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The advantage of parallel ac-dc power oscillations as well as to control the voltage
transmission for the improvement of transient profile of the line by controlling the total
and dynamic stability and damp out reactive power flow. Only the basic idea is
oscillations have been established. Present proposed along with the feasibility study using
paper proposes a simultaneous ac-dc power elementary laboratory model. The main object
flow scheme through the same transmission is to emphasize the possibility of simultaneous
line to get the advantages of parallel ac-dc ac-dc transmission with its inherent advantage
transmission to improve stability and damping of power flow control.
The circuit diagram in Figure1 shows the basic carries one third of the total de current along
scheme for simultaneous ac-dc transmission. with ac current Ia .The return path of the dc
The dc power is obtained through the rectifier current is through the ground. Zigzag
bridge and injected to the neutral point of the connected winding is used at both ends to
zigzag connected secondary of sending end avoid saturation of transformer due to dc
transformer, and again it is reconverted to ac current flow. A high value of reactor. X d is
by the inverter bridge at the receiving end. used to reduce harmonics in dc current.
The inverter bridge is again connected to the In the absence of zero sequence and third
neutral of zigzag connected winding of the harmonics or its multiple harmonic voltages,
receiving end transformer. Star connected under normal operating conditions, the ac
primary windings in place of delta-connected current flow will be restricted between the
windings for the transformers may also be used zigzag connected windings and the three
for higher supply voltage. The single circuit conductors of the transmission line. Even the
transmission line carriers both 3 –phase ac and presence of these components of voltages may
dc power. It is to be noted that a part of the only be able to produce negligible current
total ac power at the sending end is converted through the ground due to high of Xd.
into dc by the tertiary winding of the Assuming the usual constant current control of
transformer connected to rectified bridge. The rectifier and constant extinction angle control
same dc power is reconverted to ac at the of inverter, the equivalent circuit of the scheme
received end by the tertiary winding of the under normal steady state operating condition
receiving end transformer connected to the is shown in Fig.2.
inverter bridge. Each conductor of the line
.
The dotted line in the figure shows the path of current, expressions for ac voltage and current,
ac return current only. The ground carries the and for active and reactive powers may be
full dc current Id only and each conductor of written in terms of A,B,C,D parameters of the
the line carries Id/3 along with the ac current lines as: :
per phase.
Neglecting the resistive drops in the line
conductors and transformer winding due to dc
Es = AER + BIR inverter respectively and Vdr and Vdi are the
(1) maximum dc voltages of rectifier and inverter
Is = CER + DIR side respectively. Values of Vdr and Vdi are
(2) 1.35 times line to line tertiary winding ac
Ps+ jQS = (- ES E*R)/B* + (D*/B*) Es2 voltages of respective sides.
(3) Reactive powers required by the converters
PR+ jQR = (ES* ER)/B* - (A*/B*)ER2 are:
(4)
Qdi = Pdi tanI (5)
Neglecting ac resistive drop in the line and Qdr = Pdr tanr (6)
transformer, the dc current and dc power may CosI = (cos + cos ( + i) )/2
be expressed as : (7)
Id = (Vdrcos - Vdicos)/(Rer+(R/3) – Rci) Cosr = (cos + cos ( + r) )/2
Pdi = Vdi x Id ; Pdr = Vdr x Id (8)
Where R is the line resistance per conductor, Where I and r are commutation angles of
Rcr and Rci commutating resistances, and, inverter and rectifier respectively and total
firing and extinction angles of rectifier and active and reactive powers at the two ends are
Pst = Ps + Pdr and Prt = PR + Pdi (9) connected at the two ends of transmission line
Qst = Qs + Qdr and Qrt = QR + Qdi interrupt current at natural current zeroes and
(10) no special dc CB is required. To ensure proper
Total transmission line loss is: operation of transmission line CBs tripping
PL = (Ps + Pdr) – (PR + Pdi) signals to these CBs may only be given after
(11) sensing the zero crossing of current by zero
Ia being the rms ac current per conductor at crossing detectors. Else CB’s connected to the
any point of the line, the total rms current per delta side of transformers (not shown in
conductor becomes: figure1) may be used to isolate the fault.
