Handbook of PVC Pipe Chap6 PDF

CHAPTER VI
SUPERIMPOSED LOADS
ON BURIED PIPE
Summary of Recommendations, Relationships, and Data
Relevant to the Evaluation of External Loads
on Buried PVC Pipe
173
HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE
CHAPTER VI
SUPERIMPOSED LOADS ON BURIED PIPE
Superimposed loads on buried PVC pipe fall into two categories earth loads and live loads. In the design of any buried piping system,
both categories of superimposed loads must be considered. In
accordance with common design practice, earth loads and live loads are
treated as separate design parameters.
Earth Loads: The first solution to the problem of soil-induced
loads on buried pipe was published by Professor Anson Marston at Iowa
State University in 1913. Since then, the Marston Theory of Loads on
Underground Conduits has been used in determination of loading on
buried pipe. Much of the work done on earth loading technology for
buried conduits throughout the world is related, in part, to Marston's
load theory.
FIGURE 6.1
DEVELOPMENT OF LOADS ON
RIGID PIPE IN TRENCHES
Where:
K'
Vh
Bd
the frictional force resisting settlement
174
CHAPTER VI - SUPERIMPOSED LOADS ON BURIED PIPE
KVh
Bd
Where: V
Bc
Bd
h
=
=
=
=
Cd
K
=
=
'
the force against the trench wall due to the

active lateral pressure
vertical pressure on any horizontal plane, lbs/Lft

outside diameter of pipe, ft
width of trench at top of pipe, ft
distance from ground surface down to any horizontal
plane in the backfill, ft
load coefficient for pipes installed in trenches
Rankine's ratio of active lateral pressure to vertical
pressure
coefficient of friction between the backfill and the
sides of the trench
change in h
The basic concept of the theory is that the load due to the weight of the
column of soil above a buried pipe is modified by the response of the pipe.
Marston's Load Theory may be summarized by referring to Figure 6.1.
The weight of the soil load seen or carried by the buried pipe is not simply
the weight of the soil column or prism that is above it (Bc x unit weight of
soil x h). The final load on the pipe actually depends on the relative
movement of columns of soil directly over the pipe and adjacent to the
pipe.
When the soil between the pipe and the trench wall (pipe zone) is more
compressible than the pipe, this causes the pipe to assume load generated
across the width of the trench. However, when pipe has the ability to
deflect without cracking, this produces a situation that allows the central
prism of soil (directly over the pipe) to settle more than the adjacent soil
prisms (between the pipe and the trench wall). This settlement produces
shearing forces which reduce the load on a flexible pipe to an amount less
than the weight of the prism directly over the pipe. Regardless of pipe
stiffness, as soil in the trench settles or moves downward compared to the
trench sidewall, friction forces are generated which act to reduce the
weight of the trench-wide soil column. Marston's Load Theory predicts
and accounts for these shearing forces.
Two cases of trench loading are shown in Figures 6.2 and 6.3.
175
FIGURE 6.2
SHEARING FORCES OVER RIGID
PIPE
Shearing Forces Increase the Load
FIGURE 6.3
SHEARING FORCES OVER FLEXIBLE
PIPE
Shearing Forces Decrease the Load

176
Marston recognized that most flexible conduits would fall into the
category where the load imposed on the pipe is less than the weight of the
prism of soil over the pipe. The flexibility of the pipe insured that the
relative prism settlement above the pipe would be greater than the side
column in nearly all cases. Rigid conduits, such as concrete pipe, fall into
the category where the prism above the pipe imposes a greater load than
the weight of the prism itself. The lack of flexibility in a rigid conduit
dictates that the relative settlement of the backfill will be greater on the
sides of the pipe than over the pipe.
The inherent differences of the two types of pipe are expressed in the
formulas Marston developed for calculating the earth loads imposed on
pipe buried in a trench. They are as follows:
EQUATION 6.1
EQUATION 6.2
Rigid
Flexible
Wc = CdwBdBd
Wc = CdwBdBc
Where: Wc
w
Bc
Bd
Cd
=
=
=
=
=
load on the pipe, lbs/Lft

unit weight of backfill, lbs/ft3
outside diameter of pipe, ft
width of trench at top of pipe, ft
load coefficient for conduits installed in trenches
Analysis of the two equations reveals that the ratio of the load on a
flexible pipe or conduit to the load on a rigid pipe or conduit is equal to
the ratio of diameter of the pipe to the width of the trench, for identical
conditions of installation.
EQUATION 6.3
CdwBd x Bd Bd
(Wc) Rigid
=
=
(Wc) Flexible CdwBd x Bc Bc
Therefore, if the trench is twice as wide as the pipe being buried (12 in
pipe in a 24 in wide trench), the load imposed on a rigid pipe will be twice
the load imposed on a flexible pipe, as indicated by the Marston equations.
When calculating loads on buried pipe, the term Cd must be determined
for particular installation conditions. Cd is a function of the ratio of fill
177
height (H) to trench width (Bd) and of the friction coefficient of the backfill
and the sides of the trench. Cd is computed as follows:
EQUATION 6.4
1 - e-2k'H/Bd
Cd =
2k'
Where:
e is the natural logarithm base

k = Rankine's ratio of lateral to vertical pressure
' = the coefficient of friction between backfill
material and sides of trench
A diagram has been developed (Figure 6.4) for various values of k '
and ratios H/Bd that eliminates the need for computation of Cd in most
instances. According to Marston's equation, the width of the trench
directly affects the loads imposed on flexible and rigid pipe. The height of
the backfill material and the trench width again appear in the Cd
computations.
An increasing width of trench does increase the load imposed on a
pipe, but the load does not continue to increase indefinitely. There is a
trench width for a given depth and size of pipe beyond which no
additional load is imposed on the pipe. This is called the "transition
width" and is a limiting value for calculating loads based on Marston's
trench formulas. At transition width and beyond, the loads can be
calculated using Marston's positive projecting conduit or "embankment"
equations. Embankment installation is realized if the top of the pipe
projects above the natural ground surface or is in a relatively wide trench
(beyond transition width). The maximum loads imposed on a pipe are
those obtained in the embankment mode of installation.
178
FIGURE 6.4 - VALUES OF Cd
Computation diagram for earth loads on trench conditions (completely buried in trenches).
SOURCE: GRAVITY SANITARY SEWER DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. "MANUALS & REPORTS
ON ENGINEERING PRACTICE NO. 60," AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS AND
"MANUAL OF PRACTICE FD-5," WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION, 1982.
179
Marston developed the following formula for computing loads on both

flexible and rigid positive-projecting conduits (embankment installation):
EQUATION 6.5
Wc = CcwBcBc
Where: Cc replaces Cd as the load coefficient, and
Bc appears twice to replace the Bd
The load coefficient Cc in this case depends on the projection ratio
(p), the settlement ratio (rsd), and the ratio of fill height (H) to pipe width
(not trench width) (Bc).
As in the case for Cd, a graph has been developed for Cc (Figure 6.6)
that eliminates the need for the complex computations required to generate
Cc. Settlements that influence loads on positive-projecting pipe are
shown in Figure 6.5.
180
FIGURE 6.5
SETTLEMENTS THAT INFLUENCE
LOADS ON POSITIVE-PROJECTING
CONDUITS
Where:
SOURCE:
sg
sm
dc
sf
rsd
p
=
=
=
=
=
=
settlement of natural ground adjacent to pipe

compression of columnns of soil of height pBc
deflection of pipe
settlement of bottom of pipe
settlement ratio = [(sm + sg) (sf + dc)]/sm
projection ratio
GRAVITY SANITARY SEWER DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. "MANUALS & REPORTS

181
FIGURE 6.6 - VALUES OF Cc
Diagram for coefficient Cc for positive-projecting conduits.

SOURCE: GRAVITY SANITARY SEWER DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. "MANUALS & REPORTS
For flexible pipe under most conditions, the product rsdP, is less than
zero (a negative value). Only flexible pipes with very high pipe stiffness
would ever have an rsdP product greater than zero. Therefore, use of a
rsdP product equal to zero will result in a conservative design approach
for most buried flexible pipe installations. As can be seen on the Cc
computation graph (Figure 6.6), when rsdP equals zero, the coefficient Cc
is equal to the ratio of H/Bc.
182
Replacing the Cc in Marston's embankment load formula with the ratio

