Linearity and Superposition PDF

4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and
dependent sources
Single Unknown Source

Superposition and Power
Proportionality
Summary
4: Linearity and Superposition
E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)
Linearity and Superposition: 4 1 / 9
Linearity Theorem
4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and
Suppose we use variables instead of fixed values for all of the independent
voltage and current sources. We can then use nodal analysis to find all
node voltages in terms of the source values.
dependent sources

Proportionality
Summary
Linearity Theorem
4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and
dependent sources

Proportionality
Summary
(1) Label all the nodes
Linearity Theorem
4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and
dependent sources

Proportionality
Summary
(2) KCL equations
XU1
+ X1 + XY
2
3
Y X
+ (U2 ) = 0
3
=0
Linearity Theorem
4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and
dependent sources

Proportionality
Summary
(2) KCL equations
XU1
+ X1 + XY
2
3
Y X
+ (U2 ) = 0
3
=0
(3) Solve for the node voltages
X = 31 U1 + 23 U2 ,
Y = 13 U1 +
11
3 U2
Linearity Theorem
4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and
dependent sources

Proportionality
Summary
(2) KCL equations
XU1
+ X1 + XY
2
3
Y X
+ (U2 ) = 0
3
=0
X = 31 U1 + 23 U2 ,
Y = 13 U1 +
11
3 U2
Steps (2) and (3) never involve multiplying two source values together, so:
Linearity Theorem
4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and
dependent sources

Proportionality
Summary
(2) KCL equations
XU1
+ X1 + XY
2
3
Y X
+ (U2 ) = 0
3
=0
X = 31 U1 + 23 U2 ,
Y = 13 U1 +
11
3 U2
Linearity Theorem: For any circuit containing resistors and independent
voltage and current sources, every node voltage and branch current is a
P
linear function of the source values and has the form
ai Ui where the Ui
are the source values and the ai are suitably dimensioned constants.
Linearity Theorem
4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and
dependent sources

Proportionality
Summary
(2) KCL equations
XU1
+ X1 + XY
2
3
Y X
+ (U2 ) = 0
3
=0
X = 31 U1 + 23 U2 ,
Y = 13 U1 +
11
3 U2
Linearity Theorem: For any circuit containing resistors and independent
voltage and current sources, every node voltage and branch current is a
P
linear function of the source values and has the form
ai Ui where the Ui
are the source values and the ai are suitably dimensioned constants.
Also true for a circuit containing dependent sources providing their values
are sums of multiples of other voltages and/or currents in the circuit.
Zero-value sources
4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and
dependent sources
A zero-valued voltage source has zero volts

between its terminals for any current. It is
equivalent to a short-circuit or piece of wire
or resistor of 0 (or S).

Proportionality
Summary
Zero-value sources
4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and
dependent sources


Proportionality
Summary
Zero-value sources
4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and
dependent sources


Proportionality
Summary
A zero-valued current source has no current

flowing between its terminals. It is equivalent
to an open-circuit or a broken wire or a
resistor of (or 0 S).
Zero-value sources
4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and
dependent sources


Proportionality
Summary
A zero-valued current source has no current

flowing between its terminals. It is equivalent
to an open-circuit or a broken wire or a
resistor of (or 0 S).
Superposition
4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and
From the linearity theorem, we know that X = a1 U1 + a2 U2 so all we

need to do is find the values of a1 and a2 .
dependent sources

Proportionality
Summary
Superposition
4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and
dependent sources

Proportionality
Summary

If we set U2 = 0 then X = a1 U1 . For
U2 = 0 the current source becomes an open
circuit
Superposition
4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and
dependent sources

Proportionality
Summary

circuit
Superposition
4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and
dependent sources

Proportionality
Summary

circuit and now the 3 k resistor plays no part
in the circuit.
Superposition
4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and
dependent sources

Proportionality
Summary

in the circuit.
Superposition
4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and
dependent sources

Proportionality
Summary

in the circuit.
2 k and 1 k form a potential divider and so
1
1k
=
a1 = 2 k+1
k
3.
Superposition
4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and
dependent sources

Proportionality
Summary

in the circuit.
1
1k
=
a1 = 2 k+1
k
3.
U1 = 0 the voltage source becomes a short
circuit
Superposition
4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and
dependent sources

Proportionality
Summary

in the circuit.
1
1k
=
a1 = 2 k+1
k
3.
circuit
Superposition
4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and
dependent sources

Proportionality
Summary

in the circuit.
1
1k
=
a1 = 2 k+1
k
3.
circuit and the 2 k and 1 k are in parallel.
k
2
2 k||1 k = 22 k1
k+1 k = 3 k.
Superposition
4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and
dependent sources

Proportionality
Summary

in the circuit.
1
1k
=
a1 = 2 k+1
k
3.
k
2
2 k||1 k = 22 k1
k+1 k = 3 k.
Now X = 32 U2 and so a2 = 23 .
Superposition
4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and
dependent sources

Proportionality
Summary

in the circuit.
1
1k
=
a1 = 2 k+1
k
3.
k
2
2 k||1 k = 22 k1
k+1 k = 3 k.
Now X = 32 U2 and so a2 = 23 .
Combining these two gives X = a1 U1 + a2 U2 = 13 U1 + 23 U2 .
Superposition
4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and
dependent sources

Proportionality
Summary

in the circuit.
1
1k
=
a1 = 2 k+1
k
3.
k
2
2 k||1 k = 22 k1
k+1 k = 3 k.
Now X = 32 U2 and so a2 = 23 .
Combining these two gives X = a1 U1 + a2 U2 = 13 U1 + 23 U2 .

