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Editors Introduction:
As an extension of responsive services such as individual and group counseling,
expressive arts are relatively new additions to the professional school counselors arsenal.
While these techniques and strategies work well under normal circumstances, expressive
arts also allow counselors to reach resistant, creative, and sensitive students, allowing
them to use the many gifts each possesses. In many ways, a chapter on counseling using
expressive arts appropriately suits the transformed professional school counselor who
challenges students to use their creativity and talents to overcome adversity.
Counseling young people effectively often requires a departure from traditional
talk therapy (Sommers-Flanagan & Sommers-Flanagan, 1997). When working with
children and adolescents, it is important for professional school counselors to be familiar
with a wide range of interventions. Selecting which intervention to use is based on the
counselors theoretical orientation, the students developmental level, and the particular
issue that is being addressed. The use of expressive arts with students provides counselors
with a repertoire of interventions that are compatible with many theoretical approaches
and can be adapted to different developmental levels.
There are several advantages associated with using the arts in counseling.
Expressive arts are enriching, stimulating, pragmatic, and therapeutic (Gladding, 1998).
Creative interventions get people doing rather than thinking, and thus can be
more activating than verbal counseling (France & Allen, 1997). By their very nature,
expressive arts foster different ways of experiencing the world. They can benefit students
who are stuck by helping them view things from different perspectives, with a variety
of possible responses. Through the use of expressive approaches, counseling is enhanced
as the emotional, perceptual, and creative world of the client is engaged.
The use of creative interventions in counseling provides a way to symbolize
feelings in a unique, tangible, and powerful way (Nichols & Schwartz, 1998). Artistic
expression acts as a metaphor for conflicts, emotions, and troubling situations (Ulik &
Cummings, 1997). Providing students with creative outlets allows them to communicate
emotions and concerns that cannot be assessed through rational, linear language.
Another benefit associated with the use of expressive arts is that they help young
people picture themselves or their situations in a concrete, objectified manner. Art can
serve as a bridge between the student and the counselor, especially when the subject
matter is too embarrassing or difficult to talk about, such as family violence or abuse
(Brooke, 1995; Liebmann, 1990; Trowbridge, 1995). Expressing thoughts creatively is
one way to externalize a distressing event and to prepare for healing and recovery
(Howe, Burgess, & McCormack, 1987, p. 35).
Many different creative interventions can be used in individual and group
counseling, including visual art, music, imagery, dance and movement, drama and
puppetry, therapeutic writing, storytelling, and bibliotherapy. Counseling techniques
using these expressive forms have been described elsewhere by several authors (see
Gladding, 1998; Hobday & Ollier, 1999; Kaduson & Schaefer, 1997; Muro & Kottman,
1995; Vernon, 1999b). In this chapter, the focus is on examples of activities associated
with three creative categories: visual arts, music, and creative writing and storytelling.
The examples selected to represent each category describe only a few of the numerous
ways creative interventions can be used by professional school counselors to enhance the
counseling process. Some of the activities are familiar and have been documented in
other texts. Other activities have evolved through ongoing work with young people in
school and community settings. Most of the interventions can be adapted according to
students developmental levels. Whereas some are more appropriate for individual
counseling and others for group experiences, many can be used in both situations,
depending on the issue being addressed.
About Me
The purpose of this activity is to help build a therapeutic relationship and give
students an opportunity to describe themselves using artistic media. It can be used
effectively with students of all ages and is particularly useful in initial counseling
sessions, either with individuals or groups.
To begin the activity, students are invited to decoratively write their names in the
center of a piece of poster board or construction paper. The counselor then asks the
students to draw or select magazine pictures that describe different aspects of themselves,
including strengths, interests, relationships, or other characteristics they want to reveal at
that point. For students who seem stuck, or unsure about what to draw, it may be helpful
to provide prompting questions. Examples include:
Decorating My Bag
This activity can be used with students of all ages and, like the previously
described activity, is particularly helpful in the beginning stage of group counseling. The
exercise of decorating and displaying bags requires group members to cut out pictures
representing themselves from magazines or newspapers. They then paste or tape these
pictures, along with other representative symbols, on the outside of their bags. Also, as
part of the exercise, they put loose pictures and symbols that they are not yet ready to
share inside the bags.
After completing the activity, students introduce themselves to one another by
describing themselves in relation to the pictures and symbols on the outside of the bags.