H/Bc yields:
EQUATION 6.6
Wc = HwBc
This is commonly known as the prism load, and simply stated, it is the
weight of the column of soil directly over the pipe for the full height of the
backfill. This is the maximum load that will be imposed by the soil on a
flexible pipe in virtually all cases and is a conservative design approach.
Below is a comparison of the Marston earth-load determination
formulas:
(EQUATION 6.1)
Rigid Pipe Load
(Trench Condition)
Wc = CdwBd2
(lbs/Lft)
(EQUATION 6.2)
Flexible Pipe Load
(Trench Condition)
Wc = CdwBdBc
(lbs/Lft)
(EQUATION 6.5)
Pipe Load
(Embankment Condition) Wc = CcwBcBc
(lbs/Lft)
(EQUATION 6.6)
Flexible Pipe Load
(Prism Load)
Wc = HwBc
(lbs/Lft)
The prism load may also be expressed in terms of soil pressure as

follows:
EQUATION 6.7
Wc
(Soil Pressure)
P = wH =
Bc
Where: P
= pressure due to soil weight at depth H, lbs/ft2
w = unit weight of soil, lbs/ft3
183
H
Wc
Bc
=
=
=
depth at which soil pressure is desired, ft

trench load, lbs/Lft
pipe outside diameter, ft
Calculation of soil pressure on both rigid and flexible pipes of the

same diameter in the same burial conditions demonstrates the difference
between the load on flexible conduit in trench and embankment conditions
and load on rigid conduit in trench condition.
Example: Find the trench load for a rigid pipe and a flexible pipe
given the following information:
Pipe Outside Diameter (Do or Bc)
Burial Depth of Cover (H)
Trench Width (Bd)
Rankine's Ratio (k)
Soil Density (w)
Coefficient of Soil Friction (')
12 in
12 ft
3 ft
0.33
120 lbs/ft3
0.5
Rigid Pipe Load (trench condition) Use Equation 6.1

Cd =
1 - e-2(0.33)(0.5)(12/3)
= 2.221
2(0.33)(0.5)
Wc = 2.221 (120)32 = 2,398 lbs/Lft or 16.7 lbs/in2

Flexible Pipe Load (trench condition) Use Equation 6.2
Wc = 2.221(120)(3)(1) = 800 lbs/Lft or 5.6 lbs/in2
Flexible Pipe Load (assume prism condition) Use Equation 6.6
Wc = 120(12)(1) = 1440 lbs/Lft or 10.0 lbs/in2
For all practical purposes, research and actual long-term data confirm
that the prism load provides a conservative, simplified approach for
designing flexible PVC piping systems to accommodate earth load. In a
trench, friction forces can reduce the load on the pipe through arching
184
action of the soil; however, frost and water action may dissipate these
forces, and in the long term, the load may approach the prism load.
The following tables have been developed for use in determining
Marston earth loads on PVC sewer pipe. The table is dependent on
outside-diameter dimensions and can be used with any flexible pipe with
the same or similar Do. Actual diameters appear parenthetically next to
nominal pipe size in the table. If the condition of installation is known to
be a "trench" condition, then Table 6.1 will provide the computed earth
load. For unknown conditions or in trenches beyond transition width, the
more conservative prism earth-loads are recommended. Prism earth-loads
in lbs/lineal foot are listed in Table 6.2. Prism earth-loads in lbs/in2 are
listed in Table 6.3. Tables 6.1, 6.2 and 6.3 utilize the most common ranges
for H (depth of cover, ft) and w (unit weight of soil, lbs/ft3). The table
limits do not imply application limits.
TABLE 6.1 - EARTH LOADS IN TRENCH CONDITIONS (lbs/Lft)
Wc = CdwBdBc
Depth
of
Cover
Trench
Backfill
4" (Do = 4.215) PIPE

6" (Do = 6.275) PIPE
Width of Trench (ft)
0.75 1.00 1.25 1.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Granular w/o Cohesion

Sand and Gravel
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
56
67
71
79
91
66
77
80
88
100
72
84
86
94
106
77
89
91
99
111
98
115
119
131
149
115
132
136
147
165
125
142
145
156
174
132
149
152
162
179

Sand and Gravel
3.5 Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
60
72
76
85
100
71
84
88
97
111
79
92
96
105
119
85
99
102
111
125
106
125
130
144
166
127
147
151
165
186
140
160
164
176
197
149
169
172
184
205

Sand and Gravel
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
63
76
81
91
108
75
90
94
105
121
85
100
104
114
131
92
107
111
122
138
112
134
140
156
181
137
160
166
181
206
153
176
181
196
220
164
187
191
205
229

Sand and Gravel
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
69
85
92
106
129
86
106
112
128
152
101
122
128
144
169
113
135
141
157
182
129
157
167
191
226
168
200
210
234
271
195
229
238
261
299
215
249
257
280
317
185

TABLE 6.1 - EARTH LOADS IN TRENCH CONDITIONS (lbs/Lft) - Continued
Depth
of
Cover
Trench
Backfill
4" (Do = 4.215) PIPE

6" (Do = 6.275) PIPE
0.75 1.0
1.25 1.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5

Sand and Gravel
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
71
89
97
114
141
91
114
122
142
172
110
134
144
164
196
125
152
161
182
215
136
169
182
211
256
187
226
240
272
320
224
267
280
312
362
253
297
309
341
390
10

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
71
91
99
118
147
94
118
128
150
185
114
142
153
177
215
133
163
175
200
240
140
176
190
223
275
198
243
260
298
357
244
294
311
351
412
280
334
350
390
452
12

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
72
91
100
120
151
95
120
131
155
193
117
147
159
186
228
137
171
184
213
258
141
179
195
231
287
204
254
273
317
384
257
314
335
381
453
300
362
382
430
504
15

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
72
92
101
121
154
96
122
133
159
200
119
150
164
194
241
141
177
192
225
277
142
181
198
236
298
209
263
286
335
412
269
334
359
414
499
321
393
418
477
566
18

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
72
92
101
121
155
96
122
134
161
204
119
152
166
198
249
142
180
196
232
289
143
182
200
239
303
212
268
292
346
430
276
346
374
436
533
334
413
443
511
614
20

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
72
92
101
121
155
96
122
134
161
205
120
152
167
199
252
143
181
198
236
295
143
182
200
240
305
213
270
295
351
439
279
351
381
447
550
340
423
456
528
640
25

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
72
92
100
122
156
96
122
135
162
207
120
153
168
202
256
144
183
201
240
303
143
182
200
241
308
214
272
299
357
452
283
349
391
464
578
349
439
476
559
687
30

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
72
92
101
122
156
96
122
135
162
207
120
153
168
202
258
144
183
201
242
308
143
182
200
241
309
214
273
300
360
458
284
363
396
473
595
353
447
487
577
717
186

Depth
of
Cover
Trench
Backfill
8" (Do = 8.400) PIPE

10" (Do = 10.500) PIPE
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5

Sand and Gravel
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
154
177
182
197
221
168
190
194
209
233
177
199
203
216
240
183
206
209
222
245
209
238
243
261
291
221
249
254
271
300
229
257
261
277
306
235
263
266
282
311
3.5

Sand and Gravel
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
170
196
203
220
249
187
214
219
236
264
199
226
230
246
274
207
234
238
254
281
234
268
274
295
330
249
282
288
308
343
259
292
297
317
351
267
300
304
324
357

Sand and Gravel
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
184
214
222
242
275
205
236
242
262
294
220
250
256
275
307
230
261
265
284
315
256
295
303
328
368
274
313
320
344
384
287
326
332
355
394
297
335
341
363
402

Sand and Gravel
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
225
268
281
313
363
262
307
318
350
400
288
334
344
375
424
308
354
363
393
442
327
383
398
437
500
360
417
430
469
530
385
442
454
491
552
404
461
472
508
569

Sand and Gravel
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
250
303
321
363
429
300
358
375
418
484
338
398
414
456
523
368
428
443
485
551
375
447
469
522
605
423
497
517
570
653
460
535
554
606
688
489
565
583
633
715
10

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
264
325
348
399
477
326
394
417
470
552
375
447
469
522
605
414
488
509
562
645
408
493
521
588
690
469
559
586
653
756
518
610
636
702
806
557
652
676
741
844
12

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
273
340
366
424
514
344
421
448
510
606
402
485
512
576
674
450
536
563
627
726
430
526
560
638
758
503
606
640
720
843
563
670
703
783
908
612
723
754
834
958
15

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
280
352
382
449
552
361
447
480
554
668
430
526
560
638
758
489
591
625
705
828
451
559
600
693
835
538
657
700
797
947
612
739
782
881
1035
675
808
849
950
1105
187

TABLE 6.1 - EARTH LOADS IN TRENCH CONDITIONS (lbs/Lft) Continued
Depth
of
Cover
Trench
Backfill
8" (Do = 8.400) PIPE

10" (Do = 10.500) PIPE
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
18

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
284
359
392
463
576
370
463
501
584
713
448
553
593
683
822
516
631
672
766
909
463
579
626
730
891
560
691
742
854
1027
645
720
788
872
840
923
957 1042
1137 1226
20