Superposition: Any voltage or current in a circuit may be found by adding
up the values due to each of the independent sources in the circuit while
setting all the other independent sources to zero.
Superposition and dependent sources

4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and
A dependent source is one that is determined by the voltage and/or current

elsewhere in the circuit. Here V , Y X .
dependent sources

Proportionality
Summary

4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and
dependent sources

Proportionality
Summary

Step 1: Pretend all sources are independent
and use superposition to find expressions for
the node voltages:

4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and
dependent sources

Proportionality
Summary

the node voltages:
X = 10
3 U1
Y = 2U1

4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and
dependent sources

Proportionality
Summary

the node voltages:
X = 10
3 U1 + 2U2
Y = 2U1 + 6U2

4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and
dependent sources

Proportionality
Summary

the node voltages:
1
X = 10
3 U1 + 2U2 + 6 V
Y = 2U1 + 6U2 + 21 V

4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and
dependent sources

Proportionality
Summary

the node voltages:
1
X = 10
3 U1 + 2U2 + 6 V
Y = 2U1 + 6U2 + 21 V
Step 2: Express the dependent source values in terms of node voltages:
V =Y X

4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and
dependent sources

Proportionality
Summary

the node voltages:
1
X = 10
3 U1 + 2U2 + 6 V
Y = 2U1 + 6U2 + 21 V
V =Y X
Step 3: Eliminate the dependent source values from the node voltage
equations:
1
X = 10
U
+
2U
+
1
2
3
6 (Y X)
Y = 2U1 + 6U2 + 21 (Y X))

4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and
dependent sources

Proportionality
Summary

the node voltages:
1
X = 10
3 U1 + 2U2 + 6 V
Y = 2U1 + 6U2 + 21 V
V =Y X
equations:
1
7
1
X = 10
U
+
2U
+
(Y
X)
1
2
3
6
6
6Y =
Y = 2U1 + 6U2 + 21 (Y X))
10
3 U1
+ 2U2

4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and
dependent sources

Proportionality
Summary

the node voltages:
1
X = 10
3 U1 + 2U2 + 6 V
Y = 2U1 + 6U2 + 21 V
V =Y X
equations:
1
7
1
10
X = 10
U
+
2U
+
(Y
X)
Y
=
1
2
3
6
6
6
3 U1 + 2U2
Y = 2U1 + 6U2 + 21 (Y X)) 12 X + 21 Y = 2U1 + 6U2

4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and
dependent sources

Proportionality
Summary

the node voltages:
1
X = 10
3 U1 + 2U2 + 6 V
Y = 2U1 + 6U2 + 21 V
V =Y X
equations:
1
7
1
10
X = 10
U
+
2U
+
(Y
X)
Y
=
1
2
3
6
6
6
3 U1 + 2U2
Y = 2U1 + 6U2 + 21 (Y X)) 12 X + 21 Y = 2U1 + 6U2
X = 3U1 + 3U2
Y = U1 + 9U2

4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and
dependent sources

Proportionality
Summary

the node voltages:
1
X = 10
3 U1 + 2U2 + 6 V
Y = 2U1 + 6U2 + 21 V
V =Y X
equations:
1
7
1
10
X = 10
U
+
2U
+
(Y
X)
Y
=
1
2
3
6
6
6
3 U1 + 2U2
Y = 2U1 + 6U2 + 21 (Y X)) 12 X + 21 Y = 2U1 + 6U2
X = 3U1 + 3U2
Y = U1 + 9U2
Note: This is an alternative to nodal anlysis: you get the same answer.

4: Linearity and
Superposition
Any current or voltage can be written X = a1 U1 + a2 U2 + a3 U3 + . . ..
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and
dependent sources

Proportionality
Summary

4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and

Suppose we know U2 = 6 mA.
dependent sources

Proportionality
Summary

4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and

dependent sources

Proportionality
Summary

4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and
dependent sources

Proportionality
Summary

Then X = 13 U1 + 23 U2 = 31 U1 + 4.

4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and
dependent sources

Proportionality
Summary

Then X = 13 U1 + 23 U2 = 31 U1 + 4.
If all the independent sources except for U1

have known fixed values, then
X = a1 U1 + b
where b = a2 U2 + a3 U3 + . . . .

4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and
dependent sources

Proportionality
Summary

Then X = 13 U1 + 23 U2 = 31 U1 + 4.
If all the independent sources except for U1

have known fixed values, then
X = a1 U1 + b
where b = a2 U2 + a3 U3 + . . . .
4.5
3.5
3
-2
This has a straight line graph.
-1
0
U1

4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and
dependent sources

Proportionality
Summary
The power absorbed (or dissipated) by a component always equals V I

where the measurement directions of V and I follow the passive sign
convention.
For a resistor V I =
V2
R
= I 2 R.

