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TCP/IP Optimizer
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Using the program
3. General Settings
3.1 Connection Speed slider
3.2 Network Adapter selection
3.3 TCP Receive Window
3.4 MTU Discovery
3.5 Black Hole Detect
3.6 Selective ACKs
3.7 Max Duplicate ACKs
3.8 Time to Live
3.9 TCP 1323 Options
4. Advanced settings
4.1 Internet Explorer Optimization
4.2 Host Resolution Priority
4.3 Type/Quality of Service
4.4 DNS Error Caching
4.5 LAN Browsing speedup
4.6 LAN Request Buffer Size
5. Largest MTU
6. BDP
7. Latency
8. Registry
9. Menus
9.1 File Menu
9.2 Preferences Menu
Appendix A - Program Changes
1. Introduction
The TCP Optimizer is a program designed to provide an easy, intuitive interface for tuning TCP and IP
related parameters in the Windows Registry. It takes into account all related RFCs, the Microsoft TCP/IP
implementation oddities, verifies all Registry locations for the same TCP/IP parameters (ICS Sharing, AOL
protocol MTU, etc), only ads the necessary Registry parameters, and overall aids in making the whole
"tweaking for speed" experience a breeze. It is downloadable from here: SG TCP Optimizer.
In the following chapters, you will find short descriptions of all the settings and all aspects of the
functionality of the TCP Optimizer. In addition to this documentation, you can also check the TCP Optimizer
FAQ, as well as the SG Tweaking forum. We'd also appreciate any feedback about the program, please
contact the webmaster or post in our forums with any suggestions for additions or changes to either the
program or this documentation.
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short instructions:
- Choose your maximum Connection Speed from the slider bar (the maximum available
bandwidth, in kilobits per second)
- Choose your Network Interface, or check to Modify All Network Adapters
- Pick "Optimal settings" from the radio-buttons near the bottom of the program
- Click on the "Apply changes" button and reboot
The Optimizer can do all the rest for you (including a backup of the current
registry settings, so you can revert the changes if you wish). The new version
of the program includes a preview of all changes after hitting the "Apply
changes" button and before actually editing the Windows Registry.
You can also use the Optimizer to easily apply custom values, test with
different settings, and learn a bit more about tweaking and TCP/IP in general.
We strongly recommend getting familiar with the settings, and learning what
aspects of your connection they affect first. Also, note that some of the
program tabs (Largest MTU, BDP, Latency) can be used as a learning tool
without making any changes to the Windows Registry.
The 3 radio buttons at the bottom of the program show the relevant "Current
settings" as set in the Windows Registry, the Optimizer recommended "Optimal settings", or allow for
"Custom settings" for the more advanced user to test with different values.
Please see the following chapters for definitions and detailed descriptions of all options in the TCP Optimizer.
Note: You should be logged in with an account with administrative privileges to be able to write to some of
the Registry keys and use the program to its full potential.
3. General Settings
This tab contains all the important tweakable TCP/IP parameters.
Connection Speed (in kilobits per second) - you have to choose your
maximum available bandwidth here. The Optimizer will base any "Optimal
settings" recommendations on the connection speed you choose in this slider
bar. Please note it is an approximation of your maximum available bandwidth,
it does not have to be exact.
Network Adapter selection - you should have a list of all present network
interfaces in the system. When you select an adapter, using this pull-down
menu, its IP address will be shown in the lower-right of this section. Note you
can also choose to modify all network adapters at the same time, or tweak without modifying any of their
settings.
You also have the option to type a a custom MTU value (that will be used to recommend RWIN). Generally,
MTU can safely be set at 1500, however some types of connections, and some routers use smaller values. It
is only necessary to edit the MTU value in such special cases. For example, the maximum MTU value for
Windows XP PPPoE encapsulation is 1480 (even though other PPPoE implementations can use as high as
1492).
Note: In some rare cases, it is possible that your desired network device is not correctly identified by the
Optimizer. That does not affect the program performance much, and you should simply choose "Modify All
Network Adapters" in such cases. We'd also appreciate you contacting us with the exact device, so we can
improve the program.
