12/26/2010

Log based WBS

Vamegh Rasouli

Build Mechanical Model of the Earth

This shows mechanical properties of different layers,
stresses magnitude & direction & Pore Pressure
A log based model is presented here, which is used
for WBS analysis

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Mechanical Model can have usefulness during different

stages of oilfield activities

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Sources of data used to build a Mechanical Model & calibrate it

Process of building a Mechanical Model

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Grain support
Clay support

Grain/clay support characteristics

Grain support
Clay support

QC: Gamma Ray Log

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Available logs
Density
(g/cm3)

Density log is
usually available
for reservoir
section
ti
Density log is
extrapolated for
overburden
Cutting density
is used as a
calibration

Available logs
Sonic logs
(m/s)

shear

Sonic logs (specially shear)

is vital to Geomechanics
study & strongly advised to
acquired

compression

Sonic logs usually run

across reservoir section. If
needed can be extrapolated
to overburden, but implies
uncertainty
If no shear log available, it
can be estimated from
compression through
experimental relations
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Estimate Elastic Properties

Empirical relations to estimate Dynamic elastic properties (Youngs
modulus, Bulk modulus, Shear modulus & Poissons ratio) from sonic logs

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Estimate Elastic Properties

Dynamic Shear & Bulk Modulus can be estimated from dynamic Youngs
Modulus:

Gdyn

K dyn

Edyn

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Edyn

3 1 2

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Estimate Elastic Properties

Static elastic properties are less than Dynamic values (up to about 40%)
& can be estimated through empirical relations or correlations obtained
through laboratory sample data

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Estimate Elastic Properties

Youngs modulus
(GPa)

Poissons ratio

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Estimate Elastic Properties

Youngs modulus
(GPa)

Poissons ratio

Calibration against lab

test data on cores

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Estimate rock strength

Empirical relations to estimate UCS for sandstones

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Estimate rock strength

Empirical relations to estimate UCS for shales

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Estimate rock strength

Empirical relations to estimate UCS for carbonates & limestones

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Estimate rock strength

UCS
(MPa)

Calibration against lab

test data on cores
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Estimate stresses

In situ stresses (v, h, H) will

change to induced stress after
drilling the wellbore (r, , r)

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Estimate stresses (vertical or overburden)

Kirchs equations is used to calculate induced stresses induced at
distance r, from a borehole (radius R) in an elastic medium (P=Pw-Pp):

__

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Estimate stresses (vertical or overburden)

Vertical stress is simply estimated from density log
Sv
(MPa)

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Estimate stresses (Max & Min horizontal)

Assuming poroelastic behavoiur, horizontal stresses can be
calculated from Poissons ratio, horizontal strains, fluid pressure &
Biot factor:

Biot factor ()

Kb & Kg are Bulk modulus of a porous drained rock & intact rock,
respectively. Biot factor is zero for an intact medium & tends towards
unity for a highly porous medium
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Estimate stresses (Max & Min horizontal)

Sh
(MPa)

In practice, firstly it is
assumed that x=y, then Sh is
estimated & calibrated against
LOT or FIT data (if any
available). If not a good match
obtained the ratio of x/y is
changed & Sh is recalculated
until a good match is obtained.
This is an estimation of the
stress anisotropy in the filed
It is difficult to calibrate SH,
usually it is checked against
WBS results
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Estimate stresses (Max & Min horizontal)

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Estimate horizontal stress direction

Hydraulic fractures generally
occur in the maximum principal
stress direction around the
wellbore, where the hoop stress
i ttensional
is
i
l
In a vertical well, the hydraulic
fracture direction indicates the
direction of the maximum
horizontal stress
Drilling induced hydraulic
fracture direction can be
identified from the image logs

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Estimate horizontal stress direction

Shear failure

Tensile failure
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Estimate stresses (Pore Pressure)

PP can be estimated through empirical relations exist with sonic,
density, resistivity, logs
Most often, in sandstone, Eaton equation, which relates PP to
compression sonic data is used
Estimated PP log is calibrated against pressure test data obtained
from MDT
There is not a good relation exist for carbonates. Local correlations to
be used & calibrated

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Estimate stresses (Pore Pressure)

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Failure modes
Effective stresses around a borehole (borehole parallel to principal
stresses) in an elastic medium:

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Failure modes
Tensile Failure: when hoop stress becomes tensile & exceeds tensile
strength of rock. This could be due to a high wellbore pressure or a
big difference between principal stresses normal to wellbore axis
F t
Fracture
criterion
it i can be
b considered
id d as when
h 3=0
0

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Failure modes
Shear Failure:

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Failure modes
Shear Failure:

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Failure modes
Shear Failure:
Mohr-Coulomb criterion

F=UCS
F
UCS,
N=(1+sin)/(1-sin)
S0: Cohesion
: friction angle
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Failure modes
Shear Failure:

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Choose proper MW to avoid failure

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WBS analysis

MW used is
insufficient at
some intervals,
causing shear
failure. Caliper
data confirms this

Results are
calibrated
against
Caliper data

FMI or other
images can
also be
used for
calibration
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Effect of wellbore deviation & Azimuth on

stability

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Effect of wellbore deviation & Azimuth on

stability
Losses

Tensile failure

Shear failure
Kick

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