4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and
dependent sources

Proportionality
Summary

convention.
V2
R
= I 2 R.
Power in resistor is P =
(U1 +U2 )2
10
= 6.4 W

4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and
dependent sources

Proportionality
Summary

convention.
V2
R
= I 2 R.
(U1 +U2 )2
10
= 6.4 W
U12
10
= 0.9 W
Power due to U1 alone is P1 =

4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and
dependent sources

Proportionality
Summary

convention.
V2
R
= I 2 R.
(U1 +U2 )2
10
= 6.4 W
U12
10
= 0.9 W
U22
10
= 2.5 W

4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and
dependent sources

Proportionality
Summary

convention.
V2
R
= I 2 R.
(U1 +U2 )2
10
= 6.4 W
U12
10
= 0.9 W
U22
10
= 2.5 W
P 6= P1 + P2
Power does not obey superposition.

4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and
dependent sources

Proportionality
Summary

convention.
V2
R
= I 2 R.
(U1 +U2 )2
10
= 6.4 W
U12
10
= 0.9 W
U22
10
= 2.5 W
P 6= P1 + P2
You must use superposition to calculate the total V and/or the total I and
then calculate the power.
Proportionality
4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and
dependent sources

Proportionality
Summary
From the linearity theorem, all voltages and currents have the form
where the Ui are the values of the independent sources.
ai Ui
If you multiply all the independent sources by the same factor, k , then all
voltages and currents in the circuit will be multiplied by k .
The power dissipated in any component will be multiplied by k 2 .
Proportionality
4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and
dependent sources

Proportionality
Summary
From the linearity theorem, all voltages and currents have the form
where the Ui are the values of the independent sources.
ai Ui
If you multiply all the independent sources by the same factor, k , then all
voltages and currents in the circuit will be multiplied by k .
The power dissipated in any component will be multiplied by k 2 .
Special Case:
If there is only one independent source, U , then all voltages and currents
are proportional to U and all power dissipations are proportional to U 2 .
Summary
4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem: X =
ai Ui over all independent sources Ui
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and
dependent sources

Proportionality
Summary
Summary
4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and
dependent sources

Proportionality
Summary
Linearity Theorem: X = i ai Ui over all independent sources Ui

Superposition: sometimes simpler than nodal analysis, often more
insight.
Zero-value voltage and current sources
Dependent sources - treat as independent and add dependency
as an extra equation
Summary
4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and
dependent sources

Proportionality
Summary

insight.
If all sources are fixed except for U1 then all voltages and currents in
the circuit have the form aU1 + b.
Summary
4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and
dependent sources

Proportionality
Summary

insight.
Summary
4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and
dependent sources

Proportionality
Summary

insight.
Proportionality: multiplying all sources by k multiplies all voltages and
currents by k and all powers by k 2 .
Summary
4: Linearity and
Superposition
Linearity Theorem
Zero-value sources
Superposition
Superposition and
dependent sources

Proportionality
Summary

insight.
Proportionality: multiplying all sources by k multiplies all voltages and
currents by k and all powers by k 2 .
For further details see Irwin & Nelms Chapter 5.

Linearity and Superposition PDF

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4: Linearity and

Single Unknown Source

4: Linearity and Superposition

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Linearity and Superposition: 4 1 / 9

Single Unknown Source

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Linearity and Superposition: 4 2 / 9

Single Unknown Source

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Linearity and Superposition: 4 2 / 9

Single Unknown Source

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Linearity and Superposition: 4 2 / 9

Single Unknown Source

(3) Solve for the node voltages

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Linearity and Superposition: 4 2 / 9

Single Unknown Source

(3) Solve for the node voltages

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Linearity and Superposition: 4 2 / 9

Single Unknown Source

(3) Solve for the node voltages

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Linearity and Superposition: 4 2 / 9

Single Unknown Source

(3) Solve for the node voltages

Linearity and Superposition: 4 2 / 9

A zero-valued voltage source has zero volts

Single Unknown Source

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Linearity and Superposition: 4 3 / 9

A zero-valued voltage source has zero volts

Single Unknown Source

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Linearity and Superposition: 4 3 / 9

A zero-valued voltage source has zero volts

Single Unknown Source

A zero-valued current source has no current

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Linearity and Superposition: 4 3 / 9

A zero-valued voltage source has zero volts

Single Unknown Source

A zero-valued current source has no current

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Linearity and Superposition: 4 3 / 9

From the linearity theorem, we know that X = a1 U1 + a2 U2 so all we

Single Unknown Source

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Linearity and Superposition: 4 4 / 9

Single Unknown Source

From the linearity theorem, we know that X = a1 U1 + a2 U2 so all we

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Linearity and Superposition: 4 4 / 9

Single Unknown Source

From the linearity theorem, we know that X = a1 U1 + a2 U2 so all we

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Linearity and Superposition: 4 4 / 9

Single Unknown Source

From the linearity theorem, we know that X = a1 U1 + a2 U2 so all we

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2014-4121)

Linearity and Superposition: 4 4 / 9