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The full-bridge converter consists of two legs; each leg consists of two MOSFET
switches (MI, M2 and M3, &M4) and their respective anti-parallel diodes D1, D2 and
D3, D4). The switches in the same leg cannot be switched-on simultaneously to avoid
short-circuiting the ac supply. In single quadrant dc drive systems, the polarity of the
motor voltage is unidirectional, hence the switching device is pulse-width modulated by
comparing a switching frequency saw-tooth with the control voltage. In contrast, the
motor voltage supplied by bridge converters is reversible in polarity and, therefore a
switching frequency triangular waveform is used for PWM of the converter switches.
In the presented study, two uniform PWM control techniques are considered:
1. PWM with bipolar voltage switching, where switches MI, M4 and M2, M3 are treated
as two switch pairs where each pair of switches is turned on and off simultaneously.
2. PWM with uni-polar voltage switching, where the switches in each leg are controlled
independently of the other leg.
This shows that the average motor voltage varies linearly with the input
control signal. Also, the motor voltage jumps between positive and negative so that this
switching strategy is referred to as the bipolar voltage switching PWM. It has to be noted
that the duty ratio can be varied between 0 and 1, depending on the magnitude and
polarity of the control voltage. Therefore, V can be continuously varied in a range from -
vd to +vd, while the motor current can be either positive or negative such that the dc
motor can be operated in the four quadrants of the V-I plane. The single-phase dc drive
system of Fig.1 is simulated using PSpice with an exact model of the dc motor. An
Expanded waveform
of the Werent switch currents are shown in Fig.3, where the negative values of currents
correspond to the current carried out by the anti-parallel diode.
The following modes of operation can be identified:
1. Powering mode: The motor current is supplied through M1 and M4 (for positive
motor voltage) or through M2 and M3 (for negative motor voltage).
2. Regenerating mode: When the switches are made off and the energy is returned back
to the supply through diodes D1 and D4 or through D2 and D3.
The motor voltage and current are shown in Fig.4, where the motor
voltage changes between vd and -vd and the motor current has its ripples in the order of
the switching frequency. It has also to be noted that the motor voltage has some ripples of
the order of the supply frequency. The ac supply current and voltage are shown in Fig.5,
while the harmonic spectrum of the supply current is shown in Fig.6 where the first
dominant harmonics appear at the switching frequency (1 kHz).
IV. UNIFORM PWM DC DRIVE SYSTEM WITH UNI-POLAR VOLTAGE
SWITCHING:
In the uniform PWM control technique with unipolar voltage switching, a triangular
waveform is compared with the control voltages V, and -V, to obtain the switching
patterns for the converter switches M1, M2 and M3, W respectively. The switching
patterns are such that when V>V, MI is on, and when -Vc>Vh M3 is on where switches
in the same leg have complement switching patterns. The switching patterns of the
uniform PWM control strategy for unipolar voltage switching are illustrated in
Fig.7.Examining Fig.7 shows that the duty ratios of the switches a1 and a2, and therefore
the output voltage V, are the same as those of the PWM with bipolar voltage switching
where the output voltage varies linearly with the control voltage.
The different switch currents are shown in Fig.8. Therefore, the following modes of
operation can be defined:
1. Powering mode: The motor current is carried out by the switch pair MI and W back to
the supply.
2. Free-wheeling mode: The motor current free-wheels through a power switch and a
diode such as M1, D3 or M3, D1 or M2, D1 or W, D2 where no power is drawn
from the ac supply.
3. Regenerating mode: This mode occurs during light load or breaking conditions where
the energy is returned back to the supply through diodes D1 and D4.
The motor current and voltage and the motor average voltage are shown in
Fig.9, where the motor voltage changes between zero Vc and Vd while the motor current
has ripples in the order of double the switching frequency. The ac supply voltage and
current are shown in Fig.l0. The harmonic spectrum of the supply current is shown in Fig.
11, where the first dominant harmonics appear at twice the switching frequency (2 kHz).
The motor current transient response for various values of duty ratios is shown in Fig.12,
where soft starting is achieved when the motor starts at a small duty ratio. The
corresponding speed response is shown in Fig.13. The motor torque-speed curves for
divergent values of duty ratios are shown in Fig. 14.
V. CONCLUSIONS