During subsequent sessions, as trust is developed, students are given opportunities to
share materials on the inside of the bags, providing a way to help group members make
covert parts of their lives more overt as time and desire allow (Gladding, 1997).
As a variation, the exercise can be introduced during the termination phase of
group counseling. On the outside of their bags, students paste pictures representing
positive changes they have made as a result of group work. On the inside of the bags,
they place pictures describing areas in which they are continuing to grow and develop.
Rather than selecting pictures from magazines, the students may choose to draw symbols
representing issues and changes. As with any group activity, the counselor is responsible
for sensitively processing the experience with the group members. Through processing,
students are provided opportunities to articulate personal changes they have made and
affirm changes made by others.
Feel Wheel
Professional elementary school counselors frequently use games, books, and
drawing activities to help children recognize, express, and talk about their feelings. A
simple visual art activity that facilitates the discussion of feelings involves asking
children to draw faces reflecting different emotions (e.g., glad, sad, worried, mad) and
then to talk about times they experienced those feelings. Instead of drawing the faces, the
students may prefer to mold them out of clay. Another option is to use a dry-erase board
and play a guessing game with the students, leading to further discussion of feelings,
thoughts, and behaviors.
An expanded version of drawing feelings, called the Feel Wheel, is described by
Hobday and Ollier (1999). Children draw a circle on a paper plate or a piece of paper and
divide it into eight pie sections. Each section is labeled with a different emotion, with
pictures drawn to accompany each one. The counselor then describes different situations
involving either the child or a fictional character and asks the child to determine how the
character would feel. Alternatively, the counselor can ask children to describe or draw
times they or other people have experienced those particular emotions.
The Volcano
Many young people who participate in counseling in schools struggle with anger
issues. The Volcano (White, 1998), which is especially applicable at the elementary and
middle school levels, is an activity designed to help students with anger management. It
can be introduced in individual or group counseling.
To begin the activity, the counselor asks students to share what they know about
why volcanoes erupt. (Eruptions are the sudden escape of high-pressure volcanic gas
from magma inside the volcano.) Students are invited to draw a volcano, and the
counselor explains how explosive volcanic eruptions are similar to the way people
sometimes erupt when they are angry. Students draw steam and lava coming out of their
volcanoes and write in words describing harmful ways people sometimes blow their
tops in anger (e.g., hurting self or others, cursing, yelling). Next, they are asked to think
about stressful or troublesome things in their lives that might contribute to a buildup of
pressure inside their volcanoes. To avoid explosions, students are instructed to draw
several vents leading from the pressure sources to the outside of the volcanoes. The
drawing of the vents generates a discussion of healthy ways people can vent or get rid of
angry feelings. Examples might include deep breathing, self-talk, counting to 10, physical
exercise, and listening to music. To conclude the activity, the counselor asks students to
choose one or two vents they will use during the upcoming week to help them avoid
angry explosions (see Figure 101).
Three Wishes
This activity, described by Denny (1977) and Orton (1997), is especially
appropriate for elementary school children and can be used for assessment or goal setting.
It can be employed effectively in both individual and group counseling. To begin the
activity, the counselor asks children to draw or paint pictures of three wishes. Depending
on the situation, the counselor may choose to ask the child to think of wishes related to a
particular setting, such as school or home. After the drawings are complete, the counselor
talks with the child about the strength of the wishes, whether they are attainable, and
MUSIC INTERVENTIONS
Throughout history, music has played an important role in nurturing and healing
(Gladding, 1998; Price, Rexroad, & Stephens, 1985). Noted for its therapeutic
capabilities, music can be used to capture attention, elicit memories, soothe,
communicate feelings, and create or intensify moods (Bowman, 1987). For some
individuals, the act of listening to music can enhance self-awareness, reduce anxiety, and
provide a springboard for discussing feelings and experiences. For others, performing or
creating music can energize, provide emotional release, and promote self-awareness and
well-being (Gladding, 1998; McClellan, 1994).
As a counseling approach, the use of music can be especially effective with
children and adolescents (Newcomb, 1994). Younger children seem to love music and
spontaneously sing, listen, or play music-like instruments. Their natural affinity for music
can be used to promote fun, learning, good feelings, and bonding among children from
diverse backgrounds (Crabbs, Crabbs, & Wayman, 1986). Adolescents, too, typically
have an affinity for music, although their interests may be expressed in ways that differ
from those of younger children. For many teenagers, listening to CDs, playing in a band,
and composing songs are activities that promote self-expression as well as enjoyment
(Gladding, 1998).
