Strain Hardening and Annealing

Cold Working - deforming of a metal at low

temperatures and strengthening by dislocation
formation.

Hot Working - deforming a metal at high

temperatures (above the metals recrystallization
temperature). No strengthening.

Annealing - a heat treatment that eliminates the

effects of cold working.
ENGR45 Materials Engineering
Spring 04

Stress-Strain Curve &

Cold Working
Strain-Hardening - occurs when the applied stress
exceeds the original yield strength.

ENGR45 Materials Engineering

Spring 04

Strain-Hardening Mechanisms
The strengthening of a metal during
deformation is a result of the increase in
dislocations.
Dislocations formed during cold working
strengthen a metal by storing some of the
energy applied, in the form of residual stress.
Frank-Read source is a dislocation generating
mechanism.
ENGR45 Materials Engineering
Spring 04

Edge Dislocations

Screw Dislocations

ENGR45 Materials Engineering

Spring 04

Material Properties & Cold Working

As the percent of Cold
Working increases:
Tensile strength - increases
Yield strength - increases
Ductility - decreases
Electrical conductivity - decreases
Corrosion resistance - decreases
ENGR45 Materials Engineering
Spring 04

Hot Working
Deformation is performed above a metals
recrystallization temperature.
Continuous recrystallization occurs during
hot working.
No strengthening occurs during deformation
by hot working.
ENGR45 Materials Engineering
Spring 04

Annealing
The elimination of the
effects of cold working
by heat treatment

Recovery
Recrystallization
Grain Growth
ENGR45 Materials Engineering
Spring 04