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
285
361
395
469
587
374
470
510
598
736
456
566
610
707
856
529
651
696
798
955
467
587
637
748
920
569
708
762
883
1070
661
743
813
905
870
963
997 1094
1193 1295
25

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
286
364
400
478
605
379
480
524
621
774
467
587
637
748
920
550
685
739
858
1043
474
600
655
776
968
584
687
782
734
856
966
797
924 1036
935 1073 1193
1149 1303 1434
30

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
286
365
402
482
613
381
484
531
633
797
473
598
653
772
960
561
705
765
897
1103
476
606
663
791
996
591
701
805
748
881 1004
816 9956 1084
965 1122 1261
1200 1379 1535
Depth
of
Cover
Trench
Backfill
12" (Do = 12.500) PIPE

15" (Do = 15.300) PIPE
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5

Sand and Gravel
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
249
283
289
311
346
263
297
302
322
357
272
306
310
330
365
280
313
317
336
370
305
347
354
380
424
322
363
369
394
437
333
375
380
404
446
342
383
388
411
453
3.5

Sand and Gravel
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
279
319
326
351
393
296
336
342
367
408
308
348
354
377
418
318
357
362
385
425
341
390
399
430
482
362
411
419
449
499
378
426
433
462
512
389
437
443
472
521

Sand and Gravel
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
305
351
360
390
438
327
372
381
409
457
342
388
395
423
469
354
399
406
433
479
374
429
441
477
536
400
456
466
501
559
419
474
483
517
575
433
489
497
529
586
188

Depth
of
Cover
Trench
Backfill
12" (Do = 12.500) PIPE

15" (Do = 15.300) PIPE
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5

Sand and Gravel
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
389
456
474
521
595
428
496
512
558
631
458
526
540
585
657
480
549
562
605
677
476
558
580
637
728
524
608
627
683
773
560
644
662
716
805
588
672
688
741
828

Sand and Gravel
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
447
532
558
622
720
503
592
616
679
778
547
637
660
721
820
582
673
694
754
851
547
651
683
761
882
616
724
754
831
952
670
780
807
883
1003
712
824
849
923
1042
10

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
485
587
620
699
821
558
665
698
777
901
616
727
757
836
960
663
776
804
882
1005
594
718
759
856
1005
683
814
854
951
1102
754
889
927
1023
1175
812
949
985
1080
1231
12

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
512
626
667
759
902
599
721
762
857
1004
670
798
837
933
1081
729
861
898
993
1141
627
766
816
930
1104
733
883
932
1049
1228
820
977
1025
1141
1323
892
1053
1099
1215
1397
15

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
537
665
714
825
995
640
782
833
949
1128
728
880
931
1049
1232
804
962
1011
1131
1315
657
814
874
1009
1217
783
957
1020
1162
1380
891
1077
1139
1284
1508
984
1177
1238
1384
1610
18

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
551
689
745
869
1061
666
823
883
1017
1223
768
939
1000
1139
1353
857
1038
1099
1241
1459
674
843
912
1064
1299
815
1008
1081
1245
1497
940
1149
1224
1394
1656
1049
1270
1345
1519
1786
20

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
556
699
759
890
1095
678
843
908
1052
1274
787
968
1036
1187
1421
884
1078
1146
1302
1542
681
856
929
1090
1340
830
1032
1111
1287
1559
963
1185
1268
1453
1739
1083
1319
1403
1593
1887
25

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
564
714
780
924
1152
695
874
949
1113
1368
818
1019
1100
1277
1551
931
1150
1234
1420
1707
690
874
955
1131
1410
851
1070
1161
1362
1675
1001
1248
1346
1563
1899
1140
1408
1510
1738
2089
189

Depth
of
Cover
30
Depth
of
Cover
Trench
Backfill
Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
Trench
Backfill
12" (Do = 12.500) PIPE

15" (Do = 15.300) PIPE
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
567
704
835
958
721
890 1049 1195
790
971 1138 1291
942 1149 1335 1501
1186 1429 1642 1827
694
861
882 1090
967 1188
1153 1406
1451 1749
1021
1284
1393
1634
2010
1173
1463
1580
1838
2237
18" (Do = 18.701) PIPE

21" (Do = 22.047) PIPE
2.5
3.0
3.5
3.0
3.5
4.0

Sand and Gravel
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
393
444
452
482
534
407
458
464
494
546
418
468
474
503
554
480
540
548
582
643
493
552
559
593
653
503
562
568
601
661

Sand and Gravel
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
489
557
569
612
683
512
580
591
632
702
530
597
607
647
717
604
684
697
745
828
624
704
715
763
845
641
720
730
777
858

Sand and Gravel
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
641
743
767
835
944
685
787
809
875
983
719
821
841
905
1013
807
928
953
1031
1159
847
968
991
1067
1194
879
1000
1021
1095
1221

Sand and Gravel
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
753
885
922
1016
1164
819
953
987
1079
1226
871
1007
1038
1128
1274
965
1124
1163
1272
1446
1027
1187
1223
1330
1502
1076
1237
1271
1375
1546
10

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
835
995
1044
1163
1347
922
1087
1133
1251
1436
993
1160
1204
1320
1504
1087
1281
1336
1475
1693
1170
1368
1419
1556
1773
1239
1439
1486
1621
1837
12

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
895
1079
1140
1282
1501
1002
1194
1252
1395
1617
1090
1288
1343
1485
1707
1181
1408
1476
1645
1906
1286
1518
1584
1751
2013
1373
1609
1672
1837
2098
190

Depth
of
Cover
Trench
Backfill
18" (Do = 18.701) PIPE

21" (Do = 22.047) PIPE
2.5
3.0
3.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
15

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
957
1170
1247
1420
1687
1089
1316
1392
1570
1843
1202
1439
1513
1691
1968
1284
1552
1641
1851
2173
1417
1696
1784
1994
2320
1532
1818
1903
2112
2440
18

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
997
1232
1321
1522
1830
1149
1404
1496
1704
2025
1283
1553
1644
1856
2183
1355
1656
1764
2009
2387
1512
1830
1938
2189
2574
1650
1981
2087
2339
2729
20

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
1014
1261
1358
1574
1906
1178
1449
1550
1777
2125
1323
1612
1714
1948
2306
1388
1708
1827
2094
2506
1560
1901
2021
2296
2719
1712
2069
2189
2467
2897
25

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
1040
1308
1419
1665
2047
1224
1525
1645
1911
2321
1393
1721
1846
2124
2553
1443
1798
1939
2252
2736
1642
2029
2176
2505
3010
1824
2235
2385
2724
3245
30

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
1053
1332
1453
1719
2138
1249
1569
1703
1998
2457
1433
1788
1931
2246
2734
1472
1850
2008
2355
2896
1690
2108
2277
2648
3223
1893
2345
2520
2909
3509
Depth
Trench
of
Back-
Cover
fill
24" (Do = 24.803) PIPE
27" (Do = 27.953) PIPE

3.0
3.5
4.0
3.5
4.0
4.5

Sand and Gravel
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
540
607
616
655
724
555
621
629
667
735
566
632
639
676
743
625
700
709
752
828
637
712
720
762
837
647
721
728
770
845

Sand and Gravel
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
679
769
784
838
932
702
792
805
858
950
721
810
821
874
965
792
893
907
967
1071
812
913
926
985
1087
829
929
941
998
1100
191

Depth
of
Cover
Trench
Backfill
24" (Do = 24.803) PIPE

27" (Do = 27.953) PIPE
3.0
3.5
4.0
3.5
4.0
4.5

Sand and Gravel
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
908
1044
1072
1160
1304
953
1089
1115
1201
1343
989
1125
1148
1232
1373
1074
1228
1257
1353
1514
1115
1268
1294
1389
1548
1148
1300
1325
1417
1575

Sand and Gravel
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
1086
1265
1309
1431
1626
1155
1335
1376
1496
1689
1211
1392
1430
1547
1739
1302
1505
1551
1686
1904
1365
1569
1612
1744
1960
1417
1621
1661
1791
2005
10

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
1223
1442
1503
1659
1904
1317
1539
1596
1750
1995
1394
1619
1672
1824
2067
1484
1735
1799
1973
2248
1571
1824
1885
2055
2329
1644
1898
1955
2123
2395
12

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
1329
1584
1661
1850
2144
1446
1708
1782
1970
2264
1545
1811
1881
2067
2360
1630
1925
2008
2220
2552
1741
2041
2120
2329
2660
1835
2138
2213
2419
2749
15

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
1445
1746
1847
2082
2444
1595
1908
2006
2243
2610
1723
2045
2140
2377
2744
1797
2150
2261
2528
2941
1942
2305
2412
2678
3093
2067
2437
2540
2804
3219
18

