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HSPA System Overview

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Objective
At the end of the module the participant will be able to:

Describe UMTS network and Radio Access Network.

Explain aspects of UMTS Release 99 air interface.
Briefly introduce HSPA system and key elements of HSPA.
Briefly introduce HSPA+ system and key elements of HSPA+.

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Content
UMTS evolution and HSPA
UMTS Release 99 environment
Network
Air Interface

HSDPA introduction and advantages

HSUPA introduction and advantages
HSPA+ introduction and advantages
LTE introduction

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HSPA or HSxPA
Consists of:

HSDPA = High Speed Downlink Packet Access

Introduced in Release 5
Up to 14.4 Mbps in downlink

HSUPA = High Speed Uplink Packet Access

Introduced in Release 6
Up to 5.76 Mbps in uplink

Future enhancements to HSPA will lead to even higher data

rates.

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Evolution of UMTS

R
A
N

Rel 98
(EGPRS)
C
O
R
E

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QoS
HSDPA

UTRAN

Rel 99
( = Rel 3)

Rel 4

Rel 6

Rel 5

VoIP
MGW

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HSUPA

QoS
IMS

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Evolution of UMTS (Continued)

R
A
N

HSPA+
Rel 7

Rel 6
C
O
R
E

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Rel 7

Direct
Tunnel

HSPA+ Rel 8,
LTE

Rel 8

???

Rel 9

SAE

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UMTS Release 99 Environment

Core Network: Same as GSM/GPRS/EDGE
Radio Access Network:
User Equipment (UE) = Mobile phone + USIM
Node B Base station supporting WCDMA
Radio Network Controller (RNC) Controller in 3G RAN
Unlike 2G, Iur interface exists between neighbor RNCs.

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UMTS Network

Uu
IuCS

UE

Iur

Gn

Gi

IuPS
Iub

The picture shows Release 99 core network. In release 4 core networks, MSC is splitted into
MSC Server (MSS) and Media Gateway (MGW).

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UMTS Release 99 Air Interface

Large 5 MHz bandwidth.
FDD: Simultaneous transmit and receive using different band.
CDMA
Spreading: creating signal through unique user code to create multiple
bandwidth.
Despreading: reobtaining original signal by correlating signal with user
code.

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power

power

FDMA

time t

time t

TDMA

TS 3
TS 2
TS 1
1

frequency f

power
P

time t

CDMA

frequency f
For coordinating limited frequency
resources to different users

Multiplex
method
FDMA
TDMA
CDMA

3
2
1

BS & MS with common

know-how regarding:
Frequency
Time
PN code

frequency f

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User data:100
1
+1

T Bit
t

-1

SF = 4

Spreading code:0110
0

+1
t

-1

Coded signal
1

T chip
0

+1
t

-1

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Transmitter
bits
RB

Air
Interface

chips
Spreading

Receiver

symbol

Wideband
Modulation

DeModulation

fT

RC
Code
Generator

Carrier
Generator

RB
DeSpreading
RC

Time
synchronization

Code
Generator

RB: Bit Rate

RC: Chip Rate
fT: Carrier frequency

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Code Tree in UMTS Air Interface

SF = 1

SF = 2

SF = 4

SF = 8
Cch ,8,0 = (1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1)

Cch ,4,0 = (1,1,1,1)

Cch ,8,1 = (1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , -1 , -1 , -1 , -1)
Cch ,2,0 = (1,1)

Cch , 8,2 = (1 , 1 , -1 , -1 , 1 , 1 , -1 ,-1)

Cch ,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)

(c , c)

Cch ,8,3 = (1 , 1 , -1 , -1 , -1 , -1 , 1 , 1)

Cch,1,0 = (1)

Cch , 8,4 = (1 , -1 , 1 , -1 , 1 , -1 , 1 , -1)

Cch ,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)

(c , -c)

Cch ,8,5 = (1 , -1 , 1 , -1 , -1 , 1 , -1 , 1)

Cch ,2,1 = (1,-1)

Cch ,8,6 = (1 , -1 , -1 , 1 , 1 , -1 , -1 , 1)
Cch ,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
Cch ,8,7 = (1 , -1 , -1 , 1 , -1 , 1 , 1 , -1)

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Role of Channelization and Scrambling Code in

Downlink Direction
Channelization codes
distinguish user within a
cell.
Code 2

Each cell has the same

Code 3

channelization code tree

two users in different
cells can have the same
channelization code
assigned.

Code 3
Code 1
Code 1

Therefore the different

cells must be
characterized by a
Scrambling code.

Code 2

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Code Comparison between Uplink and Downlink

Uplink

Downlink

User separation

Cell separation

Channelisation Codes

Data and control channels

from same UE

Users within a cell

Available
Channelisation Codes
FDD

4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256

4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256,

512

Scrambling Codes

Spreading Code

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Channelisation Code x Scrambling Code

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Role of Scrambling Code in Uplink Direction

Chann. Code
= (1,1,-1,-1)

Chann. Code
= (1,-1,-1,1)

In the uplink direction the

user signals are not
synchronised due to time
delay.
In case of different time
delays Channelization
Codes are not orthogonal
any more.
Scrambling Codes: High
autocorrelation if
synchronized, almost zero
correlation between different
codes even if
unsynchronized.