I = sqrt (Ia2 + (Id/3)2) and PL 3I2R Saturation of transformer core, if any, due to
(12) asymmetric fault current reduces line side
If the rated conductor current corresponding to current but increases primary current of
its allowable temperature rise is Ith and transformer. Delta side CBs, designed to clear
Ia = X * Ith; X being less than unity, the dc transformers terminals faults and winding
current becomes: faults, clear these faults easily.
Id = 3 x (sqrt (1-x2) ) Ith Proper values of ac and de filters as used in
(13) HVDC system may be connected to the delta
The total current I in any conductor is side and zigzag neutral respectively to filter
asymmetrical but two natural zero-crossings in our higher harmonics from de and ac supplies.
each cycle in current wave are obtained for However, filters may be omitted for low values
(Id/3Ia) <1.414. of Vd and Id.
The instantaneous value of each conductor At neutral terminals of zigzag winding de
voltage with respect to ground become s the dc current and voltages may be measured by
voltage Vd with a superimposed sinusoid ally adopting common methods used in HVDC
varying ac voltages having rms value Eph and system. Conventional cvts as used in EHV ac
the peak value being : lines are used to measure ac component of
Emax = V + 1.414 Eph transmission line voltage. Superimposed dc
Electric field produced by any conductor voltage in the transmission line does not affect
voltage possesses a dc component the working of evts. Linear couplers with high
superimposed with sinusoid ally varying ac air-gap core may be employed for
component. But the instantaneous electric field measurement of ac component of line current
polarity changes its sign twice in cycle if as dc component of line current is not able to
(Vd/Eph) < 1.414.Therefore, higher creep age saturate high air-gap cores.
distance requirement for insulator discs used Electric signal processing circuits may be used
for HVDC lines are not required. to generate composite line voltage and current
Each conductor is to be insulated for E maz but waveforms from the signals obtained for dc
the line to line voltage has no dc component and ac components of voltage and current.
and ELL(maz) = 2.45 Eph, Therefore, conductor to Those signals are used for protections and
conductor separation distance is determined control purposes.
only by rated ac voltage of the line.
Assuming Vd/Eph = k Experimental verification .
Pdc/’Pac (Vd * Id)/(3 * Eph * Ia * cos) = (k *
sqrt(1-x2))/(x * cos ) (15) The feasibility of the basic scheme of
Total power simultaneous ac-dc transmission was verified
Pt = Pdc + Pac = (1 + [k * sqrt (1-x2)]/(x * cos)) in the laboratory. Transformer having a rating
* Pac (16) of 2 kVA, 400/230/110V was used at each end.
Detailed analysis of short current ad design of A supply of 3-phase, 400V, 50Hz was given at
protective scheme, filter and instrumentation the sending end and a 3-phase, 400 V, 50 Hz,1
network required for the proposed scheme is HP induction motor in addition to a 3-phgase,
beyond the scope of present work, but 400V, 0.7 KW resistive load was connected at
preliminary qualitative analysis presented the receiving end. A 10 A, 110 Vdc reactor
below suggests that commonly used techniques (Xd) was used at each end with the 230V
in HVDC/ac system may be adopted for this zigzag connected neutral. Two identical SCR
purposes. bridges were used for rectifier and inverter.
In case of fault in the transmission system, gate The dc voltages of rectifier and inverter
signals to all the SCRs are blocked that to the bridges were adjusted between 145 V to135 V
bypass SCR s are released to protect rectifier to vary dc current between 0 to 3A.
and inverter bridges. CBs are then tripped at The same experiment was repeated by
both ends to isolate the complete system. As replacing the rectifier at the sending and and
mentioned earlier, if (Id3Ia) <1.414, CBs the inverter at receiving end by 24V battery
and a 5A, 25 rheostat respectively, between Xd and ground.
The power transmission with and without de 1.2 times the rated current for a short time with
component was found to be satisfactory in all the input transformer kept energized from
the cases. 400V ac. But no changes in exciting current
To check the saturation of zigzag connected and terminal voltage of transformer were
transformer for high value of Id, ac loads were noticed verifying no saturation even with high
disconnected and dc current was increased to value of I d.
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