Listening to Music
Lyrics
Whereas sometimes the rhythm and melody attract children and adolescents to
particular songs, other times it is the lyrics, or a combination of lyrics, rhythm, and
melody. Professional school counselors can use the lyrics in music to promote individual
and group counseling in several different ways. For example, counselors might ask older
children or adolescents to bring in CDs or tapes containing lyrics that reflect some of the
issues with which they are dealing. (Due to the explicit nature of some lyrics, it might be
necessary to set limits in advance about types of music that may be brought to the
counseling session.) After listening to the portion of the song selected by the student, the
counselor facilitates discussion about how the music was meaningful. What thoughts,
feelings, or memories did it evoke? The counselor can help the student process his or her
responses to the music, providing an impetus for self-exploration and growth.
An alternative to asking students to select one representative song is to have them
create a music collage by recording short music segments that reflect their lives in some
way. The segments may be chosen because the student likes the music or because of the
meaningful lyrics. The final result is a collage of musical pieces with an identity and
feeling of its own. Listening to the students tapes can reveal unique perspectives and
promote further exploration (Bowman, 1987).
During the adjourning stage of group counseling, music can be particularly
effective. When a group is nearing closure, goals include helping students reflect on past
experiences in the group, evaluate what was learned, acknowledge feelings, and articulate
decisions for new ways of behaving. Ideally, as a result of the group experience,
members know themselves and each other on a deeper level. Song lyrics can help them
express either what they have experienced in the group or specific ways they have
changed. Students play the portions of the songs they have selected and talk about their
reasons for selecting them. Afterward, the counselor helps process the activity by
pointing out common themes and encouraging members to share their responses to songs
brought in by other students.
At times it is helpful for the counselor to select music for the session. The
selection should be based on counseling goals, taking into account the students
preferences and needs. For example, the song Change Your Mind, by Sister Hazel
(2000), describes the importance of changing ones thought processes when youre tired
of doing battle with yourself. Playing the song and talking about the lyrics is one way to
enhance a cognitive-based approach to counseling, which focuses on changing
maladaptive thinking patterns to improve emotional well-being.
Stress Reduction
Students of all ages can benefit from learning ways to relax when they feel
anxious or uptight. One way to teach relaxation is to ask young people to select soothing
music to bring to the counseling session. Using guided imagery or progressive relaxation
in conjunction with the music can enhance the process of helping students reduce
The various ways music can be used to enhance the counseling process are limited only
by the creativity and skill of the counselor.
Scriptotherapy
Scriptotherapy is a term coined by Riordan (1996) to denote the many different
forms of writing that are used in counseling. Writing for preventive and therapeutic
purposes has a notable history. Since the 1940s, workers in the helping professions have
incorporated activities such as journaling, autobiographical expression, and the writing of
stories and poems into their work with clients (LAbate, 1999). Although much of the
research on the effectiveness of expressive writing interventions is anecdotal rather than
empirical, evidence of the therapeutic benefits of expressive writing is substantial
(Riordan, 1996; Wenz & McWhirter, 1990).
Scriptotherapy can facilitate counseling processes that emphasize catharsis, the
acceptance of emotions, and the objectification of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
Writing is an expressive act that offers a medium through which emotions can be
analyzed and integrated in a personal way (Brand, 1987). Free forms of writing, such as
poetry, elicit the writers unique subjective perceptions and encourage emotional selfsearching. Conceivably, writing brings about healing sooner and with equal or greater
intensity than counseling without writing (Riordan, 1996). Written expression also
provides concrete evidence of an individuals involvement in the counseling process.
Professional school counselors can incorporate therapeutic writing interventions
directly into their counseling sessions or give students assignments to be completed
between sessions. As with the use of other expressive arts, the types of activities
implemented are limited only by the counselors imagination and skill and the students
preferences.
Writing interventions can be structured or unstructured. Journaling is an example
of an unstructured therapeutic writing activity that is frequently prescribed as homework
(Gladding, 1998). Examples of more structured creative writing activities include life-
review exercises, letter writing, therapeutic fairy tales, and specific group exercises.