TCP Receive Window (a.k.a. RWIN) - this buffer is the single most important factor in tweaking your
TCP/IP parameters. A small RWIN value limits your maximum throughput (the server waits for
acknowledgements of received packets), one much larger than needed by your connection can have a
negative effect on your connection as well. Here is some history on RWIN, and all the considerations in
choosing an "optimal" value:
Originally, when the TCP protocol was developed, there were only 16 bits in the TCP header reserved for the
size of this buffer, allowing for a maximum value of 2^16 (65535, if you start counting from 0). With faster
high-latency networks this value proved insufficient, and RFC 1323 introduced additional "TCP Options",
allowing for larger RWIN values. It is accomplished by bit shifting, or multiplying the original unscaled RWIN
value (up to 65535 bytes) in the TCP header by a scale factor, power of 2.
The TCP Optimizer recommends an optimal TCP Window value considering all the following factors:
- Bandwidth * Delay product based on the chosen maximum connection speed and maximum anticipated
latency.
- RWIN (both scaled and unscaled) multiple of MSS, for maximum optimization.
- Proper RFC 1323 scaling for RWIN values larger than 65535.
- largest optimal unscaled RWIN (MSS multiple) used for all RWIN values over 65535.
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MTU Discovery (RFC 1191, EnablePMTUDiscovery) - We recommend enabling (choosing "Yes") this
setting.
MTU Discovery determines whether TCP uses a fixed, default maximum transmission unit (MTU) or attempts
to find the actual MTU. In some versions of Windows, if MTU Discovery is disabled the OS uses an MTU of
576 bytes for all connections to computers outside of the local subnet. If enabled, TCP attempts to discover
the MTU (largest packet size) over the path to a remote host.
Black Hole Detect (EnablePMTUBHDetect) - The recommended optimal setting in the TCP Optimizer is
"No".
Enabling this setting causes TCP to try to detect black hole routers while doing Path MTU Discovery. A black
hole router does not return ICMP Destination Unreachable messages when it needs to fragment an IP
datagram with the Don't Fragment bit set. TCP depends on receiving these messages to perform Path MTU
Discovery. With this feature enabled, TCP tries to send segments without the Don't Fragment bit set if
several retransmissions of a segment go unacknowledged. If the segment is acknowledged as a result, the
MSS is decreased and the Don't Fragment bit is set in future packets on the connection. Enabling black hole
detection increases the maximum number of retransmissions that are performed for a given segment.
Unless you are dealing with a relatively archaic network, or running a server, this setting does not make
much visible difference, and can in fact waste bandwidth if enabled.
Selective ACKs (SackOpts) - the recommended setting is
"Yes".
This parameter controls whether or not SACK (Selective
Acknowledgement) support is enabled, as specified in RFC
2018. SACK is especially important for connections using large
TCP Window sizes.
Max Duplicate ACKs (TcpMaxDupAcks) - range is 1-3, the
recommended value is 2.
This parameter determines the number of duplicate ACKs
(acknowledgements) that must be received for the same
sequence number of sent data before "fast retransmit" is
triggered to resend the segment that has been dropped in
transit.
Upgrade to Windows
8 Pro
Support for Windows XP has
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Windows 8 Pro now!
4. Advanced Settings
This tab contains additional tweaks, that have a smaller, but still noticeable
effect on TCP/IP performance. Generally, the tweaks on this page are not
directly related to throughput. Some of the tweaks in this section of the
Optimizer might be related only to specific aspects of networking, such as
Web, or LAN browsing, hostname resolution speed, etc.
Internet Explorer Optimization
By default, the HTTP 1.1 specs allow for only 2 concurrent connections to a
Web server. That means, while downloading a web page you can only get 2
files at a time. Note that a single page usually includes tens (sometimes
hundreds) of images, each initiating a separate request to the server.
