Radio spectrum and allocation

-:Spectrum of (EM) Waves

.All available sinusoidal frequencies for use in different applications
.Allocation is a device to locate the range of the frequency of the radios station
:Frequency bands

Band Number
2

Frequency Range
30 300 HZ

Metric Subdivision
Mega metric wave

3
4
5
6
7
8
9

300 3000 HZ
3 30 KHZ
30 300 KHZ
300 3000 KHZ
3 30 MHZ
30 300MHZ
300 3000MHZ

Myriad metric wave

Kilometric wave
Metric wave
Hecto metric wave
Deka metric wave
Deci wave
Centi metric wave

10

3 30 GHZ

Milli metric wave

11

30 300 GHZ

Micro metric wave

-----> 300 GHZ

Nano metric wave

Frequency Subdivision
ELF extremely low
frequency
VF Voice frequency
VLF very low frequency
LF low frequency
MF medium frequency
HF high frequency
VHF very high frequency
UHF ultra high
frequency
SHF super high
frequency
EHF extra high
frequency
----------Infrared visible light

(ELF): it's propagated by reflected from the (Ionosphere).

(VLF): its propagated by reflected from the (Ionosphere).
(LF): its propagated by reflected from the (Ionosphere).
(MF): its propagated by ground waves propagation.
(HF): its propagated by reflected from the (Ionosphere).
(VHF): its propagated by direct propagation or reflected from the (Ionosphere) or
(Troposphere).
(UHF): its propagated by direct propagation or by reflected from the (Troposphere).
(SHF): its propagated by direct propagation or by reflected from the (Troposphere).
(EHF): its propagated by direct propagation or by reflected.

 The band of the (VF) Voice frequency, see if free space and in any other space is reduce.
When (), increase (f) increase C= .f.
Location of some frequency bands:1- (LF): It's used for special case of communication we are use and detect the position of
something sea.
2- (MF): It is used for broadcasting, because the standard the broadcasting is (455 KH Z-1.6
MHZ).
3- (HF): It is used for telephone and telegraph.
4- (VHF): It is used for (TV) broadcasting, because the standard lower (TV) band (VHF).
5- (UHF): It is used for (TV) broadcasting because it is a standard upon (TV) band, and also
used for (RADARS).
6- (SHF): It is used for telecommunication by using satellite telecommunication, and for
microwave telecommunication, also for mobile.
7- (EHF): It is used for radars that used for landing the aircraft and for cross between
satellites.
Standard frequency band of some application:(10 14 KHZ) or (100KHZ); it is used for navigation purpose.
(450 1620 KHZ); for (AM) radio broadcasting station.
(85 105 MHZ); for it is used (FM) broadcasting.
(44 68 MHZ) B-I Channel 1- 4 (LVHF); (76 88 MHZ) B-II Channel (MF); (174 230
MHZ) B-III (5 12) Channel (HVHF) (VHF); it is used for (TV) broadcasting.
(470 870 MHZ) B-(I-V) (21 69 Channels) (UHF); it is used for (TV) broadcasting.
(806 947 MHZ); it is used for mobile system.
There are four type of (EM) wave:1- Direct waves or Space waves:
It is the simplest kind of (EM) wave and it is happened between two satellites or between
the transmitter and the receiver radio broadcasting stations.
2- Curved waves or Surface waves:
In if the waves transfer between the transmitter and the receiver nearby the earth and
the waves are curved as the earth and this rise the diffraction of the earth.
3- Spherical waves or Refracted waves:
In it the waves reflect from the troposphere from the earth to (16 Km) high, in it the
waves may propagate to a far distance, these waves have wavelength less than (10 m).
4- Sky waves or Refracted waves:
In it waves reflect from the ionosphere (60 to 600Km), in it the waves may propagate to a
far distance and the waves may reflect one time or more and have a wavelength more
than (10m).

Hence, all the application are the spectrum are finite and my used the same frequency range,
the united state and other countries government setup some agencies to control the use of
spectrum these are: 1- Federal Communication Commission (FCC):
Which regulated the use of spectrum for telephone and radio communication, it is
functions are:
a- Allocating the spectrum space
b- Issuing License.
c- Setting standard
d- Policing the air way.
2- National Telecommunication and Information Administration (NTIA):
It performs the same function of (FCC), but only for government and military in (USA),
each country must have similar organization.
3- International Telecommunication Unit (ITU):
All the radio station and telecommunication company must be are recurred its carrier
frequency in the ITU. It has (154) country member, who meet to promote cooperation
and negation nationality.
4- International Frequency Registration Broad (IFRB):
All the new radio station and new communication company the unused frequency use it
as carrier frequency and data recorded in books that are issued in every year.
5- Committee Consulted International Telephone and Telegraph (CCITT):
This committee is consulted for the frequency carrier in telephone and telegraph.
6- Committee and Consulted International Radio (CCIR) :

This committee is consulted for the frequency carrier in radio and it publishing from
(1919 to 2014) about all commutation.
The world is divided into three regions and this three region are separated by Ocean and they
are:
I- Europe + Africa.
II- America.
III- Asia.

The frequency that used in Region (I), we can use it in region (II), but we can't use it in the
same region.
Every engineer of communication must be known the regulation of (CCITT) & (CCIR).

- Type of propagation:
- Propagation of signals through air can be classified by many ways such as:
1- According to the transmission nature:
a- Broadcasting:
Where signals are transmitted in all direction in mono way. This type required a
powerful transmitter and several receivers that are relatively inexpensive such as
(Radio) and (TV) station system.

b- Point-to-point:
Transmitting is taking place within a link connect between Tx. and Rx. an example
of this type the telephone or MW link.

2- According to the transmission direction:

a- Simplest:
A one way transmission from Tx to Rx only such as Radio and TV channel.

b- Half duplex:
Two way transmission, but only a one way at the time such as fire, to police and
military channel.

c- Full duplex:
Two way transmission simultaneously, such as a telephone.

3- According to the transmitter frequency:

a- Base band:
The signal transmitter by its frequency range (BW) without modulation over a
medium, such for some computer network, where the digital signal applied directly
by the co-axial cable.
b- Pass band:
It is impact to transmitted the (BW) of the signal directly the base band signal is
carry on a high frequency signal called a carrier by technique called modulation and
result signal called pass band.
For example:
If the base band or sideband that want be transmitted has a (B = 5 KH Z), and the
carrier (f =1 MHZ) so modulation will generate a pass band signal of frequency
above and below fc by an amount equal the (BW) of the modulating signal base
band.

Need of modulation:
1- Reduce the transmitted power of signal and so the cost of transmitter.
2- Reduce the length of transmitted antenna Lantenna = /2 ------ L= 1/f.
3- To prevent interface of signals with the save bandwidth frequency.
4- To sent more than one signal, several signals we can send.
-

Polarization:
Electromagnetic waves have tow fields (Electric filed and Magnetic filed). In vertical
polarization the electric filed is along the (North South) axis of the satellite. In
horizontal polarization the electric filed is at 90 0 to the (North South) axis of the
satellite. In circular and elliptical polarization the electric filed advances like a cork
screw. It can be either Right hand circular (RHC) and Left hand circular (LHC) or
Right hand elliptical (RHE) and Left hand elliptical (LHE).

There are three types of polarization:

a- Linear (Vertical polarization and Horizontal polarization)
b- Circular (Right hand circular and Left hand circular)
c- Elliptical (Right hand elliptical and Left hand elliptical)

- Frequency band for satellite communication

Band

Use

Up-link Frequency Band

GHZ

Down-link Frequency Band

GHZ

Commercial

5.9 6.4

3.7 4.2

Military

7.9 8.4

7.2 7.7

Ku

Commercial

14 14.5

11.7 12.2

Ka

Commercial

27.5 - 30

17.7 21.2

Ka

Military

43.5 45.5

20.2 21.2