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1.0 SCOPE
This specification covers machine 1D and 3D pipe bends (made at ambient temperatures).
Substituting pipe bends for butt welded elbows will provide piping with higher integrity, faster
fabrication, and lower cost.
Pipe bends are classified according to the centerline radius (CLR) of the bend as a ratio to the
nominal pipe diameter. For example, 4" N.P.S. pipe which is bent on a 6" CLR is classified as a
1D Bend (1 times the nominal pipe diameter). When bent on a 12" CLR, the bend is
classified as 3D.
2.2 1D Bends
Most cold bends are made on a 1D radius. The major reason for choosing 1D is that it is
interchangeable with long radius butt weld elbows (a 4" Long Radius 90Elbow is 6" center-toface). As a result, drawings do not need to be changed to permit bending. When modifying an
existing pre-formed system, a standard weld fitting can be used or vice versa.
2.3 3D Bends
As an alternative to 1D bending, when flow restriction may be a concern, 3D bend radii may be
utilized. Studies have also indicated potential energy savings using larger bend radii. 3D Bending
may require special design consideration.
4.0 MATERIALS
4.1 Carbon Steels
Carbon steel pipe is suitable for machine cold bending without heat treatment to the bend radius
limits indicated in the following table.
A587ERW
A-53 Grade
BSeamless
Cold Bending
1-1/2D
3D - 6D
3D - 6D
3D - 6D
Heat Treatment
Hot Finished
Hot Finished
48,000
60,000
60,000
60,000
30,000
35,000
35,000
35,000
40
30
30
30
Carbon % Max.
0.15
0.3
0.3
0.3
Manganese %
1.20 Max.
0.27 - 1.06
Sulpher % Max.
0.058
0.06
0.06
0.058
Phosphorous % Max.
0.048
0.05
0.05
0.048
Aluminum % Min.
0.02
Not Specified
Not Specified
0.10 Min.
Silicon
Grain Size
Fine Grain
Not Controlled
Not
Controlled
Not Controlled
ASME B31.3 - 93
Allowable Stress Values
KIPS / Sq. In.
-20 deg. F to 400 deg. F
13.60
20.00
17.00
20.00
4.2 Alloys
Alloy pipe suitable for machine cold bending without heat treatment to 1D or 3D bend radius.
All other materials should be inquired.
ALLOY
SPECIFICATION
Stainless Steel
Nickel Alloys
Aluminum
Titanium
Grade 1, Grade 2
Zirconium
702 Grade
Monel, Inconel, and Incoloy are trademarks of Inco Alloys International, Inc. Hastelloy is
the trademark of Haynes International
Degree of bend is to be held to plus or minus 1 degree. Overall spool length will be held to plus
or minus 1/8 inch. All centerline-to-centerline or centerline-to-end face dimensions will be plus
or minus 1/8 inch. (See FIG. 2)
For 3D Bending
5.5 Wrinkling
Light wall stainless coupled with pipe wall variation near the outer limits of mill specifications
may occasionally wrinkle. (See FIG. 4) In these cases, peak to valley depth will be limited to:
Pipe Size
Max. Depth
1/2" - 2"
1/32"
3"
3/64"
4"
1/16"
6"
3/32"
PIPE RADIUS
90
DEG. BENDS
45
SIZE R
1/2"
*
1-1/2"
57"
1/2"
7"
3/4"
*
1-1/2"
57"
1/2"
1" *
1-1/2"
11/2"
*
DEG. BENDS
F
4-5/8" 6"
5-1/4"
6-1/8"
7"
4-5/8" 6"
5-1/4"
6-1/8"
57"
1/2"
7"
4-5/8" 6"
5-1/4"
6-1/8"
2-1/4"
8"
10-1/4"
66"
11/16"
7-5/8"
815/16"
2"
3"
11" 8"
14"
9-1/4"
61/2"
10-1/2"
121/4"
21/2"
3-3/4"
1310"
3/4"
17-1/2"
119/16"
73/4"
13-1/8"
155/16"
3"
4-1/2"
1312"
1/2"
18"
107/8"
9"
12-3/4"
153/8"
4"
6"
1614"
1/4"
22-1/4"
123/4"
93/4"
15-1/4"
183/4"
8"
B or E - Flanged End
C, F, G - Center-to-Center
PIPE RADIUS
90
DEG. BENDS
45
DEG. BENDS
SIZE R
1/2"
*
1-1/2"
57"
1/2"
7"
3/4"
*
2-1/4"
1" *
3"
7"
11/2"
*
4-1/2"
2"
6"
14"
21/2"
7-1/2"
3"
9"
18" 16"
27"
12- 102116-1/2"
3/4" 11/16"
3/4"
4"
12"
2219"
1/2"
34-1/4"
1512"
1/4"
6"
18"
3134"
1/2"
51-1/2" 21"
6-7/8" 10"
14-3/4"
1020"
15/16"
46"
5/8"
5-1/4"
61/8"
56"
1/4"
6-1/2"
81/4"
76-1/2" 9-1/2"
5/8"
121/8"
161/2"
231/2"
13"
20-1/4"
271/4"
30-1/2" 1"
B or E - Flanged End
C, F, G - Center-to-Center
arithmetic, you find that the strain = r/R where r is the distance from the centroid of the section
and R is the radius of curvature of the deflection curve. Since stress = strain x elastic modulus
you get your formula by substituting y/R for strain so Sb = Es x r/R which is your formula. /
I am not able to figure out how the r/R can be treated as the strain.
The basic equation on bending being, M/I = f/y = E/R, where f is stress and y is the distance
from neutral axis. Equating the last 2, R = Ey/f, rewritten as R = ED/2f, D being the OD of the
pipe
/The formula simply states that the stress due to
deformation of the pipe under applied transverse load depends on the elastic modulus, the
outside radius of the pipe and the radius of the deflection curve. The assumptions are that the
pipe is straight and remains elastic when it curves and that the material behavior is linear and
elastic. It doesn't account for local buckling under compressive bending stress--you have to
figure that separately--and it doesn't apply to the process of forming elbows or other bends from
straight pipe.
If you want to figure what the radius of curvature is, you need to know the loading and support
conditions for the pipe run and the cross-sectional properties for the pipe itself. Again using
elementary strength of materials, the radius of curvature of the pipe is the elastic modulus x
moment of inertia)/ bending moment = Es x I/ M. As a results you get Sb = (Es x r)(M/Es x I) =
Mr/I. This is the usual bending stress formula for a pipe run supported at intervals.
I don't have a copy of B31.8 so I don't know why they specified the bending stress is terms of R
rather than the bending moment, M. Could be there are layouts where a radius of curvature is
assumed in design, but the radius of curvature isn't necessarily constant for any loading
condition.
/I am quoting a calculation on permissible elastic bend limits from the
Aramco pipeline standard AES-L-450 referencing ASME B31.4 para 419.6.4 stress values
26-inch OD pipe, 6.35 mm wall, Grade X52
D = 0.660 m, E = 200 000 MPa, SMYS = 358.5 MPa
Design factor 0.72, maximum temperature 77C, minimum tie-in temperature 38C.
_Calculation_:
Sh (Hoop stress)
SMYS
=
0.72
258.1 MPa
St (Temperature stress)
38)
= 91.3 MPa
Sc (Max. combined stress)
SMYS
= 322.6 MPa
=
=
2.34 (77 -
0.9 *
Sc - 0.7 Sh =
1300 m
0.0115
=
0.0044
=
0.0071