T=0
1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1

1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1
Delay

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OVSF Code Tree Usage

SF=4

SF=8
384 kbps
144 kbps

SF=16

7 data
connections
2 voice
connections

64 kbps

SF=32

Reserved for
signaling
SF=64
12.2 kbps

SF=128

3.4 kbps

SF=256

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Chip, Timeslot, Frame, Superframe

Shortest information unit in CDMA

Chip

(of the spreading code)

1/3,840,000 s 0.2604 s

2560 chips

Timeslot TS

Periodic repetition of
control information (e.g. TPC)

2/3 ms

Frame

TS#0 TS#i

TS#14

Shortest transmission duration

and data rate adaption

f#72

Counting period for:

Definition of physical channels
Handover to GSM (120 ms frame)

10 ms

Superframe

f#1

f#i

720 ms

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HSDPA
Introduced in Release 5.
Can coexist with non-HSDPA in the same cell.
Improve downlink direction. Uplink still relies on Rel '99.
Advantages:
Higher data rate: up to 14.4 Mbps with practical rate 10.8
Mbps.
Reduce latency:
especially with TCP Slow Start and Congestion Avoidance.
Retransmission and HARQ in Node B.

Spectral efficiency: TTI=2ms schedule of shared channels.

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TCP Window Size

slow start threshold, start value = 65535

receivers window seize

8,760

congestion occurs readjustment

of slow start
threshold

third phase:
congestion voidance,
linear growth

slow start threshold, readjusted value

cwnd

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second phase:
slow start,
eponential growth
first phase:
slow start,
exponential growth

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Retransmission Cycle in HSDPA

Rel99 DCH

Rel5 HS-DSCH

RNC

RNC

Packet
Retransmission
Packet

Retransmission

Node B
RLC ACK / NACK

L1 ACK / NACK

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HSDPA Scheduling

10 ms

Dedicated
DCH

inefficient usage!

Rel '99

Code
Shared
HS-DSCH

wasted bandwidth!
Big shared pipe

HSDPA

2 ms

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Time

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HSUPA
Introduced in Release 6.
Improve uplink direction. Rely on HSDPA in downlink.
Advantages:
Higher data rate: up to 5.76 Mbps with practical rate 1.44
Mbps in first version.
Reduce latency: retransmission request by Node B.
Increased coverage and capacity: efficient handling of uplink
interference problem.

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Improved Performance with HSUPA

User data rate

Round trip
time, delays

Cell throughput

Coverage

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20 100% improvement
depending on the channel
conditions
Round trip time
approximately 50
milliseconds
Cell throughput improved by
20 50%

Coverage gain 0.5 1.5dB

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HSPA+
Also called Evolved HSPA (eHSPA), HSPA Evolution
Corresponds to HSPA in Release 7 and 8
Some key features:

MIMO
64QAM in downlink
16QAM in uplink
Direct tunnel
etc.

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New Features in HSPA+

GGSN

SGSN
RNC
64QAM
Modulation

TX

NodeB

RX
Tx

MIMO
Channel

Rx

= control plane
= user plane

Direct tunnel in Rel 7

MIMO

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Data Rate Evolution

3GPP Rel5

Downlink

3GPP Rel6

peak rate

3GPP Rel7

3GPP Rel8
HSPA+

LTE

42 Mbps

173 Mbps

11 Mbps

58 Mbps

28 Mbps
14 Mbps
11 Mbps

14 Mbps

5.7 Mbps

0.4 Mbps
Uplink pe

ak rate

Performance with 2x2 MIMO and 16QAM for Rel 7

With 2x2 MIMO and 64QAM for Rel 8
LTE requires 20 MHz bandwidth for 173/58 Mbps

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HSPA+ Features and Benefits

Impact on end user
experience

3GPP Rel7/Rel8 item

Continuous Packet Connectivity
(DTX/DRX)

Extended battery time

CS voice over HSPA

Continuous connectivity

HS-FACH, HS-RACH

Faster set-up times

SRNS Relocation Enhancement,

Enhancement for HSPA Arch.

System capacity, E2E and

architecture efficiency
Cell throughput and typical
throughput improvements

Flexible RLC in DL and UL

64QAM DL, MIMO2x2, MCHSDPA, 16QAM UL

Peak data rate improvements

HSPA+ is not only about the peak data rates!

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LTE
LTE = Long Term Evolution

Part of 3GPP Release 8

Only packet switched
Intend to coexist with existing 2G/3G/HSPA networks
Major changes to:
Air interface
Network architecture: SAE (System Architecture Evolution)

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LTE Principles

OFDMA

Improved Radio Principles

peak data rates [Mbps ]: 173 DL , 58 UL
Scalable BW: 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 MHz
Short latency: 10 20 ms
Flat Overall Architecture
2-node architecture
All-IP
Simplified protocol structure

MME

S-GW/
PDN-GW

Internet
Evolved Node B

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Direct tunnel

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