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
1524
1863
1984
2260
2685
1701
2059
2180
2462
2896
1857
2229
2348
2632
3070
1917
2321
2457
2775
3264
2092
2512
2646
2966
3460
2247
2677
2808
3128
3625
20

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
1562
1921
2055
2356
2819
1755
2139
2274
2583
3059
1927
2328
2462
2776
3259
1978
2410
2562
2911
3447
2171
2623
2775
3128
3673
2343
2810
2959
3315
3864
25

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
1623
2023
2182
2534
3078
1848
2282
2448
2818
3387
2052
2515
2683
3064
3650
2082
2572
2759
3175
3817
2313
2834
3024
3454
4114
2523
3069
3259
3697
4369
192

Depth
of
Cover
30
Depth
of
Cover
Trench
Backfill
Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
Trench
Backfill
24" (Do = 24.803) PIPE

27" (Do = 27.953) PIPE
3.0
3.5
4.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
1656
2081
2259
2649
3258
1901
2372
2561
2979
3626
2130
2639
2835
3273
3947
30" (Do = 31.496) PIPE

3.5
4.0
4.5

Sand and Gravel
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
704
789
798
847
933
718
802
811
858
944
729
813
821
868
952

Sand and Gravel
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
892
1006
1022
1090
1207
915
1028
1043
1109
1225
934
1046
1060
1125
1240

Sand and Gravel
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
1211
1383
1416
1525
1705
1256
1428
1458
1565
1744
1293
1465
1493
1597
1774

Sand and Gravel
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
1466
1696
1748
1900
2145
1538
1768
1816
1965
2208
1597
1827
1871
2018
2259
10

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
1672
1954
2027
2223
2533
1770
2055
2123
2316
2624
1852
2139
2203
2392
2699
12

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
1837
2169
2262
2501
2875
1962
2299
2388
2624
2997
2068
2409
2493
2726
3098
193
2142
2673
2886
3358
4087
2401
2974
3195
3689
4448
2640
3248
3474
3983
4765

Depth
of
Cover
Trench
Backfill
30" (Do = 31.496) PIPE

3.5
4.0
4.5
15

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
2025
2423
2548
2849
3314
2188
2597
2718
3018
3485
2329
2746
2862
3160
3627
18

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
2160
2615
2769
3126
3677
2358
2830
2981
3342
3899
2531
3016
3164
3524
4084
20

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
2229
2716
2887
3280
3884
2446
2956
3127
3525
4139
2640
3166
3334
3735
4354
25

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
2346
2898
3108
3578
4301
2606
3193
3407
3891
4635
2843
3458
3672
4165
4923
30

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
2414
3012
3252
3783
4605
2705
3351
3600
4156
5012
2975
3660
3915
4488
5369
Depth
of
Cover
Trench
Backfill
36" (Do = 39.370) PIPE

4.0
4.5
5.0

Sand and Gravel
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
898
1003
1014
1073
1180
912
1016
1026
1084
1190
923
1027
1036
1094
1199

Sand and Gravel
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
1144
1285
1304
1387
1531
1167
1308
1325
1406
1550
1186
1326
1342
1422
1564
194

Depth
of
Cover
Trench
Backfill
36" (Do = 39.370) PIPE

4.0
4.5
5.0

Sand and Gravel
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
1570
1786
1823
1956
2180
1617
1831
1866
1996
2218
1655
1869
1901
2029
2249

Sand and Gravel
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
1922
2210
2270
2456
2760
1996
2283
2339
2522
2824
2058
2345
2397
2577
2876
10

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
2213
2569
2654
2895
3281
2315
2674
2754
2990
3374
2403
2762
2837
3070
3450
12

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
2452
2874
2985
3280
3747
2585
3011
3116
3408
3872
2699
3127
3227
3515
3976
15

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
2735
3247
3397
3772
4356
2911
3432
3577
3950
4534
3065
3592
3732
4100
4683
18

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
2947
3537
3726
4177
4873
3164
3771
3955
4406
5105
3356
3974
4153
4602
5303
20

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
3058
3695
3908
4406
5173
3300
3958
4168
4668
5443
3516
4189
4394
4895
5673
25

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
3258
3992
4259
4864
5794
3554
4322
4591
5207
6154
3823
4619
4885
5508
6467
195

Depth
of
Cover
30
Depth
of
Cover
Trench
Backfill
Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
Trench
Backfill
36" (Do = 39.370) PIPE

4.0
4.5
5.0
3381
4188
4500
5195
6265
3719
4575
4894
5610
6711
4031
4927
5249
5980
7104
42" (Do = 44.375) PIPE

4.5
5.0
5.5

Sand and Gravel
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
1027
1145
1156
1222
1341
1040
1157
1168
1233
1351
1051
1168
1177
1241
1359

Sand and Gravel
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
1315
1474
1493
1585
1747
1337
1495
1512
1603
1763
1355
1512
1528
1617
1777

Sand and Gravel
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
1822
2064
2103
2250
2500
1866
2107
2143
2287
2535
1903
2143
2176
2318
2564

Sand and Gravel
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
2250
2574
2637
2843
3183
2319
2643
2702
2904
3242
2379
2702
2757
2956
3291
10

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
2610
3014
3104
3371
3802
2708
3113
3198
3460
3889
2793
3198
3278
3536
3962
12

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
2913
3394
3513
3841
4364
3042
3525
3638
3961
4482
3153
3638
3745
4064
4582
196

Depth
of
Cover
Trench
Backfill
42" (Do = 44.375) PIPE

4.5
5.0
5.5
15

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
3282
3869
4032
4452
5110
3455
4049
4206
4622
5279
3607
4206
4356
4768
5422
18

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
3566
4250
4458
4966
5754
3783
4479
4681
5187
5977
3975
4681
4876
5379
6168
20

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
3720
4461
4697
5262
6134
3963
4722
4953
5517
6394
4180
4953
5178
5740
6618
25

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
4005
4872
5174
5869
6937
4309
5206
5506
6208
7289
4584
5506
5803
6508
7597
30

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
4192
5156
5516
6323
7565
4544
5554
5916
6740
8007
4869
5916
6279
7114
8398
Depth
of
Cover
Trench
Backfill
48" (Do = 50.570) PIPE

5.0
5.5
6.0

Sand and Gravel
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
1185
1319
1331
1405
1540
1197
1331
1341
1414
1549
1208
1340
1350
1423
1556

Sand and Gravel
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
1523
1704
1723
1826
2009
1544
1723
1742
1843
2025
1561
1740
1757
1857
2038

Sand and Gravel
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
2126
2401
2442
2606
2889
2168
2442
2480
2642
2922
2204
2477
2512
2672
2951
197

Depth
of
Cover
Trench
Backfill
48" (Do = 50.570) PIPE

5.0
5.5
6.0

Sand and Gravel
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
2643
3012
3079
3310
3694
2711
3079
3142
3369
3751
2769
3137
3195
3419
3798
10

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
3086
3548
3644
3943
4432
3183
3644
3735
4030
4515
3266
3728
3814
4104
4586
12

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
3466
4017
4146
4514
5108
3593
4146
4268
4631
5221
3704
4257
4373
4732
5318
15

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
3937
4614
4793
5267
6016
4110
4793
4965
5433
6179
4263
4950
5114
5578
6321
18

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
4311
5105
5334
5911
6811
4529
5334
5556
6129
7029
4724
5537
5752
6320
7219
20

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
4516
5381
5644
6288
7287
4764
5644
5900
6541
7542
4986
5878
6127
6765
7765
25

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
4910
5933
6275
7075
8306
5224
6275
6613
7416
8658
5511
6584
6916
7720
8967
30

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
5178
6329
6742
7681
9125
5549
6742
7155
8107
9571
5892
7119
7530
8490
9968
198

Depth
of
Cover
Trench
Backfill
54" (Do = 56.960) PIPE

60" (Do = 63.400) PIPE
5.50
6.00
6.50
6.50
7.00
7.50

Sand and Gravel
Saturated Top Soil
Dry Clay
Saturated Clay
1349
1499
1511
1593
1744
1360
1510
1521
1602
1753
1370
1519
1529
1610
1760
1525
1691
1702
1792
1959
1534
1700
1710
1800
1966
1542
1708
1718
1806
1972

Sand and Gravel
Saturated Top Soil
Dry Clay
Saturated Clay
1739
1941
1962
2076
2281
1758
1960
1979
2092
2296
1775
1976
1994
2105
2308
1976
2199
2219
2344
2569
1992
2215
2233
2357
2582
2006
2228
2246
2368
2592