Journaling
For some students, the process of writing on a regular basis about life
experiences and processes can be therapeutic. Journal writing can take several forms,
including poetic reflections, daily logs, stream-of-consciousness responses, and
semistructured writing sprints (Bradley & Gould, 1999). People often express a desire to
keep journals, but frequently end up not doing so (Gladding, 1998). To help students who
are interested in journal writing, Adams (1994) offered several suggestions. One
suggestion is for students to prepare themselves in advance for the writing process.
Preparation may include selecting an aesthetically appealing space or creating an
atmosphere for reflection by playing music or progressively relaxing.
Another way counselors can encourage students to engage in journal writing is by
prescribing the five-minute writing sprint (Adams, 1994; Gladding, 1998).To
participate in the five-minute writing sprint, the student sets a timer for five minutes and
then begins writing about anything he or she wishes. During the five minutes, the writing
instrument must be continually in motion, even if that means doodling. When the time is
up, the student stops writing and then reads and reflects upon what was written. At times,
it may be helpful to provide students with a list of possible writing starters, such as I
wish, When I was angry, A big decision, or The best/worst thing about today. On
other occasions, a less structured approach may be preferred. Gladding (1998) suggested
that students write one day and then reflect upon what was written the next day to
increase their motivation and mindfulness.
Life-review Exercises
Whereas journal writing is often used to help students reflect upon what is going
on in their lives in the present, life-review exercises help them reflect upon past
experiences and future possibilities. Many forms of life-review can be used
therapeutically by professional school counselors. For example, Hobday and Ollier
(1999) described an activity called My Life So Far. The activity may take several
sessions and can include illustrations as well as written descriptions of significant events
in students lives. Students are asked to think about noteworthy events they have
experienced and remember the feelings associated with them. The review, which is a type
of autobiography, should include as much information from as many different times in
the students life as possible, including early memories as well as the more recent past
(Gladding, 1998). Events are described on separate pages and need not be recorded
chronologically. Hobday and Ollier stated, It is less of an emotional load for the child if
you move from difficult times to good times (p. 149). At the end of the activity,
counselors help students assemble the pages chronologically into a book or folder. When
they review the book together, counselors encourage students to look for themes,
patterns, and strengths.
Instead of focusing on a broad time span, the counselor may choose to focus on
specific difficult situations the student has faced. For example, counselors can encourage
students to create illustrated texts about traumatic or painful experiences. The Pain
Getting Better Book is an example of an intervention of this nature (Mills & Crowley,
1986). Students objectify painful experiences by drawing or sketching representations of
what happened. Next, they write about what they experienced and how they currently
view the situation. To help students recognize their personal strengths and resources,
counselors encourage them to write or talk about what helped them overcome or cope
with what was experienced.
Letter Writing
An activity that has been referenced many times in the literature and has a wide
range of applications is letter writing (Riordan, 1996). Letter writing can take a variety of
forms, including counselor-client correspondence, letters written to specific individuals,
and letters written to abstract concepts such as anger, grief, or fear.
Counselors working with individuals or groups of students who have experienced
the loss of a loved one can use letter writing to help children accept the loss, remember
the one who died, and articulate feelings surrounding the loss. The child is invited to
write a letter to the person who died, describing what he or she misses most about the
person and what life is like without them. To illustrate this process, Bradley & Gould
(1999) provided a case study about a young girl, Sarah, whose grandfather had died. She
felt sad because she missed him and had not been able to tell him goodbye. To help with
the grief process, the counselor suggested that Sarah write her grandfather a letter,
expressing all the things she hadnt gotten to say. After Sarah wrote the letter, she read it
to the counselor and said, Its not as good as telling him in person, but I think he could
hear me (p. 93). Over the course of the next few weeks, Sarah wrote several more letters
to her grandfather and, through that process and other interventions, began to come to
terms with her grandfathers death.
Letter writing can be especially helpful for students who are angry about
particular issues. For example, an adolescent might be encouraged to write a letter to a
parent with whom he is having trouble communicating. Or a child might write a letter to
an absent parent, expressing her wish to see the parent more frequently. In cases of abuse,
the child can write a letter to the offender, sharing feelings about the abuse. In most
cases, letters are not mailed to the recipients but instead are used to provide a way for the
student to recognize and express feelings and explore ways to cope more effectively.
set the scene in a place and time far away from the here and now;
b.
c.
In what ways are you like the main character in the story? In what ways
compare with the way you typically solve problems? (Gladding, 1998)
As the student reads the fairy tale, the counselor should pay attention to the use of
symbolic or metaphoric language. Metaphors provide insight into how students view the
world and understand experiences. Counselors can continue using these metaphors with
the child or adolescent to express empathic understanding (Bowman, 1995).
Group Exercises
Written exercises can be particularly valuable in group counseling (Jacobs, 1992).
Carefully selected exercises can help group members become more involved and
prevent them from feeling put on the spot. Written activities provide material for
discussion and give students opportunities for rehearsal and insight (Wenz & McWhirter,
1990).
Sentence completion exercises can facilitate movement through the different
stages of the group process. For example, during the forming stage, members might be
asked to complete the following sentences:
In a new group, I feel __________.
When people first meet me, they __________.
In this group, I am most afraid that __________. (Jacobs, 1992)
During conflictual or storming stages, students can respond to sentence stems such as:
I feel annoyed when the leader _____________.
When people remain silent, I feel _____________.
An effective way to help members put closure on group processes is to create a
collaborative poem by reflecting on changes they have experienced in the group. The
sentence stem may be as simple as
I __________.
Gladding (1997, p. 93) shared the following example to illustrate collaborative group
poetry writing:
students draw a personal logo, describe it in a story, and then share the picture and story
with the group. Students are asked to play with doodles they have always enjoyed
drawing until they develop a symbol that feels right for them. After creating a logo, each
group member is encouraged to write a story about it. The story may take the form of a
fairy tale, a poem, or some other literary creation of the students own choosing. Students
then share their logos and stories with the group. The counselor helps members notice
common themes while facilitating the discussion of thoughts, feelings, and insights
generated by the exercise.
Another written activity for groups is the Epigram. Epigrams are short, witty
sayings or quotations that can be used to highlight important issues for individual group
members (Wenz & McWhirter, 1990). Group leaders invite students to select an epigram
and then write about the personal meaning it has for them. Wenz and McWhirter
suggested, Do not search too hard for the perfect onelet it find you. Copy it on a fresh
piece of paper, then begin to explore and write and wonder about it . . . (p. 40). In the
group, students share their epigrams and selections of their personal writings that they
choose to read aloud. Counselors help them process what was shared so that members
can transfer their insights and learnings to their lives outside of the group (Kees &
Jacobs, 1990).
Using written exercises in groups can facilitate trust building and affiliation,
generate energy and excitement, and clarify issues and concerns. Sentence completion
activities, the Personal Logo, and Epigrams are just a few of the many written exercises
that can be implemented to enhance the group process.
Storytelling
For young children and students who have an aversion to writing, counseling
interventions such as those just described may not be appropriate. Instead, a more
effective creative intervention for these students is storytelling. Storytelling can take
many forms, including the presentation of therapeutic metaphors by the counselor
(Kottman, 1995), narrative construction (White & Epston, 1990), and mutual storytelling
(Gardner, 1971, 1975; Kottman, 1995). In this section, attention will be directed toward
the art of mutual storytelling.
b.
c.
d.
How does the child view self, others, and the world?
e.
f.
g.
conflict?
h.
After reflecting upon these questions, the counselor retells the story, without moralizing,
CONCLUSIONS
Counseling interventions using expressive arts provide engaging and effective
ways for professional school counselors to facilitate change in children and adolescents.
The visual arts, music, and therapeutic writing and storytelling represent three of the
many categories of expressive arts that can be used to help students prevent and resolve
problems. Other creative art forms that reach students in ways that go beyond simply
talking include imagery, dance, drama, puppetry, games, and play.
In this chapter, specific ways to implement visual arts, music, scriptotherapy, and
storytelling into the counseling process have been explored. These creative interventions
enable students to communicate emotions and concerns in unique ways. They foster
different ways of viewing the world and consequently facilitate the development of new
perspectives and alternatives for behaving. By selecting interventions carefully, based on
students developmental levels, counseling goals, and personal preferences, professional
school counselors can expand their repertoire of procedures that can be employed
effectively to promote choice and change.
Figure 101
The Volcanocounseling interventions using expressive arts
Figure 102