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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Institution)
Coimbatore-641 105
VII Semester
2013-14
UNIT - V
PART A (13 2 = 26 Marks)
1. What is a Wobbuloscope?
May/June 2013
Geostationary satellites are used for satellite TV system. The satellites are placed well
above the earth in geostationary orbit, which means that they look like stationary upon the horizon.
A dish antenna can be employed to focus on them. Satellite signals are intercepted by the earth,
amplified and downconverted into signals which can be understood by the television through a settop.
Improved resolution
Stereophonic sound
HDTV have twice the vertical and horizontal resolution of conventional television.
HDTV studio equipments have two mega-pixels per frame which is six times the number of
pixels as conventional television.
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Nov/Dec 2012
Teletext is transmitted using TV signals, but view data is transmitted using the standard
telephone network.
Teletext uses a 3 digit numeric identifier, while view data uses identifiers upto 10 characters.
Multichannel programming.
9. What is teletext?
Nov/Dec 2011
May/June 2010
Teletext is a generic form used to describe any system which makes use of blanked
(inactive) lines in a television system. It convey information which is correspondingly displayed on
the receiver screen in place of or in addition to the normal studio picture.
May/June 2011
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Electronic systems
May/June 2010
PART B
1. (a) Describe in detail the teletext picture with its data lines. How are the teletext
informations coded? Draw and explain the teletext TV receiver.
(16 marks)
May/June 2013
Ans:
Teletext is a generic term used to describe any system which makes use of the
blanked (inactive) lines in a television system. It convey information which is correspondingly
displayed on the receiver screen in place or in addition to the normal studio picture.
In the 625 line television system, a complete picture is made up of two interfaced fields.
Each field is containing 312.5 lines. Out of 312.5 lines, 7.5 lines are used for preequalising, vertical
sync and post equalizing pulses.
Another 12.5 lines are left out for retrace interval. The remaining 292.5 lines are utilized
to carry picture details.
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Out of 574 interlaced lines available for the display of picture details, only 480 lines are
practically used to present teletext picture.
Out of 12.5 lines allocated for retrace, some are utilized for test and signaling purposes.At
present line numbers 15, 16, 17, 18 of the even numbered fields and line numbers 328, 329, 330
and 331 odd- numbered fields have been standardized for transmitting teletext signals. They are
called teletext data lines.
Binary pulse encoding is used for coding teletext informations. The digital pulses utilized
to convey teletext information which form a teletext lines are arranged in a specially coded groups.
The individual pulses within and every group are binary digits called bits. They represent
one or other of numbers 0 or 1. The number 0 represents the pulse absent state and 1
represents the pulse present state.
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Teletext TV receiver
A special circuit with the receiver retriever decodes these signals. The teletext decoder
suppresses normal picture signals being given to the picture tube. It supplies teletext signals
recalled from the data store and after conversion to suitable video signal by the character generator.
The teletext signals are sent with the same standards as for normal TV programmes so
that the viewers receiver can accept either of these without any extra circuitry.
(8 marks)
May/June 2013
6|Page
Ans:
For a large number of TV owners living in rural areas served poorly by the cable
operators, broadcasting satellites remain the only choice. Today, millions of dish antenna are in
operation and the users are increasing rapidly.
For broadcasting TV signals three sets of frequency bands have been used namely
S, C and U bands. STAR TV and CNN are received on the C band using dishes ranging in
size from 2.5m to 5m in diameter.
A satellite receiver interfaces with the motor controlling the dish of the antenna.
Hence when a viewer selects a station through remote control, the dish turns to the appropriate
part of the sky to receive the signal.
(8 marks)
May/June 2013
(6 marks)
Nov/Dec2012
Ans:
HDTV is usually defined as a system having twice the horizontal spatial and vertical
spatial resolution of the current television systems. The HDTV system is an extremely complex
collection of digital, communication, and computer techniques. The characteristic features of
HDTV systems are,
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The program generating studio equipment consists of cameras and VCRs. Transmitters
and transmission links include microwave and satellite.
(10 marks)
Nov/Dec2012
(8 marks)
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A receive site on earth picks up the signal. The receive site may be a cable TV company
or an individual consumer. Satellites are widely used by the TV networks, the premium channel
companies, and the cable TV industry for distributing signals nationally.
A newer form of consumer satellite TV is direct broadcast satellite (DBS) TV. The DBS
systems are designed specifically for consumer reception directly from the satellite. The new DBS
systems feature digitally encoded video and audio signals, which make transmission and reception
more reliable and provide outstanding picture and sound quality.
i. The picture quality from satellite systems is surprisingly good comparing to the conventional
land based TV transmissions.