Sand and Gravel
Saturated Top Soil
Dry Clay
Saturated Clay
2442
2750
2793
2976
3292
2482
2790
2830
3009
3323
2517
2823
2861
3038
3351
2802
3143
3184
3382
3730
2835
3175
3215
3410
3756
2865
3204
3241
3434
3779

Sand and Gravel
Saturated Top Soil
Dry Clay
Saturated Clay
3053
3468
3539
3794
4225
3119
3533
3599
3851
4278
3176
3589
3651
3900
4325
3535
3995
4064
4341
4814
3591
4049
4115
4388
4858
3640
4097
4160
4429
4898
10

Sand and Gravel
Saturated Top Soil
Dry Clay
Saturated Clay
3585
4105
4207
4539
5086
3679
4199
4296
4622
5166
3761
4281
4372
4695
5235
4187
4764
4867
5225
5827
4268
4845
4942
5296
5894
4339
4915
5008
5358
5953
15

Sand and Gravel
Saturated Top Soil
Dry Clay
Saturated Clay
4629
5399
5592
6120
6960
4802
5575
5760
6283
7120
4955
5731
5909
6425
7258
5515
6379
6577
7151
8079
5667
6534
6723
7291
8215
5804
6672
6853
7416
8335
18

Sand and Gravel
Saturated Top Soil
Dry Clay
Saturated Clay
5102
6008
6258
6904
7918
5321
6237
6479
7119
8131
5518
6441
6674
7309
8318
6142
7169
7428
8135
9258
6340
7372
7622
8322
9442
6519
7554
7796
8490
9605
20

Sand and Gravel
Saturated Top Soil
Dry Clay
Saturated Clay
5366
6358
6646
7368
8495
6730
7868
8161
8948
10198
6937
8081
8364
9146
10392
5616
6621
6901
7619
8746
199
5842
6857
7128
7842
8967
6503
7632
7934
8728
9980

Depth
of
Cover
Trench
Backfill
54" (Do = 56.960) PIPE

60" (Do = 63.400) PIPE
5.50
6.00
6.50
6.50
7.00
7.50
25

Sand and Gravel
Saturated Top Soil
Dry Clay
Saturated Clay
5885
7068
7448
8353
9752
6208
7415
7789
8696
10100
6502
7730
8097
9001
10409
7238
8604
9012
10019
11586
7538
8922
9321
10325
11893
7814
9212
9602
10601
12169
30

Sand and Gravel
Saturated Top Soil
Dry Clay
Saturated Clay
6250
7594
8059
9131
10780
6637
8019
8481
9562
11227
6993
8408
8865
9951
11627
7784
9358
9868
11076
12941
8152
9755
10258
11468
13341
8493
10120
10615
11824
13703
200
TABLE 6.2 - PRISM LOAD (lbs/Lft)

Nominal Pipe Diameter, Inches
Height of
Cover (ft)
3
10
12
Soil Wt.
(lb/ft3)
10
12
15
18
21
24
27
30
36
42
48
54
60
100
110
120
130
105
116
126
137
157
173
188
204
210
231
252
273
263
289
315
341
313
344
375
406
383
421
459
497
468
514
561
608
551
606
661
717
620
682
744
806
699
769
839
908
787
866
945
1024
984
1083
1181
1280
1109
1220
1331
1442
1264
1391
1517
1644
1424
1566
1709
1851
1584
1742
1901
2059
100
110
120
130
141
155
169
183
209
230
251
272
280
308
336
364
350
385
420
455
417
458
500
542
510
561
612
663
623
686
748
810
735
808
882
955
827
909
992
1075
932
1025
1118
1211
1050
1155
1260
1365
1312
1444
1575
1706
1479
1627
1775
1923
1686
1854
2023
2191
1899
2089
2278
2468
2112
2323
2534
2746
100
110
120
130
211
232
253
274
314
345
377
408
420
462
504
546
525
578
630
683
625
688
750
813
765
842
918
995
935
1029
1122
1216
1102
1213
1323
1433
1240
1364
1488
1612
1398
1537
1677
1817
1575
1732
1890
2047
1969
2165
2362
2559
2219
2441
2663
2884
2529
2781
3034
3287
2848
3133
3418
3702
3168
3485
3802
4118
100
110
120
130
281
309
337
365
418
460
502
544
560
616
672
728
700
770
840
910
833
917
1000
1083
1020
1122
1224
1326
1247
1371
1496
1621
1470
1617
1764
1911
1654
1819
1984
2150
1864
2050
2236
2423
2100
2310
2520
2730
2625
2887
3150
3412
2958
3254
3550
3846
3371
3708
4046
4383
3797
4177
4557
4937
4224
4646
5069
5491
100
110
120
130
351
386
422
457
523
575
628
680
700
770
840
910
875
963
1050
1138
1042
1146
1250
1354
1275
1403
1530
1658
1558
1714
1870
2026
1837
2021
2205
2388
2067
2274
2480
2687
2329
2562
2795
3028
2625
2887
3150
3412
3281
3609
3937
4265
3698
4068
4438
4807
4214
4636
5057
5478
4747
5221
5696
6171
5280
5808
6336
6864
100
110
120
130
422
464
506
548
628
690
753
816
840
924
1008
1092
1050
1155
1260
1365
1250
1375
1500
1625
1530
1683
1836
1989
1870
2057
2244
2431
2205
2425
2646
2866
2480
2728
2976
3224
2795
3075
3354
3634
3150
3465
3780
4094
3937
4331
4724
5118
4438
4881
5325
5769
5057
5563
6068
6574
5696
6266
6835
7405
6336
6970
7603
8237
NOTE: For OD used in calculations, see end of Table.
TABLE 6.2 (continued) - PRISM LOAD (lbs/Lft)

Height of
Cover (ft)
14
16
18
20
22
24
Soil Wt.
(lbs/ft3)
10
12
15
18
21
24
27
30
36
42
48
54
60
100
110
120
130
492
541
590
639
732
805
879
952
980
1078
1176
1274
1225
1348
1470
1593
1458
1604
1750
1896
1785
1964
2142
2321
2182
2400
2618
2836
2572
2829
3087
3344
2894
3183
3472
3762
3261
3587
3913
4240
3675
4042
4409
4777
4593
5052
5512
5971
5177
5695
6213
6730
5900
6490
7080
7670
6645
7310
7974
8639
7392
8131
8870
9610
100
110
120
130
562
618
674
731
837
920
1004
1088
1120
1232
1344
1456
1400
1540
1680
1820
1667
1833
2000
2167
2040
2244
2448
2652
2493
2743
2992
3242
2940
3234
3528
3821
3307
3638
3968
4299
3727
4100
4472
4845
4199
4619
5039
5459
5249
5774
6299
6824
5917
6508
7100
7692
6743
7417
8091
8765
7595
8354
9114
9873
8448
9293
10138
10982
100
110
120
130
632
695
759
822
941
1035
1130
1224
1260
1386
1512
1638
1575
1733
1890
2048
1875
2063
2250
2438
2295
2525
2754
2984
2805
3086
3366
3647
3307
3638
3968
4299
3720
4092
4465
4837
4193
4612
5032
5451
4724
5197
5669
6142
5906
6496
7087
7677
6656
7322
7988
8653
7586
8344
9103
9861
8544
9398
10253
11107
9504
10454
11405
12355
100
110
120
130
703
773
843
913
1046
1150
1255
1360
1400
1540
1680
1820
1750
1925
2100
2275
2083
2292
2500
2708
2550
2805
3060
3315
3117
3429
3740
4052
3675
4042
4409
4777
4134
4547
4961
5374
4659
5125
5591
6056
5249
5774
6299
6824
6562
7218
7874
8530
7396
8135
8875
9615
8428
9271
10114
10957
9493
10443
11392
12341
10560
11616
12672
13728
100
110
120
130
773
850
927
1005
1150
1265
1381
1496
1540
1694
1848
2002
1925
2118
2310
2503
2292
2521
2750
2979
2805
3086
3366
3647
3429
3771
4114
4457
4042
4446
4850
5255
4547
5002
5457
5911
5125
5637
6150
6662
5774
6352
6929
7507
7218
7940
8661
9383
8135
8949
9763
10576
9271
10198
11125
12053
10443
11487
12531
13575
11616
12778
13939
15101
100
110
120
130
843
927
1012
1096
1255
1381
1506
1632
1680
1848
2016
2184
2100
2310
2520
2730
2500
2750
3000
3250
3060
3366
3672
3978
3740
4114
4488
4862
4409
4850
5291
5732
4961
5457
5953
6449
5591
6150
6709
7268
6299
6929
7559
8189
7874
8661
9449
10236
8875
9763
10650
11538
10114
11125
12137
13148
11392
12531
13670
14810
12672
13939
15206
16474

Height of
Cover (ft)
26
28
30
32
34
36
Soil Wt.
(lbs/ft3)
10
12
15
18
21
24
27
30
36
42
48
54
60
100
110
120
130
913
1005
1096
1187
1360
1496
1632
1767
1820
2002
2184
2366
2275
2503
2730
2958
2708
2979
3250
3521
3315
3647
3978
4310
4052
4457
4862
5267
4777
5255
5732
6210
5374
5911
6449
6986
6056
6662
7268
7873
6824
7507
8189
8871
8530
9383
10236
11089
9615
10576
11538
12499
10957
12053
13148
14244
12341
13575
14810
16044
13728
15101
16474
17846
100
110
120
130
984
1082
1180
1279
1464
1611
1757
1903
1960
2156
2352
2548
2450
2695
2940
3185
2917
3208
3500
3792
3570
3927
4284
4641
4364
4800
5236
5673
5144
5659
6173
6688
5787
6366
6945
7524
6522
7175
7827
8479
7349
8084
8819
9554
9186
10105
11024
11942
10354
11390
12425
13460
11800
12980
14160
15340
13291
14620
15949
17278
14784
16262
17741
19219
100
110
120
130
1054
1159
1265
1370
1569
1726
1883
2039
2100
2310
2520
2730
2625
2888
3150
3413
3125
3438
3750
4063
3825
4208
4590
4973
4675
5143
5610
6078
5512
6063
6614
7165
6201
6821
7441
8061
6988
7687
8386
9085
7874
8661
9449
10236
9843
10827
11811
12795
11094
12203
13313
14422
12643
13907
15171
16435
14240
15664
17088
18512
15840
17424
19008
20592
100
110
120
130
1124
1236
1349
1461
1673
1841
2008
2175
2240
2464
2688
2912
2800
3080
3360
3640
3333
3667
4000
4333
4080
4488
4896
5304
4987
5486
5984
6483
5879
6467
7055
7643
6614
7276
7937
8598
7454
8200
8945
9690
8399
9239
10079
10919
10499
11549
12598
13648
11833
13017
14200
15383
13485
14834
16182
17531
15189
16708
18227
19746
16896
18586
20275
21965
100
110
120
130
1194
1314
1433
1553
1778
1956
2134
2311
2380
2618
2856
3094
2975
3273
3570
3868
3542
3896
4250
4604
4335
4769
5202
5636
5299
5828
6358
6888
6247
6871
7496
8121
7028
7730
8433
9136
7920
8712
9504
10296
8924
9816
10709
11601
11155
12270
13386
14501
12573
13830
15088
16345
14328
15761
17194
18627
16139
17753
19366
20980
17952
19747
21542
23338
100
110
120
130
1265
1391
1517
1644
1883
2071
2259
2447
2520
2772
3024
3276
3150
3465
3780
4095
3750
4125
4500
4875
4590
5049
5508
5967
5610
6171
6732
7293
6614
7276
7937
8598
7441
8185
8929
9673
8386
9224
10063
10902
9449
10394
11339
12283
11811
12992
14173
15354
13313
14644
15975
17306
15171
16688
18205
19722
17088
18797
20506
22214
19008
20909
22810
24710

Height of
Cover (ft)
38
40
42
44
46
48
Soil Wt.
(lbs/ft3)
10
12
15
18
21
24
27
30
36
42
48
54
60
100
110
120
130
1335
1468
1602
1735
1987
2186
2385
2583
2660
2926
3192
3458
3325
3658
3990
4323
3958
4354
4750
5146
4845
5330
5814
6299
5922
6514
7106
7699
6982
7680
8378
9076
7854
8640
9425
10211
8852
9737
10622
11507
9974
10971
11968
12966
12467
13714
14961
16207
14052
15457
16863
18268
16014
17615
19217
20818
18037
19841
21645
23449
20064
22070
24077
26083
100
110
120
130
1405
1546
1686
1827
2092
2301
2510
2719
2800
3080
3360
3640
3500
3850
4200
4550
4167
4583
5000
5417
5100
5610
6120
6630
6234
6857
7480
8104
7349
8084
8819
9554
8268
9094
9921
10748
9318
10249
11181
12113
10499
11549
12598
13648
13123
14436
15748
17060
14792
16271
17750
19229
16857
18542
20228
21914
18987
20885
22784
24683
21120
23232
25344
27456
100
110
120
130
1475
1623
1770
1918
2196
2416
2636
2855
2940
3234
3528
3822
3675
4043
4410
4778
4375
4813
5250
5688
5355
5891
6426
6962
6545
7200
7854
8509
7716
8488
9260
10031
8681
9549
10417
11285
9784
10762
11740
12719
11024
12126
13228
14331
13780
15157
16535
17913
15531
17084
18638
20191
17700
19469
21239
23009
19936
21930
23923
25917
22176
24394
26611
28829
100
110
120
130
1546
1700
1855
2009
2301
2531
2761
2991
3080
3388
3696
4004
3850
4235
4620
5005
4583
5042
5500
5958
5610
6171
6732
7293
6857
7543
8228
8914
8084
8892
9701
10509
9094
10004
10913
11823
10249
11274
12299
13324
11549
12703
13858
15013
14436
15879
17323
18766
16271
17898
19525
21152
18542
20397
22251
24105
20885
22974
25062
27151
23232
25555
27878
30202
100
110
120
130
1616
1777
1939
2100
2405
2646
2887
3127
3220
3542
3864
4186
4025
4428
4830
5233
4792
5271
5750
6229
5865
6452
7038
7625
7169
7886
8602
9319
8451
9296
10142
10987
9508
10459
11409
12360
10715
11787
12858
13930
12073
13281
14488
15696
15092
16601
18110
19619
17010
18711
20413
22114
19385
21324
23262
25201
21835
24018
26202
28385
24288
26717
29146
31574
100
110
120
130
1686
1855
2023
2192
2510
2761
3012
3263
3360
3696
4032
4368
4200
4620
5040
5460
5000
5500
6000
6500
6120
6732
7344
7956
7480
8228
8976
9725
8819
9701
10583
11464
9921
10913
11905
12898
11181
12299
13417
14536
12598
13858
15118
16378
15748
17323
18898
20472
17750
19525
21300
23075
20228
22251
24274
26296
22784
25062
27341
29619
25344
27878
30413
32947

Height of
Cover (ft)
50
Soil Wt.
(lbs/ft3)
10
12
15
18
21
24
27
30
36
42
48
54
60
100
110
120
130
1756
1932
2108
2283
2615
2876
3138
3399
3500
3850
4200
4550
4375
4813
5250
5688
5208
5729
6250
6771
6375
7013
7650
8288
7792
8571
9351
10130
9186
10105
11024
11942
10335
11368
12402
13435
11647
12812
13977
15141
13123
14436
15748
17060
16404
18045
19685
21325
18490
20339
22188
24036
21071
23178
25285
27392
23733
26107
28480
30853
26400
29040
31680
34320
The following values were used for OD:

4" =
6" =
8" =
10" =
12" =
15" =
18" =
21" =
24" =
4.215
6.275
8.400
10.500
12.500
15.300
18.701
22.047
24.803
27" =
30" =
36" =
39" =
42" =
45" =
48" =
54" =
60" =
27.953
31.496
39.370
41.385
44.375
47.370
50.570
56.960
63.360
TABLE 6.3 - PRISM LOAD SOIL PRESSURE (lbs/in2)

P = wH
Height of
Cover (ft)
100
Soil Unit Weight (lbs/ft3)

110
120
125
130
1
2
3
4
5
0.69
1.39
2.08
2.78
3.47
0.76
1.53
2.29
3.06
3.82
0.83
1.67
2.50
3.33
4.17
0.87
1.74
2.60
3.47
4.34
0.90
1.81
2.71
3.61
4.51
6
7
8
9
10
4.17
4.86
5.56
6.25
6.94
4.58
5.35
6.11
6.88
7.64
5.00
5.83
6.67
7.50
8.33
5.21
6.08
6.94
7.81
8.68
5.42
6.32
7.22
8.13
9.03
11
12
13
14
15
7.64
8.33
9.03
9.72
10.42
8.40
9.17
9.93
10.69
11.46
9.17
10.00
10.83
11.67
12.50
9.55
10.42
11.28
12.15
13.02
9.93
10.83
11.74
12.64
13.54
16
17
18
19
20
11.11
11.81
12.50
13.19
13.89
12.22
12.99
13.75
14.51
15.28
13.33
14.17
15.00
15.83
16.67
13.89
14.76
15.63
16.49
17.36
14.44
15.35
16.25
17.15
18.06
21
22
23
24
25
14.58
15.28
15.97
16.67
17.36
16.04
16.81
17.57
18.33
19.10
17.50
18.33
19.17
20.00
20.83
18.23
19.10
19.97
20.83
21.70
18.96
19.86
20.76
21.67
22.57
26
27
28
29
30
18.06
18.75
19.44
20.14
20.83
19.86
20.63
21.39
22.15
22.92
21.67
22.50
23.33
24.17
25.00
22.57
23.44
24.31
25.17
26.04
23.47
24.38
25.28
26.18
27.08
31
32
33
34
35
21.53
22.22
22.92
23.61
24.31
23.68
24.44
25.21
25.97
26.74
25.83
26.67
27.50
28.33
29.17
26.91
27.78
28.65
29.51
30.38
27.99
28.89
29.79
30.69
31.60
206
TABLE 6.3 - Continued

100
Soil Unit Weight (lbs/ft3)

110
120
125
130
36
37
38
39
40
25.00
25.69
26.39
27.08
27.78
27.50
28.26
29.03
29.79
30.56
30.00
30.83
31.67
32.50
33.33
31.25
32.12
32.99
33.85
34.72
32.50
33.40
34.31
35.21
36.11
41
42
43
44
45
28.47
29.17
29.86
30.56
31.25
31.32
32.08
32.85
33.61
34.38
34.17
35.00
35.83
36.67
37.50
35.59
36.46
37.33
38.19
39.06
37.01
37.92
38.82
39.72
40.63
46
47
48
49
50
31.94
32.64
33.33
34.03
34.72
35.14
35.90
36.67
37.43
38.19
38.33
39.17
40.00
40.83
41.67
39.93
40.80
41.67
42.53
43.40
41.53
42.43
43.33
44.24
45.14
Height of
Cover (ft)
Live Loads: Underground, PVC pipe may also be subjected to live

loads from different sources such as highways and railways. Live loads
should always be considered when designing for shallow burial depths.
However, under conditions of deep burial, the effect of live loads diminish
and can be ignored.
Several methods exist for calculating these live loads. The design
approach presented here is based on the Boussinesq formula for a point
load at the surface of a semi-infinite elastic soil:
EQUATION 6.8
C P(I )
WL = L f
12
Where: WL
CL
P
If
Note:
=
=
=
=
live-load on pipe, lbs/Lin

live-load coefficient per foot of effective length
wheel load, lbs
impact factor, dimensionless (If = 1.35 for 1 < H
< 2, If = 1.15 for 2 < H < 3, and If = 1.0 for H
> 3)
Standard AASHTO H20 truck loading results in an effective single wheel load of
16,000 lbs.
207
Tables 6.4 and 6.5 give the live load coefficient CL for a single wheel
load and for two passing trucks, respectively. The design approach taken
in these tables conservatively represents a wheel load as a point load.
Analytical expressions for CL are given below the tables in terms of the
pipe diameter or radius and the height of cover.
TABLE 6.4
LIVE-LOAD COEFFICIENTS FOR SINGLE-WHEEL LOAD
Height of Cover Over Pipe H -- ft
2
0.055
0.068
0.080
0.092
0.104
0.114
0.125
0.143
0.165
0.183
0.196
0.206
0.214
0.219
0.018
0.022
0.026
0.031
0.035
0.039
0.043
0.051
0.062
0.072
0.082
0.090
0.097
0.104
0.008
0.010
0.013
0.015
0.017
0.019
0.021
0.025
0.030
0.036
0.041
0.046
0.051
0.055
Pipe
Diameter
in.
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
30
36
42
48
54
60
10
12
14
16
18
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.003
0.003
0.004
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.011
0.012
0.001
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.003
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.007
Live-Load Coefficient CL
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.010
0.011
0.012
0.014
0.018
0.021
0.024
0.028
0.031
0.034
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.018
0.020
0.022
0.002
0.003
0.003
0.004
0.004
0.005
0.005
0.007
0.008
0.010
0.011
0.013
0.014
0.016
NOTE 1: An effective length of 3.0 ft of pipe is assumed.

NOTE 2:
1 2
CL = 3 ARCSIN H
3
R2 + H2 + 1.52
(R2 + H2) (H2 + 1.52)
1
1
+
RH 2
R + H2 H2 + 1.52
R2 + H2 + 1.52
WHERE: H = earth cover, ft; R = pipe radius, ft; ARCSIN must be in radians.
208
TABLE 6.5
LIVE-LOAD COEFFICIENTS FOR TWO PASSING TRUCKS
Height of Cover Over Pipe H -- ft
2
0.0523
0.0654
0.0785
0.0916
0.1047
0.1177
0.1308
0.1570
0.1962
0.2355
0.2747
0.3140
0.3532
0.3925
0.0296
0.0369
0.0443
0.0517
0.0591
0.0665
0.0739
0.0887
0.1108
0.1330
0.1552
0.1773
0.1995
0.2217
0.0169
0.0211
0.0253
0.0295
0.0338
0.0380
0.0422
0.0506
0.0633
0.0760
0.0886
0.1013
0.1139
0.1266
0.0112
0.0140
0.0168
0.0196
0.0224
0.0252
0.0279
0.0335
0.0419
0.0503
0.0587
0.0671
0.0755
0.0838
Pipe
Diameter
in.
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
30
36
42
48
54
60
10
12
Live-Load Coefficient CL
0.0081
0.0101
0.0122
0.0142
0.0162
0.0182
0.0203
0.0243
0.0304
0.0365
0.0426
0.0486
0.0547
0.0608
0.0062
0.0077
0.0093
0.0108
0.0124
0.0139
0.0155
0.0186
0.0232
0.0279
0.0325
0.0371
0.0418
0.0464
14
16
18
0.0049
0.0061
0.0073
0.0085
0.0098
0.0110
0.0122
0.0147
0.0183
0.0220
0.0256
0.0293
0.0330
0.0366
0.0039
0.0049
0.0059
0.0069
0.0079
0.0089
0.0099
0.0118
0.0148
0.0178
0.0207
0.0237
0.0266
0.0296
0.0032
0.0041
0.0049
0.0057
0.0065
0.0073
0.0081
0.0097
0.0122
0.0146
0.0171
0.0195
0.0219
0.0244
NOTE 1: An effective length of 3.0 ft of pipe is assumed.

NOTE 2: Coefficients are for 6-ft axle widths, 3.0 ft between passing wheels.
NOTE 3:
CL =
3D
1.5 5
7.5 5
cos tan-1 H + cos tan-1 H

H2
WHERE: D = pipe diameter, ft; H = earth cover, ft.
As mentioned previously, the influence of live loads on the

performance of PVC pipe is only significant in shallow depths. This is
graphically demonstrated by Figures 6.7 and 6.8, which show the total
load on a pipe exposed to live loads and earth loads for highway and for
railway traffic. As can be seen in both of the graphs, as the depth of cover
increases, the influence of the live load diminishes rapidly, illustrating that
there is a depth of cover at which the total load is a minimum. This is
approximately 5 feet for an H20 truck and 13 feet for an E80 Railway
Load. The influence of live loads on PVC pipe as projected for highway,
railroad and airport installations is shown in Table 6.6. The values shown
in Table 6.6 account for the impact and loading factors and can be
converted to live load per unit length (as used in Equation 6.8 - WL) by
multiplying these values by the outside diameter of the pipe.
209
With an AASHTO H-20 live load, a 20 ton truckload is simulated in

which 80% (32,000 lbs) is distributed to the rear axle, and evenly divided
into two 16,000-lbs wheel loads. The remaining 20% (8,000 lbs) is
divided over the front axle into two 4,000-lbs wheel loads. The distance
between the front and rear axles is assumed to be 14 feet, with two dualtire wheel loads on each axle. One is centered over the point in question,
and the other located 6 feet away. With impact, the AASHTO LRFD
Bridge Design Specification distribution of the tire foot print is taken as
1.5 feet by 1.67 feet. Similarly, the AREMA2 Cooper E-80 live load
simulates the effect of four 80,000-lbs axles, located 5 feet apart. Each
axle load is assumed to be distributed over a 2-ft by 8-ft area.
TABLE 6.6
LIVE LOADS ON PIPE
Height Live Load Transferred to Pipe, lbs/in2
Of
Cover Highway Railway
Airport
3
(ft)
H201
E802
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
10
12
12.50
5.56
4.17
2.78
1.74
1.39
1.22
0.69
*
*
26.39
23.61
18.40
16.67
15.63
12.15
11.11
7.64
5.56
Height Live Load Transferred to Pipe, lbs/in2

Of
Cover Highway Railway
Airport
3
(ft)
H201
E802
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
35
40
13.14
12.28
11.27
10.09
8.79
7.85
6.93
6.09
4.76
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
4.17
3.47
2.78
2.08
1.91
1.74
1.39
1.04
0.69
*
*
3.06
2.29
1.91
1.53
1.14
1.05
*
*
*
*
*
1 Simulates 20 ton truck traffic + impact (Source: ASTM A 796)

2 Simulates 80,000 lbs/ft railway load + impact (Source: ASTM A 796)
3 180,000 lbs dual tandem gear assembly. 26 inch spacing between tires and 66 inch center-to-center spacing
between fore and aft tires under a rigid pavement 12 inches thick + impact.
* Negligible live load influence.
210
FIGURE 6.7 - H20 HIGHWAY LOADING
Vertical Soil Pressure (lbs/ft2)

SOURCE: AMERICAN IRON AND STEEL INSTITUTE, WASHINGTON, D.C.
FIGURE 6.8 - COOPER E-80 LIVE LOADING
Vertical Soil Pressure (lbs/ft2)

SOURCE: AMERICAN IRON AND STEEL INSTITUTE, WASHINGTON, D.C.
211
AASHTO Design Method

The American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Officials (AASHTO) currently has published two design documents,
which provide specifications for estimation of the effects of live loads
Section 3, in the LRFD Bridge Specifications Manual, is entitled Loads
and Load Factors and from the Standard Specifications for Highway
Bridges, Division 1, Section 3 is entitled, "Loads." A summary of the
method of the former reference, being the more recent of the two, is
captured below.
The contact area of a dual-tire is assumed to be a singular rectangle
with a width (W) of 20 inches and a length (L) of 10 inches. The
equivalent area of loading distribution, realized at pipe depth, can be
calculated as follows:
EQUATION 6.9
A = (W + H)(L + H)
where:
= area of load distribution under fill, ft2

= width of dual-tire, ft
= length of dual-tire, ft
= 1.15 for granular soils
= 1.0 for all other soil types
H = height of cover, ft
A
W
L
Similar to the 60o rule often found in soil mechanics texts, the equation
above applies for burial depths exceeding 2 feet, but not exceeding 8 feet.
The distributive effect of the fill can be ignored at cover depths less than
2 feet, and live loads can be neglected where depth of fill is more than 8
feet. The enlarged contact area, defined in Equation 6.9, is used to
compute the distributed load experienced at the pipe surface, by simply
dividing the wheel load (P) by the area (A).
Design Software External Load Design for Flexible Conduits
The Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association offers design software that can
calculate the loads described in this chapter, as well as apply the loadings
to estimate the long-term deflection discussed in Chapter VII, Design of
Buried PVC Pipe.
The program can account for either of the earth-loading scenarios
described earlier in this chapter. The Marston earth load (defined by
Equation 6.2) and the prism earth-load options (defined by Equation 6.6)
are both available to the user. Through interactive screens, such as that
212
shown in Figure 6.9, the design specifics are obtained (backfill material,
height of cover, compaction effort, etc.), in which the user is prompted to
input data or select from a listing of typical values. Furthermore, units for
input and output are user-defined, allowing for either metric or English
units.
FIGURE 6.9 SAMPLE INPUT SCREEN
With regard to live loads, several options are available. The software
has the capability to simulate standard highway (H20), railway (E80), and
airport live loads, as well as provide for custom live load situations. The
single-wheel, two-trucks-passing, and custom live-loads (in which the
loads and the pattern are user-defined) are all computed, using a method
similar to the Boussinesq method presented earlier in the text. The
software determines the live loads at user-defined depths using Holls and
Newmarks integration of the Boussinesq formula.5 Furthermore, the
software can be used to calculate long-term deflection for flexible pipe
using principles explained in the next chapter, Design of Buried PVC
Pipe.
213
FIGURE 6.10 LIVE-LOAD MENU SCREEN
214
CHAPTER VI
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.
Airport Runway Depth of Cover Tables, National Corrugated Steel Pipe Association,
Shiller Park, IL.
2.
American Railway Engineering Association Manual for Railway Engineering,

Landover, MD (2000).
3. Barnard, R. E., "Design and Deflection Control of Buried Steel Pipe Supporting Earth
and Live Loads," American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, Proc.
57 (1957).
4. Cohn, Morris M., By the Magic of Chemistry: Pipe Lines for Progress, CertainTeed
Products Corp., Valley Forge, PA (1975).
5. Gravity Sanitary Sewer Design and Construction, "Manuals & Reports on Engineering
Practice No. 60," American Society of Civil Engineers and "Manual of Practice FD-5,"
Water Pollution Control Federation (1982).
6. Handbook of Steel Drainage and Highway Construction Products, American Iron and
Steel Institute, Donnelley and Sons, Co., New York, NY (1971).
7.
Howard, A. K., "Laboratory Load Tests on Buried Flexible Pipe," Journal AWWA,
Denver, CO (Oct. 1972).
8.
LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, American Association of State Highway and

Transportation Officials, Washington, DC (1999)
9. Manual of Recommended Practice, American Railway Engineering Assoc., AREA

Spec 1-4-28, Chicago, IL.
10. Marston, Anson and A. O. Anderson, "The Theory of Loads on Pipes in Ditches and
Tests of Cement and Clay Drain Tile and Sewer Pipe," Bul. 31, Iowa Engineering
Experiment Station, Ames, IA (1913).
11. Molin, J., "Principles of Calculation for Underground Plastic Pipes - Load, Deflection,
Strain," ISO/TC 138/WG6 (Sweden - 3) 47 (Jan. 1971).
12. Moser, A. P., R. K. Watkins and O. K. Shupe, "Design and Performance of PVC Pipes
Subjected to External Soil Pressure," Buried Structures Laboratory, Utah State
University, Logan, UT (June 1976).
13. Pipeline Design for Water and Wastewater, American Society of Civil Engineers,
New York, NY (1975).
14. Spangler, M. G., "The Structural Design of Flexible Pipe Culverts," Bulletin 153, Iowa
Engineering Experiment Station, Ames, IA (1941).
15. Spangler, M. G. and R. L. Handy, Soil Engineering, Intext Educational Publ., New
York, NY (1973).
215
16. Standard Practice for Structural Design of Corrugated Steel Pipe, Pipe Arches, and
Arches for Storm and Sanitary and Other Buried Applications, ASTM A796,
American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA (1993).
216

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CHAPTER VI

HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE

the frictional force resisting settlement

CHAPTER VI - SUPERIMPOSED LOADS ON BURIED PIPE

the force against the trench wall due to the

vertical pressure on any horizontal plane, lbs/Lft

HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE

Shearing Forces Increase the Load

Shearing Forces Decrease the Load

CHAPTER VI - SUPERIMPOSED LOADS ON BURIED PIPE

load on the pipe, lbs/Lft

HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE

e is the natural logarithm base

CHAPTER VI - SUPERIMPOSED LOADS ON BURIED PIPE

FIGURE 6.4 - VALUES OF Cd

HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE

Marston developed the following formula for computing loads on both

CHAPTER VI - SUPERIMPOSED LOADS ON BURIED PIPE

settlement of natural ground adjacent to pipe

GRAVITY SANITARY SEWER DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. "MANUALS & REPORTS

HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE

FIGURE 6.6 - VALUES OF Cc

Diagram for coefficient Cc for positive-projecting conduits.

CHAPTER VI - SUPERIMPOSED LOADS ON BURIED PIPE

Replacing the Cc in Marston's embankment load formula with the ratio

The prism load may also be expressed in terms of soil pressure as

HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE

depth at which soil pressure is desired, ft

Calculation of soil pressure on both rigid and flexible pipes of the

Rigid Pipe Load (trench condition) Use Equation 6.1

Wc = 2.221 (120)32 = 2,398 lbs/Lft or 16.7 lbs/in2

CHAPTER VI - SUPERIMPOSED LOADS ON BURIED PIPE

4" (Do = 4.215) PIPE

Granular w/o Cohesion

Granular w/o Cohesion

Granular w/o Cohesion

Granular w/o Cohesion

HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE

4" (Do = 4.215) PIPE

Granular w/o Cohesion

Granular w/o Cohesion

Granular w/o Cohesion

Granular w/o Cohesion

Granular w/o Cohesion

Granular w/o Cohesion

Granular w/o Cohesion

Granular w/o Cohesion

CHAPTER VI - SUPERIMPOSED LOADS ON BURIED PIPE

8" (Do = 8.400) PIPE

Granular w/o Cohesion

Granular w/o Cohesion

Granular w/o Cohesion

Granular w/o Cohesion

Granular w/o Cohesion

Granular w/o Cohesion

Granular w/o Cohesion

Granular w/o Cohesion

HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE

8" (Do = 8.400) PIPE

Granular w/o Cohesion

Granular w/o Cohesion

Granular w/o Cohesion