Speaking English is the main goal of many learners.

If the aim of speaking is communication, and that

does not require perfect English, then it makes sense to encourage learners to speak. Students need
preparation before the speaking task. There are many speaking exercises. Teachers can classify a
system of exercises according to their aims and level of class. Conversational skills must be
developed step by step. There are exercises which include greetings, requests, simple dialogues,
report, permissions and refusals. As much as communication is some kind of performance, playing
roles and plots, it is possible to make lesson as theatre performance. Also, there are: retelling,
describing, presenting a topic.
Reading reproduces what is written. Reading techniques are silent reading and aloud reading .
Reading aloud is not the aim itself, but a tool. It helps putting the right stress, improving the
intonation. The teacher needs to choose suitable materials for loud reading, and that can be articles,
stories, poems, news, short reports, letters, etc. It is not difficult to find authentic material for
reading, but it is difficult to find materials that are appropriate for the level of learners. Reading
should have purpose. That can be looking for the answers, continuing the text, etc. Teacher should
explain why they read, so children must have motivation. Children should have background
knowledge for every text. Every reading enriches the vocabulary. Lesson should have pre- reading,
while- reading and post- reading activities. Post- reading activity is often summing up the context of
the text.
Good writing is important, but maybe the message is more important than correct presentation.
Writing is a visual category, and it motivates the learning process and creates the feeling of progress.
Descriptive exercises can be based on a series of pictures. The teacher can choose any grammatical
form for practice. The teacher can give words, or sentence, and children should compose a story and
write it. Also, the teacher can give pictures, and children should write a story according to pictures.
Children can describe an object, a portrait, the things, the places, etc. Teacher always should
stimulate writing by interesting tasks and texts. The types of exercises for writing skills are also
dictating, filling in blanks in sentences or paragraphs, writing letters, e-mail, etc.
Listening skills are vital for learners. Listening and speaking are often taught together, but teacher
should give more listening than speaking practice for beginners. There are many types of listening
activities. Activities that don`t require learners to produce language are easier that those that do.
Exercises for developing listening skills can be the following: listen and fill in, listen and continue,
listen and check, listen and find, listen and repeat, listen and find differences, etc. Also, there are
before listening (trying to lead students to guess what is the topic), during listening (taking notes)
and after listening activities (doing exercises).

Pronunciation involves far more than individual sounds. Word stress, sentence stress, intonation- all
of this influence the sound of spoken English. Improving pronunciation will facilitate communication.
Listening is crucial for this problem, because students cannot produce a sound they cannot hear. For
teaching pronunciation, teacher and learners must pay attention on: voicing, aspiration, mouth
position, intonation, linking, syllables, vowel length, specific sound, etc.
Gestures are very important in foreign language teaching/ learning. Movements/ gestures exhibit a
meaning which is related to the verbal message. In communication, people usually accompany
speech with movements. Speech and gestures complement each other, and that should convey the
message. Gestures help both the speaker and the listener and make the learning process more
effective. Also, teachers use gestures for better understanding. The use of gestures is a technique to
explain the difficult words, and teacher`s gestures make the abstract concrete.
ICONIC GESTURE- Movements that represent a concrete action or object
METAPHORIC GESTURE- movements that represent an abstract idea
DEICTIC GESTURE- used to point to an object or an idea.
There are different methods that can help teacher to organize all kinds of exercises. There is
suggestopedia, and that method represents learning through suggestion. In this method, teacher
reads the text, and music plays in the background. The experiment showed that suggestopedia is a
useful and successfully applied modern technology of teaching. Then, there is communicative
method. Communication is exchanging information, opinions, etc. Real communication is always
unpredictable and unexpected. When a teacher is not a dictator, students try to learn language
themselves. In groups, every student engages in communication. The purpose of this method is to
make the communication a more pleasant experience.