Increasing the default to ~10 can provide a considerable visible boost in web page loading time, especially
for broadband internet connections. There are two parameters in this section, MaxConnectionsPerServer,
and MaxConnectionsPer1_0Server, corresponding to HTTP 1.1 and 1.0, respectively. We recommend setting
both to the same number, between 4 and 10.
Host Resolution Priority
This section improves DNS and hostname resolution in general. It helps web pages load faster, and has
negligible effect on downloads. For more information on what/how this tweak operates, check our Host
Resolution Priority Tweak article. We recommend using the Optimal values (5,6,7,8).
Type/Quality of Service
QoS (Quality of Service) and ToS (Type of Service) have to do with support for priority traffic.
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QoS is enabled by default in Windows XP, and can limit available bandwidth in order to accommodate
high-priority traffic, when present. The Optimizer only changes the QoS value if it is already present in the
registry. It is in the Registry only if the QoS Packet Scheduler is installed (can be added from the Network
Adapter Properties). We recommend having the QoS Packet Scheduler uninstalled, or/and setting the QoS:
NonBestEffortLimit Optimizer setting to 0%.
ToS (Type of Service, RFC 791, RFC 1812) is a field of the IP header, designed to also carry quality of
service features, such as prioritized delivery for IP datagrams. It is not widely used, and it has been
redefined and superseded by a newer standard called Differentiated Services (DiffServ) and defined in RFC
2474 , RFC 2475, RFC 2597, RFC 2598. DiffServ increases the number of definable priority levels by
reallocating bits of an IP packet for priority marking. The TCP Optimizer allows for ToS/DiffServ editing,
although it is an advanced setting, probably beyond the scope of regular residential broadband tweaking. If
you feel comfortable editing this value, you might also want to note possible conflicts with using some ToS
values in a DiffServ environment, as described in RFC 2873.
ToS other than 0 is only available if ToS: DisableUserTOSSetting is present, and set to "0" in the
Optimizer. If enabled, the ToS: DefaultTOSValue can be set to a specific number, (which is probably beyond
the scope of this help file, but is somewhat explained below - feel free to read the related RFCs referenced
above for more info). If we must make a recommendation, here are some good DefaultTOSValue numbers
that are valid, and with high precedence in both ToS and DiffServ environments:
1. DefaultTOSValue = 80 - (010 100 00 binary). This setting should be tried first. It is not very
aggressive, but it takes precedence over regular traffic and asks for low delay. For ToS, you get
immediate precedence, low delay. For DiffServ, you get AF22 - class 2 traffic, medium drop probability.
2. DefaultTOSValue = 136 - (100 010 00 binary). This is a moderately aggressive precedence setting.
For ToS, you get flash override precedence, high throughput. For DiffServ, you get AF41 - class 4
traffic, low drop probability.
3. DefaultTOSValue = 184 - (101 110 00 binary). This is a very aggressive setting, that might
introduce some packet loss - it is usually only recommended for audio/video applications. For ToS,
you get critical precedence, low delay, high throughput. For DiffServ, you get EF - Expedited
Forwarding, high priority traffic, but with higher drop probability.
The tables below explain the ToS and DiffServ values in more detail so you can choose your own numbers
ToS Field in Detail:
bit 0
Precedence
Delay
MBZ
000 (0)
001 (1)
010 (2)
011 (3)
100 (4)
101 (5)
110 (6)
Control
111 (7)
0normal
1 - low
0 - normal
1 - high
checking bit
(Must Be
Zero)
routine
priority
immediate
flash
flash override
critical
Internetwork
0 - normal 0 1 - high
normal
1 - low
- Network Control
Note: The field is 8 bits in the IP header, first 3 define precedence, then one each for delay, throughput,
reliability, cost and a checking bit as illustrated by the table above.