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(10 marks)
Nov/Dec2012
8. (a) With block diagram explain the working of infrared remote control unit of a TV
receiver.
(16 marks)
Nov/Dec 2011
Ans:
The remote control unit consists of a small portable handset containing a keypad on the
front. Inside the set, there is a digital IC which generates and encodes pulses and a driver amplifier
for driving a light emitting diode (LED). The LED generates invisible infrared light. Every key
acts as a on-off switch.
The usual functions performed by the unique codes are channel selection (CS), fine
tuning (FT), brightness control, contrast control, colour saturation and audio volume control. Each
control has two positions: up and down.
The controlling function of the signals sensed from the remote control unit and decoded
by the microcomputer in the receiver is illustrated in figure below.
The advanced remote control units may also have teletext selection, bass control,
treble control etc.
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The infrared light from the LED travels in a straight line to the TV receiver. At the
receiver, the infrared light pulses are intercepted by a photodiode sensor, located in front panel of
the TV receiver.
The photodiode converts the light pulses into electrical pulses, which are amplified by a
high gain amplifier and are clipped to a constant level before feeding them to a microprocessor
unit.
An example for selecting channel 2 is given below. Key no. 2 on the keypad of the
handset is pushed, IC of the handset comes to life. It generates an appropriate pulse train which is
amplified to activate the LED to give chopped light pulses at about 38KHz.
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The photodiode at the receiver converts these pulses into electrical pulses. A preamplifier
IC amplifies these pulses which are fed to the microprocessor chip. The arrival of the first pulse
interrupts whatever the microprocessor was doing and sends the data into the decoder where the
code word is decoded. The decoded word operates the relevant tuner circuit.
The decoded word is stored in the memory of the microprocessor. A memory address is
generated and sent to the ROM device which generates the desired character matrix for displaying
the function on the screen.
(6 marks)
Nov/Dec 2012
Ans:
Teletext is a generic term used to describe any system which makes use of the
blanked (inactive) lines in a television system. It convey information which is correspondingly
displayed on the receiver screen in place or in addition to the normal studio picture.
In teletext mode, an index page provides the key to select the desired information and
on entering the appropriate page number through the keypad, the wanted page can be accessed in a
matter of seconds.
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10. (a) Draw a neat block diagram to represent cable TV system and explain its working
principle. Explain the scrambling and descrambling employed in it.
(16 marks)
May/June 2012
Ans:
Cable TV, sometimes called CATV, is a system of delivering the TV signal to home
receivers by way of a coaxial cable rather than over the air by radio wave propagation. The cable
TV system is an extension of the master antenna TV system. It covers not only the TV receivers
located in shadow zones or fringe areas, but even the receivers which are well within a clear line of
sight and which would otherwise receive excellent signal strength direct from the telecast.
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Inputs from various antennas and from VCR or digital video discs are combined in a
mixer. The mixer is called head-end. The head-end converts all radio frequency signals into VHF
channels.
The outputs from the head-end are fed to a broadband distribution amplifier from where
these are fed to the trunk cables. The trunk cables feed the signal to the branch lines from which
signal is trapped to be sent to homes. Line amplifiers are used at suitable points on the line to
overcome progressive loss of signal.
Various elements of CATV system are shown in figure above. Description of their
functions are as follows:
Head-end: The broadcast signals picked up by the respective antennas are processed. They are
amplified by a low noise amplifier and adjusted for correct level.
Trunk line cables: It consists of a coaxial cable which is an efficient wideband line.
Branch line cable: Small diameter (about 10mm) is used because the length is not too long.
Drop line: It is the line running from the branch to the subscribers home TV. It generally uses a
coaxial cable of about 6mm diameter.
Trunk amplifier: Trunk amplifiers are used to eliminate losses in the cable such as DC loss (I^2R
loss), skin effect loss and dielectric loss.
Bridge amplifier: It acts as a bridge between the trunk line and the branch line. It takes care of
impedance mismatch and compensates the loss in the trunk line.
Line amplifiers: When a branch line is to be extended, line amplifiers are used.
Directional coupler: To ensure that each branch line extracts only a small energy from the trunk
line, directional couplers are used.
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Besides the normal programmes, some premium services like uncut movies, current
movies, special sports events, rainbow channel etc. are offered by the cable TV system on payment
of a premium channel fee. To allow access to such programmes to the authorized customer only,
the signal is scrambled. The authorized customer will have a descrambler unit supplied by the
cable operator.
Scrambling
In scrambling, the RF signal modulated by the composite video signal does not have the
sync pulses. Without sync pulses, the receiver cannot lock in with the sync suppressed signal. Also
the AGC voltage is locked, which cause reversal of black and white portions, ie., picture becomes
negative picture. Thus the scrambled picture will not be seen to ordinary subscribers.
Descrambling
For those subscribers who pay extra premium for seeing pay TV programmes, the
scrambled channels have to be descrambled. The descrambler restores sync pulses to the radio
frequency signal. For this, a pilot carrier of frequency lower than the RF channel frequency is sent
by the cable operator.
The descrambler unit at the subscribers end consists of a narrow band receiver, which
selects the pilot, amplifies it and filters out the spurious components. The filtered pilot carrier
passes through an AM detector. The detectors output consists of pulses which pass through a
pulse-shaping circuit to get clean pulses. The pulses are added to the sync suppressed signal at the
right place.
(8 marks)
May/June 2012, May/June 2011
(16 marks)
Nov/Dec 2011
Ans:
The television system in which analog audio and video signals are converted into
digital binary pulses for transmission and after detection at the receiver are reconverted into analog
signals for being reproduced asoriginal sound and picture, is called digital television or simply
DTV.
Advantages
Special features:
i.
Picture in picture
ii.
Freezing of frame
iii.
iv.
All the processing functions can be software controlled and can be achieved by the
remote control unit
v.
vi.
vii.
The DTV systems are able to provide interaction between the end user and the
broadcaster for pay TV through the use of a return path
viii.
ix.
Reduced bandwidth
It permits multiplexing of two or more programmes on the same channel
Special effects
i.
ii.
iii.
Blasting: Camcorders fitted with a digital field memory storage can zoomany part of the
picture chosen for recording and subsequent display. It is called blasting.
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v.
Digital TV receiver
It is a superheterodyne receiver. The bundle of bits pertaining to sound and vision beats
with the local oscillator and produces IF signals (video IF and audio IF).
The tuner selects the desired channel. A sharp filter separates the cideo IF and audio IF.
Video bits are detected and decoded to give the original samples after decompression. These are
converted into analog signal using a DAC. For audio, IF is converted into intercarrier frequency and
the sampled audio pulses are obtained by using a DQPSK demodulator. The demodulated pulses
passes through a decoder and a DAC circuit to get the original audio signal.
(8 marks)
May/June 2011
Ans:
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Video disc system was developed to record video and associated audio information on a
disc with the help of laser beams, to eliminate the disadvantages of magnetic recording tapes.
The video disc was very much superior to tape and has the following advantages.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
Dropouts only upto 2.5nm of disc are felt due to error correction codes and distortion dur
to scratched is also automatically corrected.
ix.
As the audio signals are converted into binary digits, the system has all the advantages of a
digital system.
x.
(6 marks)
May/June 2010
Ans:
The main purpose of the video recorder is recording and replaying video and audio signals.
The video signal can be recorded on a magnetic tape for picture reproduction in a similar way as
the audio tape is used for reproduction of sound. Figure below shows the elements of a magnetic
tape recorder.
The tape consists of very fine particles of magnetic iron oxide on a plastic base. The
transport mechanism pulls the tape past the record-playback head. As the head consists of many
turns of fine wire, its magnetic field reacts with the magnetic tape. At the recording position,
signal current magnetizes the tape with the same variations as the signal.
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On playback, the moving tape induces current in the head. The record-playback switch
decides whether the machine records or playback. To increase tape speed, rotating heads can be
used. The relative head to tape speed is the writing speed. One more technique is helical scan in
which the head records diagonally across the width of the tape.
(8 marks)
May/June 2010
Ans:
Normal television receiver pictures are two dimensional (2D) in nature. They have length
and breadth dimensions and lack depth, hence look flat. In three dimensional (3D) televisions,
viewing depth is also depicted on the screen. Therefore, the picture appears to have all the qualities
of a live scene as viewed with normal vision.
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3D Transmission
Thus the left and right channel signals formed together with the sync pulses. They are
amplitude modulated with the station channel carrier in separate modulators. From the output of right
channel modulator, the upper sideband (USB) is chosen while from the left channel modulator the
lower sideband (LSB) is removed. On combining they look like as shown in figure below.
It can be observed that, a total channel bandwidth of nearly 12 MHz is required for 3D
picture and stereo sound TV system. Therefore special channel width allocation equal to nearly twice
the normal channel width is required for such transmitting stations.
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