
25
30
40
45
mm
Table values in
m ---->
x1
x2
x3
x4
x5
35
50
55
60
10
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
10.00
Deviation from
7
65
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
0.13 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.11 0.13 0.10 0.14 0.13 0.12
0.10 0.14 0.12 0.12 0.10 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.15 0.10
0.11 0.10 0.11 0.13 0.13 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.12
0.12 0.12 0.13 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.09 0.11
0.11 0.13 0.11 0.14 0.12 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.10 0.13
0.114 0.120 0.114 0.116 0.112 0.118 0.114 0.120 0.118 0.116
0.011 0.016 0.011 0.021 0.013 0.024 0.017 0.016 0.024 0.011
x
s
0.14 0.13 -
Evaluation:
x = 0.116
x max = 0.120
x min = 0.112
10
s = 0.016
s max = 0.024
Robert Bosch GmbH reserves all rights even in the event of industrial property rights. We reserve all rights of disposal such as copying and passing on to third parties.
s total =
0.016
Evaluation Sheet
for Process
Capability Analysis
Machine No.:
20113
Part:
Material:
Nominal value
Tolerance:
Upper limit:
Lower limit:
Housing
Al
54.10
0.40
54.30
53.90
Designation:
Manufacturer:
BZ20
Steinel
Tool:
Meas. system:
mm
mm
mm
mm
047011
Sheet no.:
1 von 1
Year:
Workshop:
1998
Milling cutter
Trimos
W 1391
Standard:
Operation:
Order:
Rl.
13/05/03
3 / min
3h
6:45 PM
9:45 PM
x=
54.114 mm
s total =
x max =
54.123 mm
s=
0.039
x min =
54.101 mm
s max =
0.045
C pk =
s
=
0.94
T
=
6
0.400
0.2489
1.61
x LSL
=
3
0.214
0.1245
1.72
USL x
=
3
0.186
0.1245
Cp =
C pk =
0.0415
Smallest value
Cpk is valid!
1.49
Are
UCL = x + 1.3 s =
54.165
LCL = x 1.3 s =
54.063
x max and
x min
UCL s = 2.1 s =
Yes
No
Is s max UCL s ?
0.082
Yes
No
Robert Bosch GmbH reserves all rights even in the event of industrial property rights. We reserve all rights of disposal such as copying and passing on to third parties.
Quality Assurance
Normal distribution
0.10 -
0-
10
15
20
25
30
40
45
mm
Table values in
m ---->
x1
x2
x3
x4
x5
35
50
55
60
10
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
54.00
Deviation from
7
65
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
0.06 0.07 0.11 0.13 0.06 0.10 0.15 0.10 0.15 0.08
0.09 0.11 0.17 0.11 0.17 0.05 0.08 0.14 0.05 0.15
0.08 0.14 0.06 0.09 0.14 0.16 0.12 0.07 0.14 0.14
0.11 0.18 0.12 0.16 0.07 0.14 0.10 0.17 0.09 0.10
0.17 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.10 0.07 0.12 0.16 0.15
0.101 0.120 0.112 0.117 0.112 0.109 0.104 0.121 0.118 0.123
0.042 0.041 0.042 0.029 0.044 0.042 0.033 0.037 0.045 0.031
x
s
0.20 0.15 -
0.05 0.00 -
Evaluation:
x = 0.114
x max = 0.123
x min = 0.101
10
s = 0.039
s max = 0.045
Robert Bosch GmbH reserves all rights even in the event of industrial property rights. We reserve all rights of disposal such as copying and passing on to third parties.
s total =
0.036
14. Abbreviations
an
Cg
C m , C mk
C p , C pk
dn
LCL
LSL
MM
max
min
PA
Confidence level
Pp , Ppk
%GRR
pL
pU
Q
0.00135
Q
0.99865
Rj
Mean of ranges
s2
- 37 -
s max
sn
s total
sx
Tolerance of a characteristic
u1 p
UCL
USL
xi
xi j
x max
x min
Arithmetic mean
xj
Mean of means
~
x
Median
Sum
DIN 55319
ISO/DIS
21747
QS-STAT
LSL
LSL
USL
USL
Lower Quantile
Q
0.00135
Q
0.00135
X 0.135 %
Q ob 3
Upper Quantile
Q
0.99865
Q
0.99865
X 99.865 %
Q un 3
- 38 -
15. References
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
Bosch, Booklet Series: Quality Assurance in the Bosch Group, Technical Statistics
[12]
No. 1, Basic Concepts of Technical Statistics, Variable Characteristics
[13]
No. 3, Evaluation of Measurement Series
[14]
No. 7, Statistical Process Control
[15]
No. 10, Capability of Measurement and Test Processes
[16]
[17]
Elderton and Johnson, Systems of Frequency Curves, 1969, Cambridge Univ. Press
[18]
- 39 -
Index
Page
5M ............................................................................................................................................... 14
Capability indices.......................................................................................................................... 5
Capability or performance indices ................................................................................................ 4
Distribution models ..................................................................................................................... 15
Extended distribution ............................................................................................................ 17, 25
Fraction nonconforming.............................................................................................................. 18
Indirect inference ........................................................................................................................ 18
Johnson distribution family......................................................................................................... 24
Kurtosis ....................................................................................................................................... 19
Machine capability study .............................................................................................................. 4
Manual calculation procedure ......................................................................................... 11, 16, 17
Measurement system................................................................................................................... 19
Process capability
Indices Cp, Cpk....................................................................................................................... 15
Process capability study ................................................................................................................ 5
Process performance ..................................................................................................................... 5
Qualitative characteristics ........................................................................................................... 20
Quantile method .............................................................................................................. 10, 15, 23
Range method.............................................................................................................................. 22
Sample size.................................................................................................................................. 19
Skewed distribution....................................................................................................................... 9
Skewness ..................................................................................................................................... 19
Stability ......................................................................................................................................... 9
Stability test................................................................................................................................. 16
Two-dimensional characteristics................................................................................................. 30
- 40 -