DiffServ Field:
bit 0
CU
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Notes
CS0
CS1
32
AF11
40
AF12
48
AF13
56
CS2
64
AF21
72
AF22
80
AF23
88
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CS3
96
AF31
104
AF32
112
AF33
120
CS4
128
AF41
136
AF42
144
AF43
152
CS5
160
EF
PHB
184
2598 Expedited Forwarding (recommended for video/audio high priority, higher drop probability)
CS6
192
CS7
224
Notes:
- The DiffServ column shows the 8-bit decimal equivalent that should be used in the TCP Optimizer for the
"DefaultTOSValue". The value is obtained by appending two 0s to the 6-bit DiffServ codepoints. Note to set
any ToS other than 0 in the Optimizer, you also need to set "DisableUserTOSSetting" to "0" (non-empty zero
value).
- Higher class traffic takes precedence. Values not in the above table can get reset to the default (0), or
have the connection reset.
- Some routers may change, or reset the ToS/DiffServ value to 0 regardless of the setting.
5. Largest MTU
This section aids in finding the largest possible non-fragmented packet
between your PC, and a server. You can specify an URL, click Start, and have
the program ping the specified server with different packet sizes, until it finds
the largest possible packet before fragmentation occurs. The largest
non-fragmented MTU is important in that it represents the optimal MTU value
on that particular path.
A large MTU value helps in maximizing data vs. header size for a particular
data segment. Fragmentation and reassembling of packets can cause
slowdowns, and introduces more header overhead as well. That is why the
largest non-fragmented MTU value for your network connection is a significant
factor in tweaking. Once the program finds the largest non-fragmented packet, it can be plugged in the MTU
value in the General Settings tab.
Note that for this to work, it is best to set your MTU value to 1500 temporarily, since the largest
non-fragmented MTU us also bound by the MTU value on your end.
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7. Latency
This section of the program is simply a tool for testing the latency of your
network/internet connection. You can choose a number of hosts, a number of
pings per host, and ICMP packet size. After clicking start, the tool will
consecutively ping all hosts, then provide maximum and average latency
measurements in milliseconds, as well as packet loss indication (if present).
This tool can be used to effectively estimate the maximum anticipated latency
for BDP/RWIN calculations. In order to do that, we recommend using a larger
number of hosts than the default 5, and a larger packet size (since larger
packets tend to have a bit higher latency). Then, as an estimate of your
maximum anticipated latency, rather than using the Maximum RTT, use the
average RTT, multiplied by two.
Notes:
Pinging hosts uses ICMP, rather than TCP. Some routers give very low priority to ICMP traffic, and as a
result you may experience a higher percentage of packet loss.
Larger packets have a bit higher latency
RTT varies with time of day, network congestion, etc.
Some nodes might choose to drop repeated ICMP requests when congested, or ignore them all
together.
8. Registry
This section of the Optimizer has been improved to include an actual Registry
Editor. It is a direct interface to the Windows Registry, and only intended for
advanced use ! Please only use it carefully, and at your own risk.
Note that the Registry editor only includes TCP/IP, and some related hives of
the Windows Registry.
To use it, simply navigate to the appropriate key you wish to edit in the left
section of the editor, then work in the right section, by either choosing a
value/key and editing it, or adding a new one. All available actions for the
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9. Menus
The File Pull-down menu contains a number of options for backing up, as
well as exporting and importing all the related TCP Optimizer settings. Those
options can be shared between users, they contain information about empty
keys, values to remove/add/edit and all relevant parameters to clone the
exact state of the related settings to another machine, or save them for your
own reference later.
The Preferences menu, pictured on the right has two sections. The first one,
"Maximum Latency" is a number in milliseconds, that is used in calculating the
optimal RWIN value. It affects all the "Optimal settings" recommendations of
the program, so if you're not sure what it does, leave it at the default 500ms.
Basically, the larger this number, the larger RWIN values the program is going to recommend under
"Optimal settings" for the same connection speed, and vice versa.
The second section in the Preferences menu, "Latency tab: hosts to ping" contains a list of URLs, used in the
Latency section of the program for measuring current RTT (round trip time, delay, ping, latency) to multiple
hosts.
The Help Menu of The Optimizer simply contains a link to this documentation, as well as the Software
License Agreement, and some general information about the program.
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__________________
Documentation version 2.0.4 Last updated 11.20.2013
Note: some of the screenshots/information may not pertain to all OSes supported by the program.
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