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We make use of the laws of conservation of linear momentum and of energy to analyze collisions.
The law of conservation of momentum is particularly useful when dealing with a system of two or
more objects that interact with each other, such as in collisions.
Momentum
G
G
The linear momentum p of an object of mass m moving with a velocity v is defined as the
product of the mass and the velocity
G
G
p = mv
SI Units are kg m / s
Vector quantity, the direction of the momentum is the same as the velocitys
Momentum and Its Relation to Force
= mv
F=
p p final pinitial
=
t
t
0 30kg m / s
= 30 N
1.0 s
Conservation of Momentum
G
G
G
G
mAv A + mB vB = mAv A' + mB vB'
Example 3: A 10,000-kg railroad car A, traveling at a speed of 24.0 m/s strikes an identical car B,
at rest. If the cars lock together as a result of the collision, what is their common speed just
G
G
G
G
afterward?
mAv A = (mA + mB )v '
mAv A + mB vB = mAv A' + mB vB'
mA
10, 000kg
(24.0m / s )
v' =
vA =
(10, 000kg + 10, 000kg )
mA + mB
to the right, mutual speed is of car A.
mB vB + mR vR = mB vB' + mR vR'
0 + 0 = mB vB' + mR vR'
mB vB'
v =
mR
'
R
(0.020kg )(620m / s )
(5.0kg )
= 2.5m / s
, we can write
The impulse tells us that we can get the same change in momentum with a large force acting for a
short time, or a small force acting for a longer time.
This is why you should bend your knees when you land; why
airbags work; and why landing on a pillow hurts less than
landing on concrete.
t =
x 0.02m
=
= 9.1x104 s Displacement =radius of ball about 0.02 m.
v 22m / s
F=
p 2.2kg m / s
=
= +2.4 x103 N
9.1x104 s
t
Conservation of Energy and Momentum in Collisions
Inelastic Collisions
Example 6: In a crash test, a car of mass 1500 kg collides with a wall and rebounds. The initial
and final velocities of the car are
vi = 15m / s and v f = 2.60m / s respectively, if the
collisions lasts for 0.150 s, find:
I = 2.64 x104 kg m / s
(b) The size and direction of the force exerted on the car.
p 2.64 x104 kg m / s
F=
=
= +1.76 x105 N
0.150 s
t
Example 7: An SUV with mass 1800kg is traveling eastbound
at +15.0 m/s, collides with a compact car with mass 900 kg
traveling westbound at -15.0 m/s.
(a) Find the change in the velocity of each car.
(c) Find the change in the KE of the system consisting of both cars.
KEi =
1
1
1
1
m1v12i + m2 v22i = (1800kg )(15.0m / s) 2+ (900kg )(15.0m / s ) 2 = 3.04 x105 J
2
2
2
2
1
1
KE f = (m1 + m2 )v 2f = (1800kg + 900kg )(5.00m / s ) 2 = 3.38 x104 J
2
2
KE = KE f KEi = 2.70 x105 J
It is possible to obtain the initial speed of the bullet by measuring h and the two masses.
As an example, assume that the mass of the bullet, m1, is 5.00g, the mass of the pendulum, m2, is
1.0kg, and h = 5.00cm. Find the initial speed of the bullet, v1.
(1.005kg )(0.990m / s)
= 199m / s
5.00 x103 kg
Collisions in Two or Three Dimensions
The thrust is the force exerted on the rocket by the ejected exhaust gases
The instantaneous thrust is given by
v
M
Ma = M
= ve
t
t
The thrust increases as the exhaust speed increases and as the burn rate (M/t)
increases
Example 9: A rocket has a total mass of 1x105 kg and a burnout mass of 1x104 kg , including
engines, shell, and payload. The rocket blasts off from Earth and exhausts all its fuel in 4.00 min.
burning the fuel at a steady rate with an exhaust velocity of ve = 4.50 x103 m / s .
(a) If air friction and gravity are neglected, what is the speed of the rocket at burnout?
M
v f = vi + ve In i
Mf
1.00 x105 kg
4
= 0 + (4.5 x10 m / s )In
= 1.04 x10 m / s
4
1.00 x10 kg
3
Center of Mass
In (a), the divers motion is pure translation; in (b) it
is translation plus rotation. There is one point that
moves in the same path a particle would take if
subjected to the same force as the diver. This point
is called the center of mass (CM).
The general motion of an object can be considered as the sum of the translational motion of the
CM, plus rotational, vibrational, or other forms of motion about the CM.
For two particles, the center of mass lies closer to the one with the most mass:
The center of gravity is the point where the gravitational force can be
considered to act. It is the same as the center of mass as long as the
gravitational force does not vary among different parts of the object.
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CHAPTER 6
LINEAR MOMENTUM
CONCEPTS
1. In a game of pool, the white cue ball hits the #5 ball and stops while
the #5 ball moves away with the same velocity as the cue ball had
originally. This type of collision is elastic.
G
G
p = mv
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12. A small object collides with a large object and sticks. Both objects
experience the same magnitude of momentum change.
13. When two cars collide and lock together both momentum and total
energy is conserved.
14. A golf ball moving east at a speed of 4 m/s, collides with a stationary
bowling ball. The golf ball bounces back to the west, and the bowling
ball moves very slowly to the east. Neither object experiences the
greater magnitude impulse, they are the same.
16. Two equal mass balls, A and B, are dropped from the same height, and rebound
off the floor. The A ball rebounds to a higher position. The A ball is subjected to
the greater magnitude impulse during its collision with the floor.
17. If an object is acted on by a non-zero net external force, its momentum will not
remain constant.
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18. A rubber ball and a lump of putty have equal mass. They are thrown with
equal speed against a wall. The ball bounces back with nearly the same speed
with which it hit. The putty sticks to the wall. The ball experiences the greater
momentum.
mb vb + m p v p = mb vb '+ m p v p '
19. A baseball catcher wears a glove rather than just using bare hands to catch a
pitched baseball because the force on the catchers hand is reduced because
the glove increases the time of impact.
20. In a baseball game, a batter hits a ball for a home run. Compared to the
magnitude of the impulse imparted to the ball, the magnitude of the
impulse imparted to the bat is the same.
21. A freight car moves along a frictionless level railroad track at constant speed.
The car is open on top. A large load of sand is suddenly dumped into the car.
This causes the velocity of the car to decrease.
22. For an object on the surface of the earth, the center of gravity and the center of mass are
the same point.
23. Tightrope walkers walk with a long flexible rod in order to lower their
center of mass.
24. The center of gravity of an object may be thought of as the balance point.
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