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1
Combinatorial Circuits
R = (A+B)•C
P = (Q•S’)+(T+C)’
but not
R = (A+R)•(T+C)’
Canonical Forms
2
Minterms =AND Gates
3
The canonical form and the truth table
A B C X
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 Minterm A'•B•C
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 Minterm A•B'•C
1 1 0 1 Minterm A•B•C'
1 1 1 1 Minterm A•B•C
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The canonical form derived from equations
X = (A+A')•B•C + A'•B•C
X = A•B•C+A'•B•C + A'•B•C
A
B X
C
5
Example continued
A
B X
C
6
Minimisation
or is it ??
7
Suppose we were to do the following
X = A'•B•C + A•B'•C + A•B•C' + A•B•C
X = A'•B•C+A•B'•C+A•B•C'+A•B•C+A•B•C+A•B•C
now we can find more factorisations
X = (A'+A)•B•C + (B'+B)•A•C + (C'+C)•A•B
giving
X = B•C + A•C + A•B
which is the simplest form
Karnaugh Map
8
Three input Karnaugh map
BC
00 01 11 10
A 0 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 1 1
B BC
0 1 00 01 11 10
A 0 0 1 A 0 0 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
Two Input OR gate Three input majority circuit
CD
00 01 11 10
AB 00 0 0 1 0
Four Input
01 0 1 1 1 Majority
11 1 1 1 1 Circuit
10 0 1 1 1
9
Factorisations and the Karnaugh map
BC
00 01 11 10
A 0 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 1 1
Problem Break
BC
00 01 11 10
A 0 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 1 0
Q.
What conditions are represented by the circles above?
Ans:
For the upper circle A is always 0 and B is always 1,
so the condition is A’•B = 1.
For the lower circle A is always 1 and C is always 1
so the term is A •C = 1
10
Each circle on a Karnaugh map represents a term
Term B
B
0 1
A 0 0 1
1 1 1
Term A
CD Term
00 01 11 10 A'•B'•C
AB 00 0 1 1 1
01 0 1 0 1 Term
11 1 1 1 1 A'•B•C•D'
10 1 1 1 1
Term A
Term C'•D
11
Drawing circles on Karnaugh Maps
CD
00 01 11 10
AB 00 0 0 1 0
01 0 1 1 1
11 1 1 1 1
10 0 1 1 1
12
Getting the equation
C? D
B? D
CD
00 01 11 10
B? C
AB 00 0 0 1 0
01 0 1 1 1
11 1 1 1 1
A? B 10 0 1 1 1
A? D A? C
00 01 11 10 01 11 10 00
00 1 01 1 1
01 1 1 11 1
11 1 10 1 1
10 1 1 00 1
13
Drawing circles round the edges
00 01 11 10 01 11 10 00
00 1 01 1 1
01 1 1 11 1
11 1 10 1 1
10 1 1 00 1
Don't Cares
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Don't Cares 2
Don’t Cares 3
C? D
CD
00 01 11 10
B
AB 00 X 0 1 0
01 X 1 1 1
11 1 1 1 1 X = A•D + A•C + B + C•D
10 0 1 1 1
